Permanent Program Research Articles

Defense Burden Sharing and Military Cooperation in the EU27: A Descriptive Analysis (2002–2023)

Abstract This paper analyzes defense burden sharing and defense cooperation in the European Union. The efforts to build a common defense framework within the EU have significantly increased since the 2000s. However, figures seem to highlight a reversal in defense cooperation trends that may potentially jeopardize the EU common defense framework. The underlying cause can be attributed to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014. In 2022, the recrudescence of war caused a disruption to which member states answered with an old-fashioned receipt, composed of higher military expenditure driven by increasing commitment in military equipment procurement, accompanied by decreasing defense cooperation. Data related to the participation in Permanent Structured Cooperation defense joint programs seem to empirically confirm this new trend, as well as the impact the conflict has had on defense burden sharing. Fragmentation thus appears to be growing and undoing the progress made.

Retaining HUD-VASH housing: differences in housing exits among unsheltered and sheltered veterans

ABSTRACT Introduction: Permanent supportive housing programs, such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-Veteran Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH), are a highly important intervention to address homelessness among Veterans. Unsheltered Veterans are a priority population for HUD-VASH because this group is especially vulnerable and may face higher risk of exit from HUD-VASH. Method: We developed a 6-year retrospective (2012–2018) longitudinal cohort to compare whether previously unsheltered Veterans had a greater risk of exit from HUD-VASH housing compared to previously sheltered Veterans. Result: Veterans experiencing unsheltered homelessness had a significantly higher risk of exiting HUD-VASH housing (HR 1.1; 1.1–1.2) than sheltered Veterans. Conclusion: Veterans experiencing unsheltered homelessness had higher risk of exiting HUD-VASH housing. These findings may have implications for unsheltered non-Veterans, and people experiencing unsheltered homelessness may benefit from a tailored approach to supportive services to prevent housing exits.

Digital Media Competence in the Mexican Interactive Generation. Have Digital Competence Programs Worked in Mexico?

Objective: This research presents results of the digital media competence scale applied to Mexican youth during the period 2009-2023. With this evidence, the study is contrasted theoretically and empirically with the five major official programs on digital media competence implemented by the Ministry of Public Education of Mexico in said period. Theoretical Framework: The study was adjusted to the recommendations of international organizations such as UNESCO (2018) and the European Union (Livingstone, 2019). The scale was developed and adapted from a broader study on Internet consumption habits, digital skills, and online sociability in young people (León, et al., 2013; 2014; 2015). Method: A quantitative methodology of longitudinal descriptive cut was applied to present the empirical results of the scale on a sample of (N=4,753) high school students in Mexico. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed the need to include a permanent teacher training program on literacy and basic digital skills in the field of basic education, as well as the creation of content on digital communication and information in all basic education plans and programs. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research provide sensitive information to modify future management programs within the public policy on digital culture. Originality/Value: The study contributes to the specialized literature by highlighting the management challenges that the New Mexican School headed by the current government should consider. The relevance and value of the data presented show a critical and independent position in contrast to the government's positions.

Planning With a Basic Income

Problem, research strategy, and findings The rapid growth of basic income programs in U.S. cities raises questions about the contributions of no-strings-attached cash payments to common equity planning goals. Drawing on a database of more than 100 basic income trials and interviews with 75 program designers and administrators, we evaluated basic income’s potential uses in planning. First, we analyzed evaluations of completed basic income trials, linking the policy’s effects to common equity planning goals. Second, we identified pathways from basic income trials to permanent policy and program reform. We found that large-scale, public basic income trials are likely to lead to reform in state-level social policy and that private and hybrid programs have multiple pathways for renewal, expansion, and replication. Takeaways for practice Planners can maximize the contributions of basic income programs to equity planning goals by distinguishing among the different capacities and scale-up options for public, private and hybrid programs. Practitioners focused on policy change and securing additional state resources for low-income households should prioritize publicly financed basic income trials and seek to translate basic income demonstrations into state-level policy change. Practitioners focused on “wicked” problems within narrowly defined subcommunities should focus on hybrid and private programs, which expand the capacities of community organizations and secure funding renewal from foundations. Important though these distinctions between programs are, all types of basic income programs contribute directly household resources, stability and capabilities, and all three types have led to either expanded basic income programs or the addition of no-strings-attached cash to other programs.

Improving the Pedagogical Competence of Senior Santri in Caring for Junior Santri to Prevent Violence and Bullying in Pesantren at Mojokerto

Acts of violence and bullying often occur in educational institutions, including Islamic boarding schools. This community service program is intended to improve the pedagogical competence of senior students in caring for junior students in Islamic boarding schools so that it can be expected to prevent violence and bullying. Prevention of acts of violence and bullying is sought by encouraging the strengthening of the use of cognitivism and humanism approaches, and minimizing the behaviorism approach. However, the use of these three approaches can be done proportionally and contextually. The program to increase the pedagogical competence of senior students should be carried out regularly or every year because the change of Islamic boarding school administrators which also takes place every year, automatically also changes the administrators. This program can also become a permanent RMI NU program which is more feasible in implementing the program than being carried out individually by Islamic boarding schools, while also having the advantage of being able to share the good practices of each Islamic boarding school.

From Research to Roach Traps: Practical Considerations for a Home-Based Asthma Program.

Home-based asthma interventions have a significant evidence base as an effective means to address moderate and severe breathing concerns triggered by home conditions. However, the literature lacks logistical and staffing considerations necessary to successfully implement such a program at a governmental level. This practice report and process evaluation outlines practical details and lessons learned during a healthy homes pilot, and how they were addressed in the design of a permanent program. To inform the creation of a permanent home-based asthma intervention at the Alexandria Health Department (AHD) (City of Alexandria, Virginia) and understand the tools and resources necessary for success. Participating households received a health and environmental assessment, followed by cleaning supplies, relevant education, and referrals to partners for services. AHD staff tracked challenges and insights at each step of the intervention. At the end of the pilot, staff worked with the community to identify solutions and design a permanent program. Although the pilot model was constructed based on existing case studies, technical assistance from national experts, and guidance documents, the team still experienced challenges around recruitment, staff support, home visit implementation, and impact evaluation. While pilots and existing literature can be instructive for identifying issues, work with residents and partners to develop a uniquely tailored community program was essential for practical success. Health departments developing new initiatives should consider both the staff and participant experience throughout the creation of administrative and programmatic processes. Testing out draft versions of these processes and materials using internal and external focus groups can identify potential bottlenecks and solutions upfront.

Learning to Live Together. A Key Educational Challenge of our Time

The commitment of learning to live together / with others is considered a key educational challenge of our time. A challenge that we cannot exempt ourselves from because it is an indispensable task for all, without exception. On the basis of contributions by some international organizations - in particular, UNESCO and the Council of Europe - the author focuses on the need to educate people to live together in the culture of human rights. The author presents UNESCO's permanent program Education for All as a way of living together, and considers the inclusive education, the quality education, the integral education and education to solidarity as a way forward for the future, and the intercultural education as a strategy of living together. The author concludes by highlighting that these perspectives, and so the same Education for All, must be set on the path of learning to love in order to succeed, addressing the most vulnerable segments of society, including refugees affected by war, natural disasters and poverty. This emerges as a global challenge today and a consideration absent in the already examined prospects which seems a rare consideration outside the Catholic circles. Confronted with the present circumstances, which include not only wars and organized violence but also a monumental climate catastrophe, it is now crucial to rediscover the profound essence of education and the pedagogical contemplation that enlightens educational endeavors, befitting human dignity. Undoubtedly, the prospects involve instilling the principles of living together through early childhood education, practicing democratic values, fostering serene coexistence, peace, and solidarity, while respecting and promoting the fundamental rights of all human beings. Despite the challenging situations witnessed globally, this vision may seem like an unattainable utopia, but it remains a crucial goal for the future.

Landscape Drivers Influence the Efficiency of Management of Aquatic Invasive Alien Rodents in Western France

Managing invasive alien species (IAS) is a critical issue for many countries to preserve native biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In western France, we analyzed data of captures of aquatic invasive alien rodents (AIARs), the coypu and muskrat, by the local permanent control program from 2007 to 2022 across 26 municipalities encompassing 631 km2. We found that control activities removed up to 10.3 AIARs per km2 annually. The number of coypus removed per trapper per year increased by 220%, whereas it decreased by 85% for muskrats. The number of trappers increased from 2007 to 2014, peaking at 70, and then decreased by 50% in 2022. The number of AIARs captured per trapper per year increased with the density of ponds. The number of coypus captured per year decreased with an increasing amount of woodland per municipality, whereas it increased with road density. Finally, other tested landscape variables did not affect the number of AIARs removed per trapper per year. Our results are discussed in the context of control activities implemented against IAS in other countries. We advocate for stakeholders to assess whether control activities against AIARs effectively mitigate the impacts on social-ecological systems in France.

Satisfaction and challenges of beneficiaries of the Yolanda Permanent Housing Program in a component city of the Philippines

The Yolanda Permanent Housing Program (YPHP) in the Philippines was designed to resettle the poor families affected by typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan in 2013. There were 1,992 units granted to the component city but as of July of 2022, only 1,067 units were awarded. Hence, this study determined the satisfaction of the beneficiaries of YPHP and identified the challenges they encountered when they resettled at the site. Likewise, it investigated the difference in their satisfaction relative to length of stay and family size. Using the descriptive-comparative approach, this study was responded by 283 beneficiaries determined using simple random sampling. It utilized a validated and reliability-tested researcher-made questionnaire and checklist. Generally, their satisfaction was rated high. However, the areas that need continuous improvement are community development and relocation process which were rated low. Meanwhile, there were challenges identified in terms of application and documentation processing, relocation and transfer, occupancy, and livability. Also, there was no difference in their satisfaction as to length of stay and family size. However, in terms of length of stay, there was a difference in safety and suitability of location. Given the findings, continuous improvement by the implementers is necessary.

Welfare Effects of a Permanent Unconditional Cash Transfer Program: Evidence from Maricá, Brazil

Welfare Effects of a Permanent Unconditional Cash Transfer Program: Evidence from Maricá, Brazil

Sugestões de uma equipe de saúde hospitalar à formação e ao preparo profissional para pandemias

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic provided evidence of gaps in the preparation of health professionals. The objective of this study was to know the suggestions of professionals who worked in healthcare about how to better prepare them to deal with this context. Method: This was an exploratory qualitative study with in-depth semi-structured interviews of diverse groups of professionals from a high-complexity teaching hospital in the South Region of Brazil. Comprehensive Sociology was used as a framework. Results: The suggestions for institutions that provide healthcare included greater attention to their clinical staff, with regularly offered technical training and psychological preparation programs. Suggestions for health education institutions included greater curricular emphasis on psychological aspects and comprehensive care in human health, with humanization; communication; collaborative teamwork, leadership, and management; greater theoretical and practical course load, with simulation and practice in real emergency and intensive care scenarios, in addition to contents covering crisis medicine, biosafety, bioethics when resources are scarce, and care for critically-ill patients. Discussion: The literature indicates that investments in permanent education programs minimize avoidable errors, improve team performance and promote professional development. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, the need to learn self-care, communication with patients and family members and strategies for controlling and managing emotions was highlighted. With regard to technical and scientific skills to be emphasized in the presence of mass crises, topics related to biosafety and care for critically-ill patients are highlighted. Final considerations: The suggestions provided can contribute to better preparation of health professionals to work in pandemic contexts.

Short-term temporal trends of a coral reef in Samana (Dominican Republic): The value of a permanent monitoring program to identify drivers of rapid change

Short-term temporal trends of a coral reef in Samana (Dominican Republic): The value of a permanent monitoring program to identify drivers of rapid change

A life cycle perspective of startup accelerators

AbstractAccelerators are broadly seen as platforms that government, non-profit, and for-profit organizations use to fast-track the development of entrepreneurial and SME business capabilities. Typically, this occurs as competitive, time-constrained, cohort-centered, authentic learning experiences supported by mentoring and access to the local entrepreneurial ecosystem, management development programs, and financial resources. Interest in how the ventures in the development programs evolve and contribute to the entrepreneurial ecosystem is increasing (Cantner et al. in Small Business Economics, 57, 407–423, 2021), but how the accelerators evolve has yet to be adequately researched. To better understand how accelerators evolve, we adapt Churchill and Lewis (Harvard Business Review, 61(3), 30–50, 1983) conceptual framework of the stages of small business development. This study investigated the life cycle of Australian accelerators from 2013 to 2020. The accelerators ranged from short-term “pop-up” programs to permanent programs. We found through a series of four selected exemplar case studies that these accelerators exhibited a similar four-stage life cycle to their participants, including (1) gestation, (2) survival, (3) viability, and (4) decline or renewal. We also found that external support was a critical issue that determined viability. Our findings support the development of accelerator management to be more agile, resilient, and entrepreneurial, which can confront those adopting a more standardized franchise model. In addition, we adapt Kohler (Business Horizons, 59(3), 347–357, 2016) work on corporate accelerators into an inclusive framework for all forms of accelerators, including considering their geographic context or Place, the actors involved with the accelerator or its People, the accelerator’s value Proposition to participants, the accelerator’s Processes and most fundamentally, its Purpose that will contribute to the entrepreneurial ecosystem practice and literature. This research provides practical considerations on positioning, suitable business models, and maximized operations.

Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Sahip Olması Gereken Roller ve Yetkinliklerin İncelenmesi

If the trainings are institution-specific information trainings, contain know-how, or are considered as permanent or long-term programs for a large number of employee groups, it would be a more correct approach to work with the educators who will be recruited. In this case, the preparation of detailed job descriptions for the educator and the clear definition of the requirements of the job are important both during the interview and assignments, making it easier to choose the right person and assign them to the right jobs. In the selection of trainers, resumes and application forms should be carefully examined, the candidate's communication skills and willingness should be tested, school and work experience, presentation skills, program preparation ability, knowledge of educational methods, expertise in the subject, willingness and special interest in education, beliefs, goals, values and passions, educational experience, physical fitness, appearance, intelligence, maturity, emotional stability and educational status should be taken into account. The activity of a trainer who will be selected from within or outside the organization; it depends on him focusing on the subject, being able to do what he wants to do and being able to devote himself. Focus refers to knowing the subject. Being able to do is related to skills reinforced by experience, while dedication is related to mental attitude. If an educator looks at his work and relationships positively, if he does the training willingly, if he is at peace with himself and sensitive to people, he works by dedicating himself. When deciding who the trainer is, the attitude, goals, beliefs and values of the person being considered should be focused on, and whether these are appropriate and adequate to the requirements of the training being considered, the expectations of the organization and the needs of the participants should be considered. During the selection process of the trainer or training organization, the experiences of the person or organization, training methods, references in other organizations, personal or corporate images should be taken into account. It is necessary to think that the monetary or non-monetary losses that will be caused if an education that is considered cheap is not effective will be much greater. It is necessary to realize that the cost of a good education is always much lower than the cost of lack of education or a bad and inadequate education. Key Words: Educational Management, Educational Managers, Executive Roles, Executive Competencies

Risk of dementia among veterans experiencing homelessness and housing instability.

In the United States, nearly 85,000 Veterans experienced homelessness during 2020, and thousands more are experiencing housing instability, representing a significant proportion of the population.1 Many Veterans experiencing homelessness are aging and have complex co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and substance use disorders. Homelessness and older age put Veterans at greater risk for age-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). We examined the rate of ADRD diagnosis for Veterans experiencing homelessness and housing instability compared to a matched cohort of stably housed Veterans over a nine-year period using cox proportional hazard models. In the matched cohort, 95% (n = 88,811) of Veterans were men, and 67% (n = 59,443) were White and were on average 63 years old (SD = 10.8). Veterans with housing instability had a higher hazard of 1.53 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50, 1.59) for ADRD compared to Veterans without housing instability. Veterans experiencing housing instability have a substantially higher risk of receiving an ADRD diagnosis than a matched cohort of stably housed Veterans. Health systems and providers should consider cognitive screening among people experiencing housing insecurity. Existing permanent supportive housing programs should consider approaches to modify wraparound services to support Veterans experiencing ADRD.

PTSD Symptom Severity and Overall Quality of Life Pre-and During COVID-19 Among Adults Seeking Housing Support Services

COVID-19 stay-at-home orders have had far-reaching negative consequences on mental health and quality of life (QOL). This is especially true for vulnerable populations, such as those who are unhoused, as they are more likely than the general population to have been struggling with a mental illness and poor QOL well before the pandemic. This exploratory cross-sectional study explored differences in PTSD symptom severity and overall QOL among a cohort of adults who were seeking housing support services pre-COVID-19 (n = 226 compared to a cohort of adults who were seeking housing support services during COVID-19 (n =205). All data were collected upon enrollment into a permanent supportive housing program. Participants seeking housing support services during COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19 were significantly more likely to report higher PTSD symptoms (t=3.14, p=0.001) and poorer QOL (=9.81, p=0.001), however differences were no longer observed at the five percent significance level once several covariates were controlled for in the analysis. Despite the lack of statistical significance at the multivariate level (which is likely a result of challenges with the data and the level of statistical significance selected and not a reflection of true differences between the cohorts), the clinical significance of the findings has implications for planning behavioral health services for unhoused individuals seeking housing support services, especially as we exit the pandemic.

Spatial and Environmental Influence on the Community of Aquatic Insects in Atlantic Forest Streams

Purpose: Investigate the influence of environmental variables and spatial autocorrelation on aquatic insect communities within the same water flow in Atlantic Forest streams. Theoretical framework: The organisms in lotic environments are influenced by both local and non-local factors, in addition to other processes, which result from the dynamics of the environment. Alterations in these factors can provide evidence regarding the organization of aquatic communities. Given the high sensitivity insect are used in ecosystems quality studies around the world. Method: Sampling campaigns were conducted every three months. A total of twenty-four samples were collected across four campaigns and six collection sites were established along the same stream. In-situ measurements of physical and chemical variables were performed. The environmental quality of the surroundings was assessed using the Habitat Integrity Index. Results and conclusion: No spatial dependence was found between the sampling sites. Closer points no longer exhibited resemblance. For the studied situation, the surrounding and turbidity have a stronger relationship with the biota, acting as environmental filters and suggesting that the organization of is driven by local environmental conditions. Environments that are locally less disturbed are more influential in shaping for aquatic insect communities. Thus, considering the effect of habitats on organisms and recognizing the importance of local conservation efforts for preserving the aquatic biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest biome, we emphasize need for the implementation permanent monitoring programs in hydrographic basins, mainly for the BHRA, and the development of strategies aimed at minimizing the impacts on these environments. Research implications: We affirm the applicability of aquatic insects as valuable indicators for assessing the quality and biodiversity of streams and suggest studies with these organisms as a strategy to support management in freshwater environments. Originality/value: Studies that evaluate water bodies and their surroundings are essential in view of the pressures exerted through the different land uses. The study region deserves attention in view of the implementation of large constructions.

Layanan Khusus Keagamaan di RA Lisda sebagai Bentuk Implementasi Manajemen Pendidikan

Education is an important aspect to prepare a quality generation of the nation. Of course, in education there needs to be good educational management in order to achieve success in educational goals. However, the management of education at educational institutions in Indonesia is still far from good. The aim of this research is to find out about education management and the implementation of special services in formal early childhood education institutions, namely RA. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Researchers conducted research at RA LISDA targeting RA LISDA school principals, as well as carrying out documentation for data collection. Then the researcher carried out data reduction to analyze the data, present the data, and draw conclusions. The results of this research are that RA LISDA has implemented education management well and provided special religious services as a form of implementation of education management. This special religious service aims to shape the morals and behavior of students to become human beings who always obey Allah SWT. However, RA LISDA has not yet fully and completely provided special services, because there is no specific and permanent program.

Universality and Conditionality in Cash Transfer Programs: Lessons from the COVID-19 Stimulus

COVID-19 caused a global health crisis on an unprecedented scale. As countries around the world raced to contain the virus with lockdowns, quarantines, travel restrictions, and social distancing measures, disruptions also reverberated throughout the global economy, leading to widespread unemployment and a sharp decline in global GDP. In response, governments spent massive sums on fiscal measures, with the hopes of hastening recovery and providing relief to those in need. One common measure involved the provision of direct cash transfers to households. Direct cash transfers are not a new economic tool, but the pandemic marks the first time they were administered on a universal or nearly universal scale, with few or no conditions attached. As such, it provides a unique vantage point from which to study the impact of broad-based unconditional cash transfers as an economic tool. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Economic Impact Payments (EIPs), a series of three unconditional cash transfers that were extended to the vast majority of households in the United States. First, it examines how effective EIPs were in achieving their primary objectives of stimulating economic activity and providing relief to those in need. Second, it examines their impact on inflation and inequality. From these observations, lessons are drawn about how cash transfer programs can be better designed. The paper concludes that universality and unconditionality are not ideal for permanent transfer programs, but may be warranted temporarily if the paramount goal is getting quick relief to those in need during pandemic-like disruptions.

The Keynesian Diminisher

The Keynesian expenditure multiplier is commonly viewed as a mechanism that amplifies expansionary fiscal or monetary policy. Once the assumptions on which the multiplier rests are applied to the classical quantity equation, however, it becomes obvious that the Keynesian multiplier is by far more pessimistic in this regard than the quantity equation. In light of this comparison, it makes much more sense to speak of the Keynesian “diminisher” than of the “multiplier.” The reason for the pessimistic bias of the multiplier can best be detected if the distinction is made between a one-time expansionary policy measure and a permanent one. It is only because of this pessimistic bias that the Keynesian “multiplier” can be used to justify permanent government spending programs.