Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Research Articles

Power Quality Improvement for Hybrid Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources

Given the present energy crisis and depletion of fossil fuel reserves, there is a pressing need to enhance the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the power system. This research focuses on designing and managing a Hybrid Microgrid (HMG) in fluctuating RES. The Direct Current (DC) sub-grid comprises a Wind Turbine (WT), a solar Photovoltaic (PV) array equipped with a Perturb-and-Observation (P&O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method, a boost conversion, and a Battery Energy Storage System (B-ESS) connected to DC demands. The Alternative Current (AC) sub-grid comprises a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) WT and a Fuel Cell (FC) integrated with an inverter circuit synced with the grid to fulfill its load requirements. A reversible Interlinking Conversion (IC) connects the AC and DC sub-grid, enabling efficient power interchange across the two grids. The IC's control technique allows it to function as an active energy filter and exchange operator. The IC's active energy filtering function ensures that the power supply of the microgrid complies with the criteria set by IEEE 519. It does this by offering reactive power assistance and decreasing the harmonic levels to below 5%. The suggested method enables the HMG to function in grid-connected and islanded states. During grid-connected operation, power is transferred across the DC and AC sub-grids, ensuring that all load requirements are fulfilled. In the islanded method, a diesel generator provides power to the AC sub-grid to fulfill the needs of essential loads, while the B-ESS sustains the DC microgrid. The suggested model is constructed and simulated with MATLAB, and its outcomes are examined.

Modeling of Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Power Generation for Access to the Distribution Grid

Cold energy generation is an important part of liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy cascade utilization, and existing studies lack a specific descriptive model for LNG cold energy transmission to the AC subgrid. Therefore, this paper proposes a descriptive model for the grid-connected process of cold energy generation at LNG stations. First, the expansion kinetic energy transfer of the intermediate work mass is derived and analyzed in the LNG unipolar Rankine cycle structure, the mathematical relationship between the turbine output mechanical power and the variation in the work mass flow rate and pressure is established, and the variations in the LNG heat exchanger temperature difference, seawater flow rate, and the turbine temperature difference in the cycle system are investigated. Secondly, based on the fifth-order equation of state of the synchronous generator, the expressions of its electromagnetic power, output AC frequency, and voltage were analyzed. Finally, the average equivalent models of the machine-side and grid-side converters are established using a direct-fed grid-connected structure, thus forming a descriptive model of the overall drive process. The ORC model is built in Aspen HYSIS to obtain the time series expression of the torque output of the turbine; based on the ORC output torque, the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMGSG) as well as the direct-fed grid-connected structure are built in MATLAB/Simulink, and the active power and current outputs of the grid-following-type voltage vector control method and the grid-forming-type power-angle synchronous control method are also verified.

Improved Sliding Mode Control of a Wind Turbine System Based on a Developed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

Improved Sliding Mode Control of a Wind Turbine System Based on a Developed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

Enhanced composite controller for PV/PMSG/PEMFC and BESS‐based DC microgrids voltage regulation: Integrating integral terminal sliding mode controller and recursive backstepping controller

AbstractThe variability of renewable energy sources due to weather patterns often leads to a mismatch between power generation and consumption within microgrids (MGs). This challenge is exacerbated when integrating bio‐renewable units, complicating stability maintenance in MGs. This research work introduces a novel solution to address this issue: a composite controller merging an integral terminal sliding mode controller with a recursive backstepping controller for direct current MGs (DCMGs). The proposed DCMG incorporates solar photovoltaic units, wind farms based on permanent magnet synchronous generators, proton exchange membrane fuel cells fuelled by hydrogen gas, an electrolyser, battery energy storage systems, and DC loads. First, a comprehensive mathematical model for the components within the DCMG is developed to design the proposed composite controller. This controller not only overcomes the inherent limitations and convergence issues of conventional SMCs but also ensures stable DC‐bus voltage and maintains power balance across various operational conditions. Moreover, a fuzzy logic‐based energy management system is introduced to regulate power flow, considering factors like battery state of charge and renewable energy sources' total power output. The control Lyapunov function confirms the DCMG system's asymptotic stability. Finally, the proposed controller's effectiveness is validated through simulations on both MATLAB/Simulink and Arduino Mega 2650 processor‐in‐the‐loop platforms under various operational conditions. In both platforms, the proposed controller surpasses an existing controller in terms of settling time, overshoot, and tracking error of the DC‐bus voltage.

COMPUTER MODELING OF TRANSIENT ELECTROMECHANICAL PROCESSES IN A WIND POWER PLANT WITH A MAGNETIC GEARBOX

In this work, a computer Simulink model of a wind power plant has been developed, which uses a magnetic gearbox instead of a mechanical gearbox and also contains a synchronous permanent magnet generator. A separate Simulink model of a magnetic gearbox built on the basis of a modulated magnetic field in the air gap was developed, which al-lows to study the stability of its operation both in steady-state and transient modes. Calculations of various dynamic modes of the wind power plant’s operation were carried out, based on the developed model, such as the starting mode, an instantaneous increase in the wind speed acting on the wind turbine, and an increase in the load of the electric gen-erator. According to the results of the calculations, it is shown that in transient modes, when short-term overloads oc-cur, both rotors of the magnetic gearbox can fall out of synchronous motion for a certain period of time and then, de-pending on the parameters of the gearbox (as well as its other elements), the electromechanical system either reaches a certain operating steady-state mode or loses the ability to transfer mechanical power from the wind turbine to the gen-erator. It has been shown that the use of a more powerful magnetic gearbox, with an increased value of the maximum magnetic torque, allows of a more overload-resistant operation of both: a gearbox and the wind plant as a whole. Ref-erences 9, figures 10.

A Parameter-Adaptive Method for Primary Frequency Regulation of Grid-Forming Direct-Drive Wind Turbines

When wind turbines contribute to system frequency support using virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, conventional VSG methods often fall short of meeting operational demands, particularly in terms of inertia and frequency support. In this study, considering both the frequency regulation and dynamic performance of VSG, a novel parameter design method that enhances frequency modulation capabilities is proposed in this paper. Initially, VSG control is integrated into the grid-side converter of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-DPMSG) wind turbine. A small-signal model of the D-DPMSG-VSG active power is then formulated to analyze how the moment of inertia and damping coefficient impact system stability. Subsequently, ensuring that system parameter constraints are met, the key parameters of VSG are adaptively designed to dynamically adjust the system’s frequency and output power during transient responses. Finally, simulation results based on D-DPMSG-VSG in MATLAB/Simulink validated the feasibility, effectiveness, and advantages of the proposed parameter-adaptive VSG control strategy for enhancing the frequency modulation (FM) performance of wind turbines.

Enhanced control of grid-connected multi-machine wind power generation systems using fuzzy backstepping approaches

This research paper presents an approach for enhancing the performance of a multi-machine wind power generation system (WPGS) through the combination of nonlinear and intelligent control techniques. The suggested approach focuses on optimizing the WPGS, which utilizes permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) interconnected with the grid. To enable grid connection, a back-to-back configuration is employed for both the rectifier and inverter in a fifteen-switch configuration, with control achieved through pulse width modulation. The designed control algorithm is designed to effectively regulate the system and reduce the active and reactive power ripples. Initially, the WPGS model is provided. Subsequently, the fuzzy backstepping control (FBC) law is detailed, incorporating the Lyapunov stability technique. Fuzzy logic is used to adapt the gains in the backstepping approach, ensuring the control system can accommodate disturbances and system variations. As a result, this adaptive control approach enables optimal effusiveness of the entire system in both static and dynamic operational regimes. Experimental tests were conducted using MATLAB to compare the efficacy of the designed strategy against the traditional backstepping control approach. The obtained results demonstrated the robustness and effective reference tracking capabilities of the designed FBC approach, along with the complete elimination of speed overshoot across diverse wind conditions. These findings validate the designed control approach's effectiveness and superiority over the BC approach under varying conditions.

Adaptive event-triggered stochastic estimator-based sampled-data fuzzy control for fractional-order permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy systems

This study aims to develop an adaptive event-triggered estimation sampled-data control method for a fractional-order permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy system (WES) using the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy approach. Unlike existing PMSG-based WES control schemes, we propose an aperiodic event-triggered communication scheme with an adaptive mechanism to reduce data transmission. To address the challenge of limited communication resources, we introduce an adaptive event-triggered (AET) estimation method with aperiodic sampling, significantly reducing communication overhead while maintaining stable WES performance. This method employs transmission techniques based on absolute errors, resulting in high data transmission efficiency. First, the fractional-order model for the PMSG-based WES is represented using linear sub-models through the T–S fuzzy approach. Next, a fuzzy aperiodic AET mechanism is proposed for the PMSG model with augmented estimation error systems. Then, the fractional Lyapunov function theory is employed to derive linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), ensuring bounded mean-square stability for the PMSG-based WES with the augmented estimation error systems. Additionally, the desired estimator control gains are determined through solvable LMIs. Finally, simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the superiority and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.

Transient synchronization stability mechanism of PMSG with additional inertia control

AbstractSynchronous stability is crucial for the safety and operation of AC power systems. However, most of the current researches focused on the stability of grid‐connected converters, and that of renewable equipment still lacked. In this article, the impact of the additional inertia control (AIC) on the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is studied. It is found that with the AIC, the machine‐side converter dynamics of the PMSG cannot be ignored, and the system dominant dynamics shifts from the electromagnetic to electromechanical timescales. This article develops a simplified model for the single‐PMSG infinite‐bus system with the AIC within the electromechanical timescale, and reveals the transient synchronization stability mechanism from three aspects: the machine‐network interface, transient dominant variable, and interaction between the synchronization loop and the power imbalance loop. Finally, this article analyzes the swing characteristics of the PMSG system, and uncovers the relationship between the energy transmission and synchronization. These findings are supported by wide experimental verification and can provide the deeper physical insight and theoretical basis for the transient synchronous stability analysis of renewable‐dominated new‐type power systems.

Artificial intelligent-based backstepping control of parallel-connected multi-machine wind generation system using a new fifteen-switch rectifier

This academic work offers a new variable-speed wind power generation system (NVS-WPGS) that employs two 5-phase permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) controlled through a fifteen-switch rectifier (FSR) architecture for a system that’s integrated to the power grid. The two 5-phase PMSGs are linked to the DC bus through an FSR, which, in turn, connects the DC link to the grid via a three-phase inverter. To ameliorate the operational efficiency of the wind system under investigation, the backstepping control (BSC) approach was employed. Building upon this technique, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was trained and implemented for controlling the wind system. The goal is to boost system performance and control. While BSC is a strong control method for reference signal tracking, its dependence on system parameters is a downside. This dependence typically degrades performance. On the other hand, ANFIS exhibits robustness to variations in system parameters and uncertainties. The efficaciousness of the suggested control methodology was evaluated via experimental investigations conducted using the Matlab/Simulink program. The simulations were performed to verify the system’s capacity to maintain controlled variables in accordance with desired references, even in the presence of fluctuations in wind velocity. Simulations exhibit that the suggested ANFIS-BSC control system accurately tracks controlled intended references. Furthermore, system performance improved. Speed overshoot was decreased by 100%. Additionally, the system’s efficiency was enhanced, reaching a level of 96.5%, beating the BSC approach’s 96%. These findings underscore the remarkable effectiveness of the ANFIS-BSC approach compared to BSC methodologies.

Optimized Energy Management System for Wind Lens-Enhanced PMSG Utilizing Zeta Converter and Advanced MPPT Control Strategies

This paper presents the design and analysis of an efficient energy management system for a wind lens integrated with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a zeta converter. The wind lens, a ring-shaped structure encircling the rotor, enhances the turbine’s capability to capture wind energy by increasing the wind influx through the turbine. In the contemporary wind energy sector, PMSGs are extensively employed due to their superior performance characteristics. This study integrates a 1 kW PMSG system with a wind lens to optimize power extraction from the wind energy conversion system (WECS) under varying wind speeds. A comparative analysis of different control strategies for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is conducted, including the incremental conductance (INC) method and the perturb and observe (P&O) method. The performance of the MPPT controller integrated with the wind lens-based PMSG system is assessed based on output DC voltage and power delivered to the load. To evaluate the overall effectiveness of these control strategies, both steady-state voltage and dynamic response under diverse wind conditions are examined. The system is modeled and simulated using the MATLAB R2023a/Simulink 9.1 software, and the simulation results are validated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed energy management system.

Performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (pmsg) 3 Phase Radial Flux Results Modification of Induction Motor

Abstract: The demand for electrical energy in Indonesia has experienced a significant surge, becoming indispensable for nearly all modern activities. However, despite this surge, the primary energy source for power plants continues to heavily rely on fossil fuels. Consequently, it is imperative to transition towards renewable energy sources to mitigate environmental impact and tackle the prevailing energy crisis. In response to this need, permanent magnet synchronous generators have emerged as a promising alternative within the electricity industry. These generators operate by utilizing permanent magnets to generate a magnetic field within the coil, thereby eliminating the necessity for excitation current. By leveraging renewable energy sources such as wind or hydro power, these generators strive to optimize electricity production and alleviate the ongoing energy crisis. This research project aims to repurpose materials sourced from used water pump motors, including rotors and stators, to construct permanent magnet synchronous generators. The process involves incorporating permanent magnets into the rotor and modifying the original motor winding. Through rigorous testing involving the application of a 40 Ohm load and varying rotational speeds between 2000 and 1600 rpm, the research reveals that the generator can generate a minimum power output of 0.7 Watts at 200 rpm and a maximum power output of 41.8 Watts at 1600 rpm. The optimal efficiency of 75.78% is attained at 400 rpm. Overall, this research underscores the potential of repurposing existing materials to develop renewable energy solutions, offering a sustainable approach to addressing not only the energy needs of Indonesia but also those of other regions globally.

Small‐signal stability criterion of the PMSG‐based wind power delivery system via VSC‐HVDC

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical examination of the small‐single stability (SSS) criterion of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)‐based wind power delivery system via voltage source converter‐based high voltage direct current (VSC‐HVDC). First, a small‐signal model of the PMSG‐based WPDS is developed. Then, the SSS criterion, driven by the phase‐locked loop of the PMSG in the sub‐synchronous timescale, is derived. The derived SSS criterion provides analytical insights into why and how the loading condition, the grid connection, and the control parameters affect the system’s SSS. It is unambiguously revealed that increasing loading conditions of the PMSG or/and the grid connection of the WPDS to VSC‐HVDC shall bring about a higher risk of oscillatory instability. Hence, analytical derivation of the SSS criterion helps better understand the instability mechanism in the PMSG‐based WPDS via VSC‐HVDC. In addition, while the derivation of the SSS criterion presupposes identical dynamics among PMSGs, this derived criterion can still be approximately utilized to assess the SSS of the PMSG‐based WPDS via VSC‐HVDC, irrespective of whether the dynamics of the PMSGs are similar or different. Finally, the SSS criterion is demonstrated and evaluated through three examples of the PMSG‐based WPDS via VSC‐HVDC.

Fractional impulsive controller design of fractional-order fuzzy systems with average dwell-time strategy and its application to wind energy systems

In this study, the issue of adaptive impulsive control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy system (WES) with an average dwell-time strategy is investigated using a Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model described by fractional-order differential equations. A T-S fuzzy model is employed to describe the nonlinear fractional-order PMSG (FOPMSG) model, an average dwell time, an average impulsive condition, a Lyapunov function, and a less conservative algebraic inequality criterion that guarantees stabilization for the considered nonlinear system. First, the mathematical model of the FOPMSG in the n−m reference frame is transformed into a dimensionless chaotic system through affine transformation and time scale transformation. Then, the stabilization problem of the nonlinear chaotic FOPMSG model is considered to validate the proposed sufficient conditions, leading to the derivation of a new stability criterion for the FOPMSG model, instead of addressing the general problem to validate the proposed result. Subsequently, the desired control gains can be obtained to ensure the stabilization of the addressed closed-loop system. By combining adaptive and impulsive control, the model under consideration can be stabilized for any target dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the suggested approach through numerical simulations and comparative results.

Design and research of direct drive permanent magnet wind turbine based on Motor-CAD

Abstract The generator plays a crucial role in the wind power system, demanding characteristics such as exceptional efficiency, high reliability, high power density, operational stability, and corrosion resistance. Taking into account the performance demands of the wind turbine and the structural attributes of the permanent magnet synchronous generator, the electromagnetic design and simulation of a 9.4 kW direct drive permanent magnet wind turbine has been accomplished utilizing Motor-CAD software. The fractional slot stator structure of 60 poles and 54 slots is adopted to achieve effective reduction in cogging torque and enhance the dynamic performance and reliability of the generator. Double layer concentrated windings are used to enhance the electrical performance of the generator and lower the production cost. A surface-inserted radial magnetic circuit structure serves to increase the power density and dynamic performance of the generator and reduce the magnetic flux leakage coefficient. The prototype exhibits superiority in terms of its high efficiency, small footprint, and swift dynamic response. According to the simulation results, the prototype’s design parameters fully satisfy the specified design requirements for the wind turbine.

Multi-stage control design for oscillating water column-based ocean wave energy conversion system

Despite the enormous global potential of ocean wave energy, it has yet to achieve a level of maturity and economic competitiveness that would result in a substantial impact. Challenges include direct integration into weak or isolated microgrids, a high proportion of uncertain marine environments, nonlinear dynamics, oscillating water column (OWC) device limitations, slower response times, unplanned power outages, power fluctuations, high capital and operational costs in ocean wave energy conversion (OWEC) systems. To this end, a new independent multi-stage design approach is proposed for the performance enhancement of an OWC-based OWEC system. Firstly, an airflow and rotational speed optimal control stage enhances power capture in the Wells turbine-based OWC plant. Secondly, compared to conventional control, the proposed permanent magnet synchronous generator control incorporates an adaptive nonlinear back-stepping control algorithm based on Lyapunov stability theory. Thirdly, introducing reconfigurable control into the conventional six-leg power converter ensures the uninterrupted operation of an OWEC system. Lastly, a model-predictive control-based energy management system is integrated with a bidirectional DC-DC converter that delivers steady power from the grid-connected OWC OWEC system. Hence, MATLAB simulations ensure the overall performance enhancement and feasibility of the OWEC system application and verify that the proposed multi-stage solution is efficient, robust, and reliable.

Performance improvement of Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System through Definite Time Horizon Control and MPPT based on Adaptive Observers

This research work investigates the implementation of Definite Time Horizon Control (DTHC) through an observer in a grid-connected Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) equipped with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The main objective is to achieve sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). To achieve this goal, mechanical rotational speed and torque estimates are exploited from an adaptive nonlinear observer. In addition, this work explores how the DTHC improves on the MPPT technique, enabling faster and more accurate tracking of the maximum power point. The proposed controller, unlike traditional non-linear controllers, rapidly stabilizes the WECS, tracking reference trajectories in a short, pre-determined period of time. Indeed, it demonstrates robustness in the face of unpredictable WECS parameters, adapting to variations thanks to a robust control design. Mathematical demonstrations of the defined time horizon stability and the resilience of the suggested WECS controllers are detailed in this investigation. This DTHC method improves rotor speed control, enabling more efficient sensorless MPPT. It contributes to improved WECS performance for following dynamic references and enhances adaptability against unpredictable parameters. In addition, it provides sophisticated control capabilities for the grid connected converter, improving the smoothness and efficiency of electrical energy injection.

Reliability Enhancement of a Double-Switch Single-Ended Primary Inductance–Buck Regulator in a Wind-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using a Double-Band Hysteresis Current Controller

The wind power exchange system (WECS) covered in this paper consists of a voltage source inverter (VSI), a DSSB regulator, and an uncontrolled rectifier. An AC grid or a heavy inductive or resistive load (RL) can be supplied by this system. The DSSB is a recently developed DC-DC regulator consisting of an improved single-ended primary inductance regulator (SEPIC) followed by a buck regulator. It has a peak efficiency of 95–98% and a voltage gain of (D (1+D)/(1−D). where D is the regulator transistor’s on-to-off switching ratio. The proposed regulator improves the voltage stability and MPPT strategy (optimal or maximum power-point tracking). The combination of the DSSB and the proposed regulator improves the efficiency of the system and increases the power output of the wind turbine by reducing the harmonics of the system voltages and current. This method also reduces the influence of air density as well as wind speed variations on the MPPT strategy. Classical proportional–integral (PI) controllers are used in conjunction with a vector-controlled voltage source inverter, which adheres to the suggested DSSB regulator, to control the PMSM speed and d-q axis currents and to correct for current error. In addition to the vector-controlled voltage source inverter (which follows the recommended DSSB regulator), classical proportional–integral controllers are used to regulate the PMSM speed and d-q axis currents, and to correct current errors. In addition, a model Predictive Controller (PPC) is used with the pitch angle control (PAC) of WECS. This is done to show how well the proposed WECS (WECS with DSSB regulator) enhances voltage stability. A software-based simulation (MATLAB/Simulink) evaluates the results for ideal and unoptimized parameters of the WT and WECS under a variety of conditions. The results of the simulation show an increase in MPPT precision and output power performance.

Design optimization of inner and outer‐rotor PMSGs for X‐ROTOR wind turbines

AbstractThis article presents an analytical design approach for the inner and outer rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) that are a key component of wind turbines. By developing the analytical model, sensitivity analysis has been performed to determine the effect of some important geometrical and electromagnetic parameters on the generator's output characteristics. The GA optimization algorithm was used to find optimized designs in terms of efficiency, weight, cost, and temperature rise. In order to find the global optimization solution within the allowed variable range and in accordance with the constraints, a combined objective function has also been defined. In order to validate the analytical model, ANSYS electromagnetic and thermal simulations have been used. With this approach, the designer is provided with a good understanding of the input parameters and constraints in light of the application requirements.

Predictive Voltage Control in Multi-Modular Matrix Converters under Load Variation and Fault Scenario

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) strategy to regulate output voltages in a multi-modular matrix converter topology for isolated loads. The converter system harnesses power from a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) to deliver sinusoidal voltages to a three-phase load, with LC filters positioned at the output of each MC module within the multi-modular scheme. The proposed MPC approach ensures that the output voltages remain within acceptable ranges of magnitude, phase, and frequency, even under load variations and system faults. This control strategy is particularly suitable for uninterruptible power supply systems, microgrids or other applications where voltage regulation is critical. Experimental studies validate the effectiveness of the control strategy under various load conditions, reference voltage changes, and simulated system fault scenarios. The results highlight the robustness and reliability of the proposed voltage control using the multi-modular matrix converter.