Permeable Border Research Articles

The affective economy of ‘self-deportation’: materiality, spatiality, temporality

ABSTRACT The increased securitisation of the borders bounding and intersecting Europe has led to the formation of makeshift tent settlements along established routes of irregular migration. Built at permeable border points, illegalised migrants live in these informal camps while they attempt to cross into a neighbouring country. One such camp, Dankix, lies on the northern French coast in the outskirts of Grande-Synthe. While its Kurdish inhabitants aim to cross the Channel to the United Kingdom, some return to Kurdistan using the state’s programme of retour volontaire, or ‘voluntary return’. I examine the affective economy of state-assisted return through the experiences of one family as they move between the social and juridical categories of illegalised and legalised. As they simultaneously cross borders thousands of miles apart, they circulate affective energies that contain particular material, spatial, and temporal dimensions. This affective economy both reveals and transforms the relationships between emplacement, belonging, and illegalisation.

Geographies of Trust: Hitchhiking from Gateshead to Calais

“Trust is the most joyous kind of bond with another living being. But isn’t it true that whenever we enjoy being with someone, there is [both] a factor of risk there, and also a factor of trust, which gives our enjoyment an edge of rapture?” (Lingis (2004),x). Trust is akin to a permeable border, solid but skin-thin, that makes possible connections between Other and self, self and world. A hitchhiker exercises trust when surrendering to another but, as a prerequisite to a successful journey, also submits to indeterminacies and ambiguities of chance encounters. Trust is openness, but also an acceptance of risk. Whilst on the road, it is impossible to know who you will travel with next. Trust guides and draws lines and dots on the map. Trust determines the length of waiting times at petrol pumps; it regulates feelings of safety; and shapes geographic contours. Trust is an emotion that welcomes becoming. In contrast, a lack of trust impedes the friendship necessary to move the hitchhiker’s body; provokes feelings of danger; and, inevitably, will hamper the fluency of lines on the map. Trust is the fundamental stuff of hitchhiking. But, what is trust? How does it look like, feel like, how is it evoked, and where is it located? Does it have a color, a gender? Drawing insights from the phenomenological work of Alphonso Lingis and my own personal experiences being-on-the-road, this contribution analyses geographies, feelings and the sensing of trust associated with and experienced in hitchhiking.

The Uruguay River: A Permeable Border in South America

The Uruguay River basin in South America has held a social, cultural, environmental, and economic relevance for many centuries. The river flows for about 2,000 km, linked to an important remnant of native forest, the Selva Misionera in Argentina, and to a Brazilian conservation unit for biodiversity, the Turvo State Park. The Uruguay River is fed by several other important rivers, forming a basin region in which thousands of people live and work. The history of the Uruguay River is intensively linked to the permeable borders between Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay where different social groups circulated in diverse historical time periods. Forests along the river played a very important role with emphasis on the extraction and trade of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, Saint-Hilaire), a forest product widely consumed in southern America, and also the timber extraction from native forests, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As a result, a profound socio-environmental transformation took place with the reconstruction of regional landscapes shaped by the Uruguay River basin.

DINÁMICAS TERRITORIALES EN UNA ZONA RURAL FRONTERIZA. ESTUDIO DE CASO: CORREGIMIENTO DE AGUA CLARA, NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA

Los márgenes fronterizos entre dos o más países constituyen un territorio de transición, susceptible de convertirse en escenario de positivos intercambios o, en su defecto, de tensiones y controversias, según la situación sociopolítica de los países limítrofes a causa de los fuertes flujos migratorios de personas que van en búsqueda de una mejor calidad de vida, incurriendo en numerosas ocasiones en acciones ilegales e inclusive dramáticas. Sin duda, un fenómeno que conduce a diversas reflexiones subjetivas, propias de los actores y las disciplinas interesadas en el tema. Es este el caso de la frontera entre Colombia y Venezuela, específicamente en el margen nororiental del departamento Norte de Santander.El artículo inicia identificando los principales componentes naturales y construidos de este territorio, para después interpretar sus patrones de configuración. Posteriormente, se hace referencia a las interacciones informales entre los dos países dadas a través de unos senderos denominados “trochas”, elementos que configuran una frontera permeable en este territorio. En la parte final, se perfilan algunas alternativas para mitigar el problema, las cuales vislumbran estrategias benéficas basadas en las potencialidades de las zonas periurbanas circundantes a los asentamientos identificados en el área de estudio, siendo núcleos urbanos afectados por diversas dinámicas fronterizas de índole negativa, como sucede en el corregimiento de Agua Clara, en el departamento de Norte de Santander, en este caso punto focal del estudio llevado a cabo en esta zona limítrofe con Venezuela.

Regulation of Social Times during the COVID-19 Period: A Replication and Extension of the Work Activity Regulation Model

The present study replicates St-Vincent and al. in 2011 experience sampling study of the work activity regulation model and addresses health crisis issue, which replicates the original study’s findings. Results suggest that social times is regulated within each Tunisian manager. Individuals’ or collective optimal social regulation state changed from public and organizational policies, but results did not support the original study’s claim regarding social satiation. Similarly, the study showed a significant number of events involved a risk to their occupational health and safety. However, the thematic analysis reveals disparities in the distribution of risk events for the manager as well as the type of risks to which he is exposed during the COVID-19 period. So, there are a significant number of managers who were confronted with a risk to their health more than times when unforeseen events occur. These events experienced by Tunisian managers during the COVID-19 period can be stressful. In fact, in order to withstand the stress inherent in each of the life spheres, some people want to maintain a permeable border between work and non-work to avoid overflows from one to the other.

The analyst as “boundary artist”: how does Winnicott’s theoretical and clinical work affect our perception of boundaries in the therapeutic relationship?

Winnicott positioned his psychoanalytic style as distinct from Freudian and Kleinian theory, while his clinical practice was viewed by many as too enigmatic from which to establish a suitable theoretical framework. This article explores the role of boundaries within his practice and discusses whether he could be considered a “boundary artist” in the analyst’s chair. Winnicott’s underlying philosophy and clinical approaches are examined in relation to the analyst’s intrapsychic boundaries and the permeable border between the roles of analyst and analysand—particularly with regard to his notion of transitional space. Despite Winnicott exhibiting narcissistic tendencies that may have blurred the boundaries of the therapeutic frame, this critique demonstrates how he used his unique skill set to ensure boundary crossings could benefit the therapeutic process whilst avoiding harmful violations. Additionally, we will also consider the more problematic implications of Winnicott’s practice on modern relational psychotherapy.

How Far Will the EU Go to Seal Its Borders?

On one of the key migration trails to Europe via the Horn of Africa, thousands of Eritreans, Ethiopians, and Somalis would pass through Khartoum to hire smugglers and migrate north into Libya and then Europe. But Sudan is now home to one of the European Union's aggressive attempts to contain Africans before they can make it off the continent and onto Italian shores. The EU pressures governments in Africa and the Middle East to stem onward migration in exchange for aid, and with the continued electoral gains of far-right parties across Europe, these efforts are rapidly accelerating. Now as billions of euros flow from Europe into the Horn of Africa and other regions to stem migration and previously permeable border zones become impassable or more dangerous, the human cost plays out far from the remit of European citizens. How far is Europe willing to go to seal its borders?

The fusion of dimensions: Planning, infrastructure and Transborder Space of Luohu Port, Shenzhen, China

This paper explores the transborder infrastructure along the Chinese mainland-Hong Kong boundary at Shenzhen through a case study of Luohu Port. Such exploration is timely because the increasing supranational and subnational transborder activities have formed a system of connections that is contested by multiscalar forces from the state, corporations, and the market. Luohu Port at Shenzhen exhibits how the transborder infrastructure engages with the multiscalar activities and complex geopolitical tensions between mainland China and Hong Kong. Despite the long-standing social and economic gap across the boundary, infrastructural innovations were employed to lubricate the border crossing experience. Advancement in technologies, transportation, and space design is essential in the construction of a more permeable border (or boundary). This paper uses a multi-dimensional analytic tool that is based on the TPSN framework to identify the stakeholders involved in shaping Luohu Port. This investigation arrives at the conclusion that the existing ad hoc strategy for the mainland-Hong Kong boundary should give way to a more responsible and foresighted plan targeting long-term regional cooperation.

A propagandist’s guide to twenty-first-century image literacy

Abstract The recent attempt to write the ‘History of AIDS’ in the midst of an ongoing pandemic has helped solidify media storytelling that paints institutional frameworks as receptive to dissent, proof ‘the system works’ with little indication of who it works for. In this context, the canon of political art that came out of ACT UP New York is re-deployed in support of an intricate ecosystem of power narratives that has triggered a second AIDS crisis, a crisis of remembering, and it has tipped artists, activists, and archivists into a historiological tailspin. Still, if the images created for the AIDS activist movement effectively ‘branded’ the resistance to institutional power, what insights can they provide into the 2016 American election, a moment seized by a candidate less interested in running the country than in running a brand, one constructed on the complex sleight-of-hand of social media and the increasingly permeable border between the commons and the images we use to represent it?

Сетевой фронтир как метафора и миф

This article considers spatial metaphors of the Internet and the possibility to extrapolate the frontier thesis of F. Turner on the electronic space. The authors believe that information and communication technologies and the digital world have become new spaces for the expansion of states or individuals. That is why there are ongoing scientific debates on the limits and potential of western and electronic frontiers’ metaphors for analytical description of the digital space. The metaphor of the Internet as a western frontier is quite controversial; many authors prefer the electronic frontier analogy as more heuristic and valid for constructing metaphors of the digital reality. The network frontier is defined as a dynamic, elastic and permeable border of social and cultural practices of the network society. The authors estimate the heuristic potential of the concept ‘network frontier’ developed on the basis of integration of the frontier theory and the concept ‘network society’, taking into account the effects of globalization for the study of elastic, permeable and movable border of the network landscape. In the digital world, the spatiality transforms, the geography of the Internet network determines the metamorphosis of the frontier as a contact zone between online and offline spaces, which is dynamic, innovative, encourages mobility, and its permeability depends on the digital competence of citizens. The authors explain the mythology of western and electronic frontier; name the main network frontier myths related to the rhetoric of western frontier myth; describe the main components of the western frontier myth associated with the idea of American exceptionalism; and conclude with the identification of nowadays myths about frontier-men and the online space they master.

Power, Mobility and the Economic Vulnerability of Borderlands

ABSTRACTThe political boundary between Italy and Yugoslavia, superimposed after the Second World War, extended through lands with a common historical, cultural and economic trajectory. The boundary constituted an ideological divide but the pre-existence of deeply entrenched relations promoted, from the outset, the establishment of a local permeable border. This article explores how, in the context of freedom of movement, borderland residents experience the convenience of border proximity and—by expressing their preference for the foreign market—create major drawbacks for their own domestic economy. Specifically, the low excise duty in Slovenia incentivizes Italian consumers to refuel abroad. How does an open border impact on the dynamics of the fuel market in the high-tax country? Applying the Global Production Network analytical framework, I assess how the attractiveness of the foreign fuel market poses specific challenges both to Italian institutions and economic actors who have vested interests in the local economy. This analysis also reveals how daily international shopping practices are a mass behavior difficult to eliminate. The explicit inclusion of non-corporate actors into the study of the fuel production network offers an important contribution to current understandings of international market outcomes. In fact, the border management policy does not restrict residents’ mobility and the redistribution of competencies and functions amidst multiple institutional actors make it difficult to develop a policy able to defend borderland needs.

The Permeable Border: Examining Responses to North American Integration in Video Art

In this essay, I suggest that artistic production provides valuable insights into the nature of the Canada-US border during the late-twentieth century when significant changes were occurring to dominant understandings of Canada in relation to North America. Focusing on the medium of video art, I trace the sustained engagement of Canadian contemporary artists to respond to and comment on the move towards continental integration through free trade. I contextualize my discussion in relation to trade developments that opened Canada’s border with the US, such as the 1989 implementation of the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement. This agreement, along with the later North American Free Trade Agreement, led to increasing continental integration at the end of the twentieth century, as well as hope for hemispheric integration with the subsequent negotiations towards the Free Trade Area of the Americas. With attention to works by Lisa Steele and Kim Tomczak, Eva Manly, and Clive Robertson, I foreground cultural contributions to redefining the Canada-US borderlands. Here, I chart the artists’ intention to echo narratives of the border’s porousness and address the power dynamics between the Canadian state and its trade partners. Examining themes of cultural imperialism, colonialism, and national identity, I point to the importance of cultural production in assessing the borderlands and, more broadly, histories of free trade in North America.

Extraordinary acts and ordinary pleasures: Rhetorics of inequality in young people’s talk about celebrity

In this article, we start from the problem of inequality raised by the existence of a class of celebrities with high levels of wealth and status. We analyse how young people make sense of these inequalities in their talk about celebrity. Specifically, we revisit Michael Billig’s Talking of the Royal Family, and his focus on rhetorical strategies that legitimate inequalities of money and power. As he argued, in comparing their lives with those of the rich and famous, young people are making sense of the massive disparity between the two, often replacing envy or anger with pleasure in being ‘ordinary’. We extend Billig’s work by looking at a larger class of public figures than royalty, including those with a more permeable border between ‘them’ and ‘us’. In so doing, we expand his categories and attend to the relationship between the gender of celebrities and contemporary rhetorics of inequality.

Lake Huron's Entangled Eden: Fish, Fisheries, and Lost Opportunities in Freshwater Borderlands, 1900–1940

Lake Huron’s Entangled Eden: Fish, Fisheries, and Lost Opportunities in Freshwater Borderlands, 1900-1940 By Kent LaCombe Lake Huron is both a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem and a politically divided international borderland between Michigan and Ontario. However, even as it serves as a barrier and dividing line, the lake concurrently fosters exchange and migration. The international boundary between Canada and the United States is often referred to as a permeable border.1 In the nineteenth century, the Great Lakes fueled increasing market linkages between the two nations. Agricultural products, fishes, and other goods were shipped across the lakes; human migrations were common. Despite the interchange, commercial fishing was an increasingly competitive venture. The Lake Huron fisheries story is one of the contentious nature of managing borderlands resources, the pernicious influence of short-term thinking, and the tendency of stakeholders to focus on economic selfinterest as fisheries stakeholders successfully blocked the adoption of new regulations to the detriment of their own industry. Any critical management plan for fishing was ultimately stalled and derailed, leading to further adverse environmental changes. Although there have been a good number of environmental and scientific histories of the Great Lakes, any systematic historical investigation of Lake Huron’s commercial fisheries remains woefully incomplete. As present day environmental managers struggle to address new and evolving challenges in aquatic environments, a careful analysis of past assumptions, motivations, mistakes, and other modes of destructive resource exploitation can aid in the formation of improved conservation 1 For an excellent explanation of the term’s applicability to the region, see John J. Bukowczyk et al., Permeable Border (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005), 1-9. THE MICHIGAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 41:1 (SPRING 2015): 25-56© 2015 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All rights reserved 26 The Michigan Historical Review and preservation strategies.2 Today economic priorities and anthropocentric considerations continue to provide the foundations of freshwater environmental management. Yet it was those same priorities which earlier drove decisions on how to manage the Great Lakes commercial fisheries, ultimately to their detriment. The period from 1900 to 1940 is especially noteworthy in the histories of the Great Lakes due to the numerous examples of lost opportunities at cooperative international management, particularly within the interwar period. With the outbreak of World War II, a wartime shift toward maximum food production and the successful formulation of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission after the war further wove a vibrant historical tapestry that lies outside the scope of this work. Few records provide a better historical reconstruction of the state of international fishery than the accumulated testimonies of individual commercial fishermen, scientists, and government officials concerning the utilization and management of critical freshwater resources. Catch records are also a useful, though incomplete, resource. Michigan did not adopt comprehensive catch reporting until 1929 and Ontario waited until the 1940s.3 Even considered as minimum totals, the incomplete catch data of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries chronicled dramatic declines.4 Canada took the lead in developing broad regulatory legislation. While its international negotiations remained in the hands of the British Crown until the 1931 Statute of Westminster, federal governance of domestic resources was a reality following the Constitution Act of 1867. 2 See William Ashworth, The Late, Great Lakes: An Environmental History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987); Arthur F. McEvoy, The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Margaret Beattie Bogue, Fishing the Great Lakes: An Environmental History, 1783-1933 (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2000); Michael J. Chiarappa and Kristin M. Szylvian, Fish for All: An Oral History of Multiple Claims and Divided Sentiment on Lake Michigan (East Lansing: Michigan State Press, 2003); Milo M. Quaife, ed., The American Lakes Series (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1944-1949); Arthur F. McEvoy, The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Robert Doherty, Disputed Waters: Native Americans and the Great Lakes Fishery (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1990). 3 Travis O. Brenden et al., “Great Lakes Commercial Fisheries: Historical Overview and Prognosis for the Future,” in Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management...

Parameter Inversion of Field Pumping Test in Aquifer with Enclosed Impermeable Boundary

Theis formula derived under the circumstance of unsteady flow pumping in infinite aquifer without impermeable boundary is the representation of analytic method solving unsteady well flow problem, which can not be applied to the case of impermeable boundary just limited by its premise condition: “infinite permeable border”. In this paper, the well flow model of pumping in aquifer with unsealed impermeable boundary is researched based on mapping theory and superposition principle. And then this model is applied to a typical field pumping test in Pudong working shaft deep foundation of South Xizang road river-crossing tunnel. The results show that the slope of draw down and pumping duration time curve will increase while the surrounding impermeable boundary comes into play.

Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future (review)

Reviewed by: Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future Arthur Versluis Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future Bron Taylor Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010; 360 pp. $24.95, ISBN 9780520261006 (paper). In the past few years, scholars of religion have begun to muse about the extent to which there is a developing environmentalist or "green" religion. In the latest (fifth) edition of his widely used college textbook Experiencing the World's Religions, for instance, Michael Molloy speculates about whether there is an emerging global green "super-religion." Of course, terms like that raise a host of questions, not least whether such terminology is in fact claiming a kind of ascendancy of environmentalism over traditional religions. And can one really speak of environmentalism or nature spirituality as a religion or religious tradition? In his new book Dark Green Religion, Bron Taylor, professor of Religion and Nature at the University of Florida, offers his survey of the history and contemporary influences of nature spirituality, and argues that contemporary environmentalism amounts to an emergent green religion. JSR readers will be familiar with Taylor's work from his article in our journal on the origins and history of radical environmental thought, but the scope of Dark Green Religion is far wider. Here, Taylor begins by differentiating [End Page 137] his terms, not only institutional "religion" from the more inwardly directed "spirituality," but also "green religion"—"which posits that environmentally friendly behavior is a religious obligation"—and "dark green religion"—"in which nature is sacred, has intrinsic value, and is therefore due reverent care" (10). His book focuses, then, not on how traditional religions incorporate ecological concerns, but on how we find today a growing "earth-based" global religious current that manifests itself in neopaganism as well as in a panoply of not overtly religious forms, including, Taylor holds, contemporary films, music, and art. The primary significance of this book for readers interested in contemporary radicalism is, of course, the extent to which dark green religion or spirituality informs political activism. And indeed, Taylor discusses authors with whom readers of JSR will be familiar, such as the primitivist John Zerzan and the radical environmentalist Derrick Jensen, as well as many others, both prominent and lesser known. Taylor remarks that "there is a permeable border between radical environmental spirituality and that which appears in the wider environmental milieu" (92). He mentions Jensen's encouragement of radical illegal actions (in Endgame, blowing up dams), but quickly moves to much less incendiary figures like the writers associated with the magazine Orion. He concludes the chapter on "radical environmentalism" by asking rhetorically "how long is the shadow of dark green religion?" The next chapter is on the sunny side of life—"Surfing Spirituality"—implying the shadow is not very long at all. The subtext of Dark Green Religion is expressed in the subtitle, Nature Spirituality and the Global Future. The title and the book implies that our collective global future is tied to the growth and success of environmental religion. As a result, the more activist kinds of radical environmentalism are subordinated to the more publicly palatable ones, and a group like Earth Liberation Front appears only once in the text. Of course, this makes sense because the book is primarily about nature religion, not about radical political activism. Still, JSR readers will not find here very much exploring of the radical activist "shadow" of dark green religion, and quite a bit on the sunnier subjects of surfing, films, music, and festive tribalesque gatherings. To what extent is there a movement across the permeable border between popular social manifestations like these and more radical kinds of environmentalist [End Page 138] activism? Dark Green Religion does not demonstrate much interest in this kind of question. Rather, Dark Green Religion is a significant contribution to literature on and of the phenomenon its author seeks to name and to define. And the book does describe an array of ecological impulses expressed in diverse global forms. That ecological awareness and activism are much more widespread than in the past is without doubt. That nature spirituality is to some extent waxing, I accept. Neopaganism and related new religions...

The Permeable Border, the Great Lakes Region, and the Canadian-American Relationship

The Permeable Border, the Great Lakes Region, and the Canadian-American Relationship by John J. Bukowczyk Largely undefended, virtually invisible, and easily traversed, the Canada-United States border has meant different things at different moments in the lives of these two countries and in their relationship to each other, most frequently perhaps serving as a symbol for the intangible constructions of sovereignty and national identity. In parsing the Canadian-American relationship on a practical level, the historiography of this subject has revolved largely around whether historians have stressed the permeability of the border or the fact that it nonetheless has been a border. The differing emphases have related not only to the fluctuating character of the border in different periods and circumstances, but also to the divergent perspectives of Canadian and American policymakers, ideologues, migrants, visitors, investors, manufacturers, traders, and others, who have viewed the border either from the north looking south or from the south looking north, but rarely if ever from both directions at once or squarely down the middle. It is no less true in historical writing that emphases have varied due to the differing interpretive frameworks of the historians who have written about these subjects and to the various influences on them and their work. In the past thirty-five years, three books have used the phrase "permeable border" as part of their titles and as a point of departure for their analyses; the approaches taken in these three studies tell us a great deal about how the Canadian-American relationship has evolved in recent decades and how the ways Canadians and Americans have viewed it have changed. The early 1970s, when the first of these volumes appeared, was a time of soul-searching in Canada about Canadian An earlier version of this essay was presented at a roundtable discussion on "Migration in the Great Lakes Borderlands" held atWestern Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, on February 2, 2006.1 wish to thank audience members, roundtable organizers, and my fellow panelists, Nora Fakes and Bruno Ramirez, for their helpful discussion and comments; Julie Longo, who read a draft of this article; and the journal editors, for their able advice. Michigan Historical Re view 34:2 (Fall 2008): 1-I6 ?2008 by Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved. 2 Michigan Historical Review identity, nationalism and federalism, dependency and American imperialism, and, with the "Quiet Revolution" inQuebec as a backdrop, Canada's very survival as a unified country. In 1972 Harold M. Troper, Assistant Professor of History and Philosophy of Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education in Toronto, published a slim book of documents and discussions of "issues" titled The Permeable Border. Covering such topics as the migration of U.S. "draft dodgers" (Troper's term) to Canada, the Canadian "brain drain" to the United States, and the penetration of Canada by American media and culture, Troper stressed the need for Canada to maintain its "cultural independence," which he defined as "the ability of a group or nation to decide its own social, intellectual, artistic and educational development free of outside pressure." "For Canada," according to Troper, "this means to maintain a distinct identity on the same continent as the United States. . . .We Canadians are looking to our traditions and history to find that which makes us Canadian. We want to know what preserved Canada as a separate country inNorth America for over one hundred years, and how we can best continue to live in harmony with the United States while deciding our own destiny." The last section of the book, consisting of an editorial from the Toronto Daily Star, was titled "Stem the American cultural flood."1 The second Permeable Border, by Christine Boyanoski, then Assistant Curator of Canadian Historical Art at the Art Gallery of Ontario, is a study of the "art of Canada and the United States, 1920-1940," which is also the book's subtitle. It was published in 1989, seventeen years after the Troper volume. Boyanoski's book was the catalogue for an exhibition organized at the Art Gallery of Ontario to coincide with a joint conference of the Canadian Association for American Studies and the American Studies Association...

Detroit and Windsor as Transnational Spaces: A Case Study of Asian Indian Migrants

Detroit and Windsor as Transnational Spaces: A Case Study of Asian Indian Migrants by Vibha Bhalla A recent book, Permeable Border The Great hakes Basin as Transnational Region, 1650-1990, has drawn attention to the Great Lakes region as a transnational space. Emphasizing the economic and social linkages across this area, the authors examine the artificial nature of the border, stating: "The border also has been a principal mechanism for articulating and implementing immigration, economic development, and nation building policies while it has become, on a symbolic level, the embodiment of national sovereignty."1 Highlighting the regional economic linkages that have, since the seventeenth century, spanned what is now the Canadian and U.S. border, the authors also discuss the symbiotic relationship between nation building and capitalist interests. The nation state, they argue, played a central role in encouraging economic developments?it eliminated tariffs to promote economic development and it also created immigration policies to ease labor shortages in key industries by allowing selective migration. Finally, the authors demonstrate the ways inwhich people interacted with economic and political developments because of their individual or family needs. The book's authors call for future writers to look beyond the nation state narrative and focus on regions that transcend borders.2 This article follows the themes discussed in Permeable Border into recent decades. Using the migration of Asian Indians/East Indians3 within the Great Lakes region, especially between Detroit and Iwould like to thank Nora Fakes for her help in revising this article. Thanks also go to Christine Drennan. 1 John J. Bukowczyk et al., Permeable Border. The Great Lakes Basin as Transnational Region, 1650-1990 (Calgary and Pittsburgh: University of Calgary Press, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005), 3. 2 Ibid. 3 Canada and the United States categorize migrants from India differently. In Canada they are defined as East Indians, while the United States characterizes them as Asian Indians. For this article Iwill use the terms Asian Indians and Indian immigrants. Michigan Historical Review 34:2 (Fall 2008): 99-116 ?2008 by Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved. 100 Michigan Historical Review Windsor from 1960-2000, the article highlights the new regional economic relationships that have developed since the 1960s, and emphasizes the extensive economic integration of the regional economy during those years, especially in the auto industries. Furthermore, this article will demonstrate that national economic and immigration policies introduced after the 1960s continued to accommodate the dynamic transnational economic needs of the region centered on Windsor and Detroit. The economic opportunities offered by these centers, coupled with the fact that both permitted (if only temporarily) easy access for each others' residents fostered regional networks within the Indian diaspora. Information transmitted through these networks enabled individuals to understand the intricacies of immigration policies and acquire new skills to suit both regional labor needs and national immigration policies. To illustrate this process, the present article draws upon migration narratives of five Indian immigrants to Canada who became involved in these regional economies and subsequendy moved to the United States. As their stories illustrate, Asian Indians inDetroit andWindsor have continued to make the border a permeable space. Large-scale Asian Indian migrations from India to mainland North America began in the 1960s with the passage of new immigration legislation by both Canada and the United States that overturned their anti-Asian immigration policies.4 Canadian immigration laws passed in 1962 and 1967 established a point-based immigration system that allowed Indians once again to immigrate to Canada. Similarly, in 1965 passage of the Immigration and Naturalization Act in the United States overturned an immigration policy that had until then been based on the national origins quota system. The new policy established hemispheric quotas and emphasized the importance of reuniting families as well as economic development.5 The liberalization of Canadian and U.S. immigration policies coincided with Great Britain's decision to restrict immigration. 4Trinidad and Guyana already had large Indian diaspora populations. See Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock, The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), for information on Canadian immigration policies. See David M. Reimers, Still the Golden Door...

Introduction: Modern Borderlands

Introduction: Modem Borderlands by Nora Faires Surrounded by four of the Great Lakes, Michigan occupies a distinct space in a transnational region marked by centuries of cultural, economic, environmental, political, and social interaction. To explore this facet of the state's history, the Michigan Historical Review has devoted its Spring and Fall 2008 issues to studies of the "Borderlands." These special issues feature thirteen articles by scholars from both Canada and the United States, the Spring issue focusing on the early period, this issue on the modern era. Offering a variety of perspectives and investigating a range of topics, the authors of these articles share a commitment to reaching across political boundaries and conceptual categories to situate the history of Michigan within broader contexts. Their research refines and deepens our knowledge of the state and its transnational region, adding texture and nuance to familiar stories and offering new narratives of the diverse peoples who have occupied the lands and traversed the waters of the Great Lakes basin over more than two centuries. These issues aim to contribute to the emerging body of scholarship that understands borderlands as both tangible and intangible spaces where boundaries are drawn and redrawn, with myriad effects.1 As the articles in both issues suggest, Michigan, whose two peninsulas have borders with Canada (specifically the province of Ontario) and with three substantial midwestern states (Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin) and whose lakes and rivers connect to a broad expanse within North America and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean, offers an especially rich field for such investigations, whether in the seventeenth century or the twenty-first. 1On the Great Lakes region as borderland see especially John J. Bukowczyk, Nora Faires, David R. Smith, and Randy William Widdis, Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Basin as Transnational Region, 1650-1990 (Pittsburgh and Calgary: University of Pittsburgh Press, and University of Calgary Press, 2005); and Alan Taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and theNorthern Borderland of theAmerican R?volution (New York: Knopf, 2006). More generally, see, e.g., Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, "From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between inNorth American History," American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 814-41; Michiel Baud and Willem van Schendel, "Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands," journal of World History 8 (Fall 1997): 211-42; and David Thelen, "Of Audiences, Borderlands, and Comparisons: Toward the Internationalization of American History," journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 432-62. vm Michigan Historical Review The six essays in the previous issue spanned developments from the mid-1700s through the inauguration of Michigan statehood in 1837. The seven articles in this issue also cover a broad chronology, reaching back to the waning years of Michigan as a territory and forward to the contemporary period. During these two centuries, Michigan saw great transformations in its economy, demography, society, politics, environment, and culture. Nowhere were these changes more evident than in Detroit?a small settlement gathered around a fort at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a thriving regional commercial and industrial hub by the onset of the Civil War, the world's leading center of automobile manufacturing six decades later, and, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, a city struggling to overcome years of capital flight, deindustrialization, population loss, infrastructural decay, and the bitter legacies of racial discrimination and conflict. The contents of this issue reflect Detroit's prominence in the state and the transnational Great Lakes basin during the modern era. Four essays offer case studies set in the city and its environs, tracing elements of the Detroit region's past from territorial days through the heyday of automobile production (1920s-1950s) to the post-Vietnam era. A fifth locates Detroit as a node within the vast fur-trading empire of the early nineteenth century; a sixth considers it as a key site of enduring international exchange. Only one of the seven articles, focusing on Native Americans inMichigan's northern counties, makes no mention of Detroit. Yet even here, the city's swift rise during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries serves as an implicit backdrop for the narrative: the dynamism of urban centers such as Detroit and...

John J. Bukowczyk et al.Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990.:Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990

John J. Bukowczyk et al.<i>Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990</i>.:Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990