Permanent Markers Research Articles

A non-invasive approach to measuring body dimensions of wildlife with camera traps: A felid field trial.

Dimensions of body size are an important measurement in animal ecology, although they can be difficult to obtain due to the effort and cost associated with the invasive nature of these measurements. We avoid these limitations by using camera trap images to derive dimensions of animal size. To obtain measurements of object dimensions using this method, the size of the object in pixels, the focal length of the camera, and the distance to that object must be known. We describe a novel approach of obtaining the distance to the object through the creation of a portable distance marker, which, when photographed, creates a "reference image" to determine the position of the animal within an image. This method allows for the retrospective analysis of existing datasets and eliminates the need for permanent in-field distance markers. We tested the accuracy of this methodology under controlled conditions with objects of known size resembling Felis catus, our study species, validating the legitimacy of our method of size estimation. We then apply our method to measure feral cat body size using images collected in Tasmania, Australia. The precision of our methodology was evaluated by comparing size estimates across individual cats, revealing consistent and reliable results. The average height (front paw to shoulder) of the feral cats sampled was 25.25 cm (CI = 24.4, 26.1) and the average length (base of tail to nose) was 47.48 cm (CI = 46.0, 48.9), suggesting wild feral cats in our study area are no larger than their domestic counterparts. Given the success of its application within our study, we call for further trails with this method across a variety of species.

Digitally Controlled Printing of Bioink Barriers for Paper-Based Analytical Devices: An Environmentally Friendly One-Step Approach.

The patterning of hydrophilic paper with hydrophobic materials has emerged as an interesting method for the fabrication of paper-based devices (PADs). Herein, we demonstrate a digitally automated, easy, low-cost, eco-friendly, and readily available method to create highly hydrophobic barriers on paper that can be promptly employed with PADs by simply using a bioink made with rosin, a commercially available natural resin obtained from conifer trees. The bioink can be easily delivered with the use of a ballpoint pen to produce water- and organic solvent-resistant barriers, showing superior properties when compared to other methods such as wax-printing or permanent markers. The approach enables the pen to be attached to a commercially available cutting printer to perform the semiautomated fabrication of hydrophobic barriers for PADs. With the aid of digitally controlled optimization, together with features of machine learning and design of experiments, we show a thorough investigation on the barrier strength that can be further adjusted to the desired application's needs. Then, we explored the barrier sturdiness across various uses, such as wide range aqueous pH sensing and the harsh acidic/organic conditions needed for the colorimetric detection of cholecalciferol.

Ring this bell if you want to save our planet

‘Ring This Bell if You Want to Save Our Planet’ is a visual essay that explores the impact of Covid-19 restrictions on the Lower Lea Valley in East London. Its focus is to observe the impact on the environment and individual behaviour in the era of lockdown. The essay commences at the beginning of lockdown in March and continues through to the release of lockdown in the summer and its re-imposition in November. Observing the experience of lockdown has unearthed some surprises and it will leave some permanent markers in the landscape.

Sarah Abel, Permanent Markers. Race, Ancestry, and the Body after the Genome

Sarah Abel, Permanent Markers. Race, Ancestry, and the Body after the Genome

Ultrasound-based surface sampling in immersion for mass spectrometry

We present a surface sampling method for the chemical analysis of liquid-immersed solid samples. Liquid immersion allows samples to be kept in a hydrated state. We employed cavitation generated by high-intensity focused ultrasound for localized material removal. The appropriate transducer–sample distance was determined using the actuating ultrasound transducer prior to sampling, allowing sonication in focus despite surface height variation. We demonstrate the proposed surface sampling method on water-submerged glass cover slides painted with permanent markers, achieving sampling with tunable spot size down to 500 μm. The removed and collected material was transferred for chemical analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, which showed mass peaks characteristic to the permanent markers.

Permanent Markers: race, ancestry and the body after the genome By Sarah Abel

<i>Permanent Markers: race, ancestry and the body after the genome</i> By Sarah Abel

Testing of a new Yb:YAG fiber laser system for the removal of graphic vandalism from marble

Graphic vandalism causes detrimental effects on architectural stone surfaces. Among the cleaning methods developed in the last decades, laser cleaning showed considerable effectiveness but the available equipment still lacks full adaptability for the use on site, while the cleaning process is time-consuming for the site work requirements. In this paper, the feasibility of a fiber laser operating at 1064 nm (Yb:YAG) at high repetition rate (kHz) for the removal of vandal graffiti from marble is investigated, as it is potentially suitable for cleaning of large surfaces. Indeed, this device exploits a scan system covering a wider area than that of solid state lasers, while maintaining excellent portability. Evaluation of the cleaning procedure on a selection of spray paints and felt-tip permanent markers applied on marble mock-ups is carried out with a multimodal approach (optical microscopy combined with surface pattern reconstruction, colour monitoring, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy in external reflection and ATR mode, Thin Layer Chromatography, Raman spectroscopy, thermal monitoring, scanning electron microscopy). Ablation and thermal effects are observed varying the laser setting and the type of paint layer, with repetition rate showing a strong impact on the type of interaction. Overall, best cleaning procedures are achieved for the thinning of the black marker and the removal of the black spray paint. Some residues on the best results were observed, suggesting that the laser needs to be integrated with a second step of chemical cleaning. This study, focused on graffiti removal, shows that fiber laser can be a useful tool for cleaning of large monumental surfaces.Graphical

Decline in Fire Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis spp.) Along an Important Sea Turtle Nesting Beach at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, St Croix, US Virgin Islands

Two species of fire ants, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) and Solenopsis invicta (Buren), pose important threats to sea turtles, attacking hatchlings both within the nest and as they emerge and head towards the ocean. We surveyed ants at permanent markers along a major sea turtle nesting beach at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, Saint Croix, US Virgin Islands, where both S. geminata and S. invicta occur. Over the course of five surveys in 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022, the percent of tuna baits with S. geminata or S. invicta present declined from 48% in 2006, to 30%, 16%, 2%, and 4% in the four subsequent surveys. The reasons for the decline in fire ants on this beach are uncertain, but it is likely a positive development for nesting sea turtles.

Optionen zur präoperativen Markierung

In dermatosurgery, alarge number of operations involve nonsterile preoperative marking and sterile intraoperative marking to define the surgical area. This includes marking of veins and sentinel lymph nodes as well as marking of borders of malignant or benign tumors. Ideally, the markings should be resistant to disinfectant without leaving apermanent tattoo on the skin. For this purpose, avariety of commercial and noncommercial, pre- as well as intraoperative color marking options are available, such as surgical color marking pens, xanthene dyes, autologous patient blood, or permanent markers. The permanent pen is suitable for preoperative marking. It is inexpensive and can be reused. Nonsterile surgical marking pens can also be used for this purpose, but they are more expensive to purchase. Patient blood, sterile surgical marking pens, and eosin are suitable for intraoperative marking. Eosin is inexpensive and has many advantages, such as good skin compatibility. The marking options presented are good alternatives to the use of expensive colored marking pens.

The science and politics of genetic ancestry in Brazil and the United States: Review of Permanent Markers: Race, Ancestry, and the Body After the Genome. By SarahAbel, 2021. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 272 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐4696‐6515‐3. $29.95/$95.00/$22.99 (paperback/hardback/ebook)

The science and politics of genetic ancestry in Brazil and the United States: Review of <i>Permanent Markers: Race, Ancestry, and the Body After the Genome</i>. By SarahAbel, 2021. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 272 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐4696‐6515‐3. $29.95/$95.00/$22.99 (paperback/hardback/ebook)

Effect of Difference Bulb Size Seedling and Application of Various Doses Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Shallots are plants that are very responsive to changes in environmental conditions. Onion production data shows that several regions in Indonesia experienced a decline in production. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of differences in the size of the bulbs of shallot seedlings and the application of various doses of nitrogen on the growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). The research was carried out in Laden Village, Pamekasan District, Pamekasan Regency, Madura on 10 February 2021 - 4 April 2021. The tools used included hoes, water can, nameplates, permanent markers, cutters, rulers, digital scales, writing instruments, and camera. The materials used include shallot seeds of the Blue Lancor variety, urea fertilizer, KCL, SP-36, and fungicides. The study used a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications, the first factor being seed tuber size, consisting of 3 levels and doses of nitrogen fertilizer. S1 = small tubers (&lt; 5 g), S2 = medium tubers (8-10 g), and S3 = large tubers (≥ 13 g). The second factor is the dose of nitrogen fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely D1 = 150 kg ha-1, D2 = 200 kg ha-1, D3 = 250 kg ha-1, and D4 = 300 kg ha-1. 5% and further tested with BNJ level 5%. The results showed that increasing the size of the onion seed bulbs could increase growth and yield. the use of nitrogen dose can be increased along with the increase in the size of the tubers used. Based on the yield and quality of tubers, the treatment of medium seed tubers (8-10 g) with a nitrogen dose of 200 kg ha-1 gave good results

Disrupted and Unsettled: An Introduction to Monuments, Memorials, and Italian Migrations

Disrupted and Unsettled: An Introduction to Monuments, Memorials, and Italian Migrations

TOLUENE-INDUCED ACUTE LUNG INJURY: CASE REPORT

TOPIC: Critical Care TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent in industrial and commercial products including paints, adhesives, ink, and rubber. It is occasionally used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties. While mostly known for producing neurologic effects, here we report a case of toluene induced acute lung injury. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old female with a medical history of alcohol abuse, depression, congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction presented with one week of weakness and shortness of breath. She had been seen twice in the week prior having tested negative for SARS-COV2. In the emergency department, O2 saturation was 70% with respiratory distress on room air requiring high flow nasal cannula support. Labs were notable for a potassium of 2.7 mmol/L, acute kidney injury, elevated transaminases, lactate of 2.8 mmol/L and leukocyte count of 9800/nL. CT showed diffuse bilateral ground glass opacities involving the lung parenchyma concerning for atypical including viral pneumonia. Upon admission to the ICU she developed worsening hypoxia and respiratory failure requiring intubation.A discussion with the patient's husband revealed she had a history of glue sniffing. She had recently been decreasing her alcohol intake and substituting this with an increased frequency of sniffing both permanent markers and modeling glue. This raised suspicion for chemical pneumonitis secondary to toluene induced acute lung injury. DISCUSSION: Toluene is a highly lipophilic molecule readily inhaled via the lungs and distributed widely throughout the body producing side effects like ethanol intoxication via interfering mainly with GABA receptors. Neurologic manifestations range from euphoria and hallucinations to cognitive dysfunction and ataxia with chronic use. It specifically causes renal tubular acidosis typically manifesting as a normal anion gap hyperchloremic acidosis with hypokalemia. It can also cause hepatic injury and cardiac automaticity and conduction abnormalities.Acute lung injury secondary to toluene has been described but less frequently reported. Toxicity can result in Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS) from acute or chronic exposure to various chemical irritants. All hydrocarbons, including toluene, can cause chemical pneumonitis by direct contact with the pulmonary parenchyma and destroying alveolar and capillary membranes resulting in vascular permeability and edema. Symptoms may include cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, and hypoxia. Bilateral interstitial infiltrates may be delayed for several hours after the development of pneumonitis. There is no specific antidote for toluene toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment for toluene and many chemical induced pneumonitides consists of supportive care, supplemental oxygen, bronchodilators, inhaled and systemic glucocorticoids and may require intubation and admission to an ICU in severe cases. REFERENCE #1: Camara-Lemarroy CR, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, Monreal-Robles R, González-González JG. Acute toluene intoxication--clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15:19. Published 2015 Aug 18. doi:10.1186/s12873-015-0039-0 REFERENCE #2: Alberts WM, do Pico GA. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. Chest. 1996;109(6):1618-1626. doi:10.1378/chest.109.6.1618 REFERENCE #3: Tormoehlen LM, Tekulve KJ, Nañagas KA. Hydrocarbon toxicity: A review. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(5):479-489. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.923904 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ryan Lee, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Dominic Valentino, source=Web Response

Air Quality Assessment of a School in an Industrialized Area of Southern Italy

In this study, simultaneous monitoring of indoor and outdoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was carried out in a school, by both Radiello® cartridges and real-time monitors (Corvus, IonScience Ltd., Fowlmere UK). Moreover, an outdoor air quality assessment was performed with data from an air quality monitoring station (ARPA Puglia) located close to the school. In particular, VOCs, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xilenes concentrations, obtained by using Radiello® diffusive samplers, were monitored in two classrooms, two bathrooms, and outside of the school building for three weeks during winter 2019. Simultaneously, the Total VOC (TVOC) concentrations were measured by means of real-time monitors inside and outside the classroom in order to individuate the activation of sources during the sampling campaign days. The results evidence that indoor TVOC concentrations were bigger than those outdoors; this suggests the presence of indoor pollutant sources, both in the classrooms and the bathrooms. The results of our study can help the school management by the following recommendations: increasing ventilation in classrooms during school activities and after cleaning; involving students in discussions regarding the use of acrylic paints, permanent markers, perfumes and deodorants, and the limitation of smoking activities both in bathrooms and outdoor spaces.

An Alternative Method for Long-Term Monitoring of Thai Historic Pagodas Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data: A Case Study of Wat Krachee in Ayutthaya

This article presents an alternative method for the long-term monitoring of heritage pagodas in Thailand. In this method, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is used in combination with permanent survey markers. The Wat (temple) Krachee in the Ayutthaya Province of Thailand was chosen as a case study. This temple has several fantastic elements, including an inverted bell-shaped pagoda, two intertwined trees growing within it, and a chamber inside the pagoda. The preservation team working on the pagoda encountered a challenging problem and faced a decision to trim or not to trim the tree since it has a long-term effect on the pagoda’s structural stability. A high-accuracy terrestrial laser scanner was used to collect three-dimensional point cloud data. Permanent survey markers were constructed in 2018 to be used in long-term monitoring. The 3D surveying of the temple and the monitoring of the pagoda were carried out in five sessions during a period ending in 2020. A point cloud data analysis was performed to obtain the current dimensions, a displacement analysis, and the pagoda leaning angle. The results revealed that the terrestrial laser scanner is a high-performance piece of equipment offering efficient evaluation and long-term monitoring. However, in this study, permanent survey markers were also required as a benchmark for constraining each monitoring session. The 3D point cloud models could be matched with the assumption model elements to evaluate the damaged shape and to determine the original form. The significant elements of an inverted bell-shaped pagoda were investigated. Trimming the tree was found to cause the leaning angle of the pagoda to decrease. An equation was developed for predicting the leaning angle of the Wat Krachee pagoda for preservation and restoration planning in the future. From the results of this study, it is recommended that periodic monitoring should continue in order to preserve Thai pagodas in their original forms.

Vascular plant communities in the polar desert of Alert (Ellesmere Island, Canada): Establishment of a baseline reference for the 21st century

ABSTRACT The startling warming of the Arctic is driving important environmental changes, but vegetation responses have been spatially heterogeneous and difficult to predict. In this context, establishing new ecological baselines and initiating monitoring schemes are essential. We conducted systematic plot-based surveys in the polar desert surrounding Alert (Nunavut, Canada). We aimed at (1) identifying distinct plant communities, (2) characterizing community attributes, including diversity and abundance, as well as environmental variables associated with each community, and (3) establishing a georeferenced baseline with permanent field markers allowing robust re-surveying. We used hierarchical clustering to categorize cover values of vascular plant species, cryptogams, and ground substrates from 1,320 quadrats (1 m2 each) surveyed in 264 vegetation plots. Five plant communities were identified, with one community associated with each of the barren and mesic habitats, and three communities associated with wetlands. The mean biotic covers were generally higher at Alert (13–98%) compared to other polar deserts in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A total of 250 quadrats from 50 vegetation plots were permanently marked, and a database describing all plots is available online. This study improves our understanding of High-Arctic plant communities and establishes an important vegetation monitoring reference at the northernmost permanently inhabited settlement on Earth.

Causes of Reject and Repeat of Digital Radiographic Images: A Literature Review to Guide the Practice of Radiography in Zambia

Background: Radiographers aim at always improving the quality of imaging services through the production of high-quality diagnostic images, whilst minimising the radiation doses to patients and reducing healthcare costs. One strategy used in achieving this is conducting periodical reject and repeat image analysis.Objective: The aim of this study was to review the causes of rejection and repetition of digital radiographic images to guide the practice of radiography in Zambia.Methods: A literature search was conducted in January 2021 in PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect electronic databases. The search was extended to reference lists of eligible articles and radiography journals.Results: Seven research studies and clinical audits were identified to be relevant and included in this review. Six causes of rejection and repetition of digital radiographic images were identified: patient positioning errors, inappropriate selection of technical exposure factors, patient motion, presence of artefacts, improper collimation of the radiographic beam, and absence of permanent anatomical side markers (ASM). Amongst these factors, patient positioning error was the most common reason for rejecting and repeating digitalimages.Conclusion: The review found the overall image rejection rate to be within the acceptable range in digital radiography. This review's findings can guide the practice of radiography in Zambia as the transition takes place from traditional film-based radiography to digital radiography (DR) imaging systems.

Abstract PS15-02: Permanent marker free surface-guided breast radiotherapy: Implementing a new technique

Abstract Background:It is standard practice in our centre for patients to be given permanent skin marks during breast radiotherapy planning, for use as reliable landmarks in daily reproduction of their positioning for treatment. However, these permanent marks (tattoos) may have a significant psychological impact on patients (1). In recent years, there have been technological advances in surface-guided radiotherapy techniques (SGRT) which may provide improved set-up accuracy compared to permanent markers.Aims:1. To evaluate if surface-guided set-up is as good, if not better, than set-up with permanent markers alone.2. To safely implement a permanent marker (PM) free, surface-guided set-up technique.Methods:A pilot study was conducted with tangents-only breast patients treated in free breathing (FB). All treatments were delivered on Varian TrueBeam linear accelerators, with patients immobilised on a couch indexed breast board. The study group (n=20) were set up using PMs with adjustments guided by the AlignRT® SGRT system to optimise patient positioning. Imaging (MV tangent images) was performed as per standard protocol on fractions 1-3, 8 and 12. Additional imaging was performed if indicated. The translational and rotational displacements calculated by the TrueBeam verification system for this group were compared to average displacements calculated for patients set up using PMs alone (the control group, n=20). Encouraged by the results of the pilot study, the centre moved to safely roll-out the PM-free technique to include additional applications. The step-wise approach taken will be described.Results:The mean displacements calculated from the verification imaging are shown in Table 1 below: SGRT set-up demonstrated statistically-significant improvements compared to PM set-up alone with respect to lateral, vertical and total translational displacements. Longitudinal displacements favoured PM set-up alone but this did not reach statistical significance. Rotational displacements favoured SGRT set-up and the results reached statistical significance.Given the improved set-up accuracy with SGRT, and the wish to reduce the psychological morbidity of radiotherapy for our breast cancer patients, the centre moved to safely implement a PM free SGRT technique along agreed timelines as shown in Table 2: Conclusions:Our pilot study demonstrated that surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT) set-up is as good, if not better, than set-up with permanent markers (PM) alone in tangent-only free-breathing patients. Subsequent further analysis showed improved consistency of set-up guided by PM plus SGRT for all breast set-ups (to include nodal regions and DIBH). We have described our step-wise approach to setting up PM free radiotherapy delivery for breast cancer patients, which has additional advantages in maintaining social distancing in the COVID19 era.Refs1. Psychosocial impacts of radiation tattooing for breast cancer: a critical review. B Clow et al. Displacement20 patients PM only (106 #s)20 patients PM + SGRT (114 #s)Statistical significanceLateral (mm)2.271.56yesVertical (mm)2.692yesLongitudinal (mm)1.441.53noTotal translation/Vector (mm)4.13.21yesPitch (0)0.610.42yesYaw (0)0.670.53yes Development stageDetailDateSet up tangents only FB patients using PM + SGRTPatients set up using PM + SGRT – pilot study showed comparable or better than PM alone (see Table 1)Oct 2018Breast Working Party decision to use PM + SGRT for all set-upsTo build on SGRT experience from pilot study to include all breast set-ups (nodal regions &amp; Deep Inspiration Breath Hold, DIBH)Sept 2019Site visit to Birmingham, UKRadiographer-led visit to observe PM free breast techniqueOct 2019Report to Breast Working Party about PM + SGRT guided set upReport showed improved consistency using SGRT and reduction in displacements for all set-upsNov 2019Site Visit to Inverness, UKMulti-disciplinary team (ClinOnc/Rad/Dosimetry) attended Inverness to review PM free CT, Planning &amp;TreatmentMarch 2020Need to Improve Social distancing from COVID19Increased use of SGRT to maintain social distancing in RT treatment room at outbreak of pandemicMarch 2020Removal of breast bordersTo simplify set up processMay 2020Use treatment capture images to resolve set up issues + use SGRT for electron sets with PMsStaff will have time to practice SGRT set up without using PMs before the PM-free technique is implemented26th May 2020New CT protocol for DIBHThis allows fusion of scans so that patients can be set up in FB and monitored during treatment in DIBH8th June 20201st PM free Tangent only FB patient treatedMean translational displacements (mm) 0.05 Vert/0 Long/0.04 LatMean rotational displacements (o) Pitch 1.3/Roll 0/Yaw 0.917th June 2020 Citation Format: Christy Goldsmith, Deirdre Dobson, Adam Littler, Elinor Sawyer, Georgina Moriggi, Roshni Chauhan. Permanent marker free surface-guided breast radiotherapy: Implementing a new technique [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS15-02.

Repeatable Semantic Reef-Mapping through Photogrammetry and Label-Augmentation

In an endeavor to study natural systems at multiple spatial and taxonomic resolutions, there is an urgent need for automated, high-throughput frameworks that can handle plethora of information. The coalescence of remote-sensing, computer-vision, and deep-learning elicits a new era in ecological research. However, in complex systems, such as marine-benthic habitats, key ecological processes still remain enigmatic due to the lack of cross-scale automated approaches (mms to kms) for community structure analysis. We address this gap by working towards scalable and comprehensive photogrammetric surveys, tackling the profound challenges of full semantic segmentation and 3D grid definition. Full semantic segmentation (where every pixel is classified) is extremely labour-intensive and difficult to achieve using manual labeling. We propose using label-augmentation, i.e., propagation of sparse manual labels, to accelerate the task of full segmentation of photomosaics. Photomosaics are synthetic images generated from a projected point-of-view of a 3D model. In the lack of navigation sensors (e.g., a diver-held camera), it is difficult to repeatably determine the slope-angle of a 3D map. We show this is especially important in complex topographical settings, prevalent in coral-reefs. Specifically, we evaluate our approach on benthic habitats, in three different environments in the challenging underwater domain. Our approach for label-augmentation shows human-level accuracy in full segmentation of photomosaics using labeling as sparse as 0.1%, evaluated on several ecological measures. Moreover, we found that grid definition using a leveler improves the consistency in community-metrics obtained due to occlusions and topology (angle and distance between objects), and that we were able to standardise the 3D transformation with two percent error in size measurements. By significantly easing the annotation process for full segmentation and standardizing the 3D grid definition we present a semantic mapping methodology enabling change-detection, which is practical, swift, and cost-effective. Our workflow enables repeatable surveys without permanent markers and specialized mapping gear, useful for research and monitoring, and our code is available online. Additionally, we release the Benthos data-set, fully manually labeled photomosaics from three oceanic environments with over 4500 segmented objects useful for research in computer-vision and marine ecology.

Designing a New Empathy‐Oriented Prototyping Toolkit for the Design Thinking Process: Creativity and Design Sensibility

AbstractThis study examined the effectiveness of a new empathy‐oriented prototyping toolkit that was carefully developed to aid empathy gaining in students who find it difficult to express their ideas using only traditional paper‐based prototyping materials. The toolkit has a simple structure and uses basic geometric three‐dimensional forms made of various surface materials, such as rubber, wood, metal, acrylic and marble, which evoke distinct tactile sensations. The toolkit substitutes the items used in paper‐based prototyping, such as construction paper, glue, scissors, paper cups and permanent markers, in the prototyping stage of the design thinking workshop process. Students’ thoughts are expressed in three‐dimensional forms while they empathise with other students through conversation. The materials used are sophisticated, empathy‐oriented and provide easy access to rapid prototyping. Herein, we (1) explain the components of the developed toolkit, (2) provide a specific curriculum guide, (3) show the results of student experimentation with the toolkit in the prototyping stage of the design thinking workshop process and (4) demonstrate the toolkit’s effectiveness by observing the students’ creations and statements. Open coding and selective coding were used to analyse the themes that emerged from the interviews by students who participated in the workshop. We argue that the new prototyping toolkit can significantly promote students’ creativity and design sensibility.