Permeability Of Gloves Research Articles

Composite and bonding agent sensitivity in orthodontics

The nature of the type of treatment carried out in orthodontics frequently exposes clinical staff to potential occupational hazards. A lesser-known risk includes hypersensitivity to composite resins and bonding materials, as well as the permeability of gloves to these materials. This article highlights the importance of care when handling composite materials, and suggests methods to reduce potential exposure. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Composite and bonding agents are frequently used in orthodontics; however, adverse effects resulting from exposure are not commonly discussed. This paper aims to increase awareness and provide practical methods of reducing risk.

Allergic reaction from dental bonding material through nitrile gloves: Clinical case study and glove permeability testing.

This study examines monomer permeation of commercial dental adhesive through nitrile-based gloves, and correlates findings with clinical case studies of dental students having localized skin eruptions following resin placement on a gloved hand to manipulate composite. Three dental students self-reported presenting itchy, red skin lesions underneath the area where they placed uncured adhesive resin on a nitrile-gloved hand. Histories and cursory examinations were performed in the Department of Dermatology at The Medical College of Georgia. Infrared spectroscopic methods were used to determine permeation times of known monomer components of commercial adhesive material used through nitrile glove. Monomer permeation times were correlated with the time when the commercial adhesive first applied and penetrated through the glove. Assessment by the dermatologist concluded that the reporting students had occupational contact dermatitis resulting from components of the adhesive permeating through the barrier glove. Permeation times of neat monomer components of the adhesive resin varied over a wide range, with lower molecular weight showing faster pass-through times. Spectroscopic interpretation indicated that the probable causative agent for the student's skin reaction was 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Probable correlation of the observed skin reaction sites was made with diffusion of HEMA in the uncured dental adhesive formulation through nitrile glove material. All measures to prevent skin contact with uncured methacrylate-based resin components should be taken, including avoidance of resin permeation through a gloved hand. Sensitization to one type of methacrylate can result in sensitization to other types of resins within this family, significantly impacting the careers of both dental auxiliaries as well as clinicians.

Evaluation of the permeation of antineoplastic agents through medical gloves of varying materials and thickness and with varying surface treatments

BackgroundMedical gloves are an important piece of personal protective equipment that prevents exposure to antineoplastic agents. The permeability of medical gloves to antineoplastic agents is a crucial factor in the appropriate selection of gloves. However, the relationship between glove permeability and material type, thickness, and surface treatment is poorly understood.MethodsA continuous flow in-line cell device was used for the evaluation of the permeation of five antineoplastic agents (etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, paclitaxel, and fluorouracil) through medical gloves. Medical gloves made of three types of materials (chlorinated latex, non-chlorinated latex, and nitrile) were subjected to a permeability test. The antineoplastic agents in test solutions were tested at the highest concentrations employed in general clinical practice. Then, the relationship between glove thickness and permeability was assessed using chlorinated latex gloves with thicknesses of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.1 mm × 2 (to represent the practice of “double gloving”).ResultsOnly cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil showed detectable permeation through the tested latex gloves. The permeability of chlorinated latex was lower than that of non-chlorinated latex. Nitrile gloves showed no detectable permeability to any of the five antineoplastic agents tested. The permeability of chlorinated latex gloves depended on the thickness of the gloves; 0.1 mm × 2 (double gloving) exhibited the highest resistance to permeation by antineoplastic agents.ConclusionsThe permeability of medical gloves was dependent on the type of material and the surface treatment and decreased as the thickness of the glove increased. The double glove was shown to prevent antineoplastic agent permeation more efficiently than did a single glove of the same total thickness. These results provided important information that will guide the appropriate selection of medical gloves.

Studies of Absorption in Sanitary Protective Gloves

Abstract In this article, we calculated the mass saturation and the diffusion coefficient of the polymeric systems used in protective gloves for distilled water and artificial sweat. It can be seen that the absorption is greater when the gloves are immersed in distilled water, particularly for nitrile and neoprene gloves. This happens because the crystals formed with artificial sweat are positioned on the surface of the glove's pores to partly prevent liquid absorption. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to determine the glass transition temperature for amorphous polymer, nitrile gloves, vinyl gloves, exploration latex gloves and surgical latex gloves, and the melting temperature for semi-crystalline neoprene gloves. The plasticizing results obtained for immersion of distilled water were similar to those of immersion in artificial sweat. UV-visible spectrometry can be applied to an indirect technique to test the glove's permeability. The results show that in the case of the nitrile, vinyl, exploration latex, and surgical latex, a migration of the indicator through the glove takes place. In contrast, no migration happens in the case of the neoprene. In nitrile gloves and vinyl gloves, a greater migration is observed. This could indicate a greater permeability of this type of glove. In the case of surgical latex and exploration latex, a migration with a relatively small value is observed. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), we observed the structural modifications that polymers undergo during their exposure to artificial sweat. The surgical latex immersed in artificial sweat shows the size increase in the pores, while the corresponding nitrile gloves do not vary. This fact could be related to the results obtained in the study of absorption that showed that surgical latex gloves had greater plasticizing.

Thickness, permeability and tactile perception of commercial latex examination gloves used in dental practice

Introduction: Dentists are at an increased risk of being infected. Some patients may be unaware of their infected status while some patients are unwilling to tell the dentists their disease status. Gloves should be worn in almost all patient procedures. Aim: To assess association between thickness, tactile perception, and permeability of commercial latex examination gloves used in dental practice. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was conducted in Central India. A total of 600 gloves, 120 each from five brands (Kaltex, Nulife, Smartcare, Handshield, Medi-image) were used. Thickness was measured using stereomicroscope. Permeability to fluids was evaluated through 0.2% erythrosine dye. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923) was used to check for microbial permeability. Tactile sensibility was assessed by 2-point discriminator test using 2-point-calipers on 30 volunteers. Chi-square test and Binary logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Mean thickness of gloves was 0.1333 (range: 0.1028-0.1799). Dye and microbial test showed 10.6% and 43.3% permeability of gloves, respectively. No significant difference was observed among brands. Thicker gloves (0.1285-0.1542) yielded lower touch sensibility (odds ratio: 0.783, P < 0.05). Decrease in tactility was recorded in 78.6% of volunteers with gloves compared to no gloves. Conclusion: Considerable microbial permeability suggests commercial examination gloves are unsafe. Balance between thickness, permeability and touch sensation should be established to decrease permeability maintaining same touch sensibility.

Permeability of gloves used in nuclear medicine departments to [99mTc]-pertechnetate and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose: Radiation protection considerations

In order to evaluate the safety of the individual protection devices, the permeability of four different types of disposable gloves, commonly used in hospitals, was tested in relation to [99mTc]-pertechnetate and to [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG).From these radiopharmaceutical solutions, a drop was deposited on the external surface of the glove which was opened and stretched with the external surface placed upward. The smear test technique permitted to evaluate the activity onto the inner surface of the glove at different times. The smear tests were measured in a well sodium iodide detector calibrated in efficiency for 99mTc and 18F. The permeability was tested on ten samples of each type of gloves and was expressed as the ratio of the activity onto the inner surface at each time interval to the activity deposited on the external surface of the glove. For each type of gloves and for each sampling time, mean value, standard deviation and percentage coefficient of variation of permeability were evaluated.One type of gloves showed a low resistance to permeation of both radiopharmaceuticals, while another one only to pertechnetate. The other gloves were good performers.The results of this study suggest to test permeability for gloves used for handling radiopharmaceuticals, before their adoption in the clinical routine. This practice will provide a more careful service of radiation protection for nuclear medicine department staff.

Permeability of gloves to selected chemotherapeutic agents after treatment with alcohol or isopropyl alcohol

The results of a study to help identify the best glove protection for health care professionals frequently exposed to cytotoxic agents are reported. The permeation of 17 cytotoxic drugs through different glove materials and glove combinations was studied under the conditions of simulated dynamic contact (e.g., friction, stretching), a temperature of 37 °C (normal body temperature), different exposure times (30 and 60 minutes), and a 15-minute pretreatment with 70% alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. For 6 drugs, permeability was further evaluated at a temperature of 43 °C with different double-gloving combinations in order to assess the risk of health care worker exposure during the administration of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). All evaluated glove products were provided by one manufacturer. Analytical measurements were performed in triplicate using chromatographic and spectrometric techniques. None of the gloves exhibited permeation exceeding European standard EN 374-3 (1000 ng/cm(2)·min) or American standard ASTM F739-07 (100 ng/cm(2)·min); for a few drugs, glove permeation exceeded ASTM D6978-05 (10 ng/cm(2)·min). The highest permeation rates (66.5 and 36.3 ng/cm(2)·min) were observed with two natural rubber latex products exposed for 60 minutes to carmustine. None of the evaluated double-gloving combinations displayed any detected permeation at 43 °C, confirming that they can be used safely during HIPEC. Gloves evaluated with a dynamic permeation testing device at 37 °C after pretreatment with alcohol or isopropyl alcohol showed permeation rates by selected cytotoxic drugs of <100 ng/cm(2)·min after 30 or 60 minutes of drug exposure. Undergloves alone and glove-glove and glove-underglove combinations showed no detectable permeation in tests performed at 43 °C.

Epirubicin permeation of personal protective equipment can induce apoptosis in keratinocytes

The present study investigated the epirubicin (EPI) permeability of various commercially available glove types, as well as toxicity mechanisms and effects on human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Permeability experiments were carried out on various commercially available gloves, differing as regards material and thickness. Permeability was evaluated after different "contact times" and the influence of EPI solution's pH (acid and neutral) on permeability was also examined. Toxicity of EPI toward skin was tested by evaluating the effects of the drug on cell growth and apoptosis, by using an in vitro model based on cultured immortalized human keratinocytes. No permeation was detected in the case of EPI neutral solutions; in contrast, acid solutions were found to penetrate low thickness nitrile gloves. Obtained results also showed the induction of apoptosis in epithelial cells through the activation of intrinsic pathway p53-independent occurring even when cells are exposed at low drug concentration. EPI solution's pH influences the glove's permeability; once penetrated, EPI at concentrations lower than those able to penetrate the nitrile glove during the 8-h work-shift can cause apoptosis in epithelial cells. The findings reported here highly support the choice of either natural rubbers gloves or high thickness nitrile ones for preventing the occupational exposure to EPI.

Doxorubicin can penetrate nitrile gloves and induces apoptosis in keratinocytes cell lines

Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an anthracycline antibiotic which is used in the treatment of human malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma and a number of solid tumors, particularly breast cancer. Anthracyclines have been reported to contaminate chemotherapy workstation surfaces as well as other workplaces surfaces. The occupational exposure to these drugs could occur in hospitals, for nurses involved in anthracyclines preparation and administration, in chemical industries during the commercial formulate syntheses, and in analytical laboratories. Numerous studies investigated cutaneous effects related to DOXO administration, on the contrary few literature data are available about effects on the skin due to the direct contact with the drug. The present study investigated the DOXO permeability of three commercially available gloves’ types used to protect skin in occupational contexts, as well as the effects of DOXO on human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The results suggest that the DOXO permeability of gloves depends not only on glove material but also on DOXO solutions’ pH, in fact nitrile gloves can be penetrated by acid solutions, while neither natural rubbers nor nitrile gloves are permeable to neutral solutions. Moreover, DOXO solutions, even at low concentration, cause apoptosis in epithelial cells, through activation of intrinsic pathway p53-independent.

Reducing the risk of viral transmission at operation by electronic monitoring of the surgeon-patient barrier.

A new electronic device designed to detect glove holes, wet gowns and glove permeability was assessed during 50 general surgical operations. The cause of each alarm was recorded and the surgeon's awareness of any breach noted. Some 266 alarms were recorded of which 45 were ascribed to glove holes, 86 to wet gowns, 115 to glove porosity and 20 to other causes. Glove holes occurred in 29 of the 50 procedures; the surgeon was unaware of the hole in almost 70 per cent of cases. Holes were more common in laparotomy than in laparoscopic procedures (P = 0.006). In 20 per cent of instances surgeons did not respond immediately to the alarm (median delay 16 min). Six of eight surgeons who used the device indicated that they would do so regularly for major abdominal surgery. The electronic system accurately detects breaches in the surgeon-patient barrier. Its use should improve surgical discipline in acting to restore the barrier, protecting patient and surgeon alike.

P60 Permeability of gloves to plant allergens

Objective: Study permeability of gloves to plant allergens, therefore evaluating glove efficacy for hand protection.Material and methods: We studied 20 female patients (aged 21–71; mean 45,1 years) with ACD from plants, 10 allergic to diallyl disulfide (DAD) from Allium sativa, 8 allergic to alpha‐methylene‐gama‐butyrolactone (AMGBL) from Alstroemeria ligtu and 2 allergic to primin from Primula obconica. Patch testing was performed applying the allergens, for 24 or 48 h, directly on the skin and over fragments of different gloves: domestic rubber gloves (RG), nitrile latex gloves (NG), vinyl gloves (VG), surgical latex gloves (LG) and polyethylene gloves (PG).Results: VG, PG or LG gloves offered no protection for these 3 allergens. With RG and NG gloves, DAD reactivity was abolished or significantly reduced, respectively, in 5 and 7 cases. Reactivity to AMGBL wasn’t abolished by any glove material. NG abolished skin reactivity to primin; RG was efficacious only in 1 patient.Conclusions: Advising gloves in patients with ACD from plants is difficult, as allergen permeability through gloves associated with occlusion may intensify the dermatitis, as occurred during skin testing. Nitrile latex gloves may protect from primin and garlic dermatitis, whereas they are not helpful for manipulating Alstroemeria. Although exposure time in this study is higher than in real life, results show interesting data on glove permeability to these plant allergens and support our patients’ complaints that gloves didn’t protect them.

Permeability of Organic Solvents Through Two-Layer Safety Gloves Determined by a Gravimetric Method.

Organic solvents are harmful to humans and many of them are recognized as carcinogens. Therefore it is necessary to protect hands from contact with them. Most methods for testing solvent resistance of gloves use Gas Chromatography. However, these methods are expensive and so complex that they present application problems for most glove producers and users. A simple gravimetric method to test solvent resistance of gloves was developed. It was tested by measuring permeability of organic solvents such as white spirit, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, benzene, p-xylene, trichloroethylene, through gloves made of natural rubber, polivinyl chloride, neoprene, perbunan, polivinyl alcohol, and two-layer gloves made of natural rubber and neoprene. This method proved to be a simple, economical, and reliable way to examine glove permeability.

Effect of the mosquito repellent DEET and long-wave ultraviolet radiation on permeation of the herbicide 2,4-D and the insecticide DDT in natural rubber gloves.

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of a commonly used insect repellent, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), on the permeability of rubber gloves used as chemical protective clothing (CPC) by pesticide applicators. Glove permeation analysis was conducted with an automated in vitro diffusion analysis (AIDA) method employing an in-house, flow-through permeation cell design. Permeation of 14C-ring-labeled 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in natural rubber glove material was 2.4 +/- 1.81% at 48 hr after treatment of the glove with 2,4-D applied with DEET; this was not significantly different (Student's t-test; p less than 0.05) from 3.2 +/- 3.46% permeation of 2,4-D observed without DEET. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the permeation of pp'-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) applied with DEET (11.7 +/- 5.02%) and without DEET (11.4 +/- 4.86%) to natural rubber glove material. Scanning electron microscopy of the natural rubber glove material, however, demonstrated disruption of the surface ultrastructure following a 24-hr treatment with DEET. The AIDA analysis also suggested that exposure of the glove material to long-wave ultraviolet (UVA) radiation enhanced the glove permeability to 2,4-D (6.2 +/- 0.73% [+UVA]; 0.3% +/- 0.14% [-UVA]) but had no effect on the permeation of DDT. Because the CPC of pesticide applicators is commonly exposed to solar UVA, this finding may raise concerns about the efficacy and safety of CPC in general.

Effect of the Mosquito Repellent DEET and Long-Wave Ultraviolet Radiation on Permeation of the Herbicide 2,4-D and the Insecticide DDT in Natural Rubber Gloves

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of a commonly used insect repellent, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), on the permeability of rubber gloves used as chemical protective clothing (CPC) by pesticide applicators. Glove permeation analysis was conducted with an automated in vitro diffusion analysis (AIDA) method employing an in-house, flow-through permeation cell design. Permeation of l4C-ring-labeled 2,4-D (2,4-di-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) in natural rubber glove material was 2.4 ± 1.81% at 48 hr after treatment of the glove with 2,4-D applied with DEET; this was not significantly different (Student's t-test;p < 0.05)from3.2 ± 3.46% permeation of 2,4-D observed without DEET. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the permeation of pp′ -DDT (1,1,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) applied with DEET (11.7 ± 5.02%) and without DEET (11.4 ± 4.86%) to natural rubber glove material. Scanning electron microscopy of the natural rubber glove material, however, demonstrated disruption of the surface ultra-structure following a 24-hr treatment with DEET. The AIDA analysis also suggested that exposure of the glove material to long-wave ultraviolet (UVA) radiation enhanced the glove permeability to 2,4-D (6.2 ± 0.73% [+UVA]; 0.3% ± 0.14% [-UVA]) but had no effect on the permeation of DDT. Because the CPC of pesticide applicators is commonly exposed to solar UVA, this finding may raise concerns about the efficacy and safety of CPC in general.

Permeation of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs Through Glove Materials under Static and Flexed Conditions

Abstract Gloves are the most common protective measure against contamination with antineoplastics. However, there is no consensus about which glove material offers the best protection. There are few data on the permeability of gloves to this group of potential carcinogens. All studies have been conducted under static conditions, with no attempt at simulating the flexing and stretching that may be present in the occupational setting. Flexing has been shown to increase the permeability of glove materials to certain chemicals. To investigate the effects of flexing on permeation by antineoplastics, a permeation cell apparatus was modified so that glove materials could be flexed during testing. Surgical latex, exam latex, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves were tested with four drugs: cyclophosphamide, doxirubicin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Utilizing radiolabeled compounds and liquid scintillation counting for a direct and sensitive analytical technique, gloves were tested at times representative of o...

Pesticide Glove Permeation Analysis: Comparison of the ASTM F739 Test Method with an Automated Flow-through Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography Procedure

The results of two methods of analysis for measuring glove permeability to pesticides are reported. The standard ASTM F739-85 testing procedure was used to determine breakthrough times and permeation rates for four protective glove materials for two commercially available pesticide formulations. The same glove materials and pesticides then were tested using an in-house developed automated in-vitro diffusion analysis (AIDA) procedure. The ASTM and AIDA procedures both demonstrated no detectable breakthrough of Sevin 50W or 2,4-D Amine 96% for nitrile butyl rubber and polyvinyl chloride gloves. Although no breakthrough of Sevin 50W or 2,4-D Amine 96 was detected for natural rubber or neoprene gloves following the ASTM procedure, permeation was observed in 2 of 3 replicate tests for both rubber and neoprene gloves when using the AIDA method. The observed discrepancy may have been caused by a longer sampling duration for the AIDA method (16 hr) than the ASTM procedure (8 hr). Advantages of the AIDA procedure are discussed.

Effects of dental medicaments on examination glove permeability

Dental care providers wear gloves for all clinical procedures. This study was designed to assess the intactness of examination gloves after exposure to commonly used agents. Finger portions from latex and vinyl examination gloves were sealed to syringe barrels and exposed to alcohol, eugenol, a surface disinfectant, cavity varnish, or commercial mouth wash. Tritiated water was introduced into the finger-tip portion, which was suspended in a vacuum flask containing distilled water. Aliquots of water were withdrawn from the flask at intervals of 5 minutes to 8 hours and analyzed for transfer of radioactivity through the glove tip. Treatment with agents such as eugenol and cavity varnish resulted in significant leakage after 5 to 15 minutes. Although some agents apparently quickly damaged the gloves, leaks developed in untreated gloves with time. Results suggest that visibly intact gloves may have developed microleaks and that changing gloves during long clinical procedures may be indicated.