Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Research Articles

Hybrid MGWO- CSO optimized high gain Relift Luo converter for PV based grid tied PMBLDC drive system

Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor has become one of the most important motors in high performance drive systems, for industrial uses especially for electric vehicle (EV) applications to minimize their torque and current ripples. This work proposes a PV based high gain DC-DC converter for uninterruptible constant power supply to the PMBLDC drive application. PMBLDC drive with Hall Effect sensorsis used to make the variable speed operation due to its controllability. In this work, a Relift Luo converter is utilized because of its negligible ripple in output DC voltage, high voltage gain and reduced switching losses. To regulate this converter, PI controller is implemented and to tune the parameters of the controller, Hybrid Crow Search -Modified Grey Wolf Optimization (MGWO-CSO) techniqueis implemented. The surplus energy from PV is transferred to grid through Single phase Voltage Source Inverter (1 φVSI) after generatingadequate power to PMBLDC motor. When there is no power in Photovoltaic (PV)cell during night time, stored energy in grid gives supply to the PMBLDC motor. The motor is effectively controlled by the PI controller along with the hysteresis controller. Furthermore, the developed work is executed in MATLAB/Simulink to foreshow its effectiveness. As a consequence, the proposed work accomplished low THD value of 1.34, high efficiency of 98.2% with reduced switching lossescompared to the conventional techniques.

Sensorless speed and position control of permanent magnet BLDC motor using particle swarm optimization and ANFIS

This paper describes the operation of a Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor without a position sensor. In this case, the sensorless operation is enhanced by an effective hybrid technique that detects the back electromotive force (Back EMF) of the zero crossing point (ZCP) from the terminal voltages. The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) controller, which is based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and uses PSO to train its operation, is combined in the proposed hybrid analysis. The PMBLDC motor's ANFIS controller receives the line voltages as input, and it uses this information to estimate the sample signals that are then sent to the ZCP detection circuit. Appropriate commutation control of the inverter is generated by the ZCP detecting circuit. By varying the ANFIS consequent parameters, the PSO algorithm iterates until the error between the sample output and the real training data reaches a low value. The MATLAB/Simulink platform is utilized to implement the suggested sensorless controller action. To verify the controller's performance, a comparison with the other soft computing methods is also carried out.

A low‐cost fault‐tolerant permanent magnet brush‐less direct current motor drive for low‐power electric vehicle applications

SummaryThis paper proposes a fault‐tolerant power converter for a voltage source inverter (VSI)‐driven permanent magnet brush‐less direct current (PM‐BLDC) motor drive, which is suitable for low‐power electric vehicle (EV) applications. With the proposed topology, it is possible to deliver rated power to the PM‐BLDC motor even after the incidence of either an open‐circuit fault (OCF) or a short‐circuit fault (SCF) in any one of the switches, which constitute the VSI. The proposed fault‐tolerant PM‐BLDC motor drive requires fewer additional sensors and components compared to the fault‐tolerant power converters, which are reported in the previous literature. Cost analysis, carried out for a 3‐kW motor drive, reveals that an additional cost of only 5% is added to the raw material cost of the traditional PM‐BLDC motor configuration to facilitate fault tolerance. The fault‐tolerant operation of the proposed power converter is experimentally verified with a low‐power laboratory prototype.

Time Domain Investigation of Hybrid Intelligent Controllers Fed Five-Phase PMBLDC Motor Drive

This paper presents a modeling and performance evaluation of a five-phase PMBLDC motor with different controllers to analyze its transients and dynamic response with time domain specifications. Four different types of speed controllers, namely an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), an Adaptive Hybrid fuzzy-PI, a Proportional Integral (PI) control and a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), were considered and compared for this purpose. The mathematical model of the five-phase Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor was developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze its performance. The simulation results for all controllers with step and linear load fluctuations were evaluated. It was evident that the ANFIS controller provided a better dynamic time domain response than the other controllers. It gave eight times the peak torque at starting, and settled at 92.6% of the rated speed, with negligible overshoot, a very low rise time and a quick settling time compared to other controllers, which are ideally suited for an electric vehicle (EV). A real-time experimental setup was also developed, and experiments were carried out to validate the simulation results.

Review of Control Topologies for Flux Switching Motor

Flux switching Motor (FSM) was invented in the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$19^{th}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> century but started gaining importance after 2000. The simple structure and moderate cost of FSM, in comparison with existing commutated Direct Current (DC) and Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motors, have made it attractive for contemporary applications. Currently, FSM is employed in research applications like automobiles, domestic appliances, power generation, etc. To make FSM a viable candidate for these applications, modifications are made to the design, power converters, and control systems of FSM. This article comprehensively reviews the various control topologies adopted for FSM, which encompasses the control of torque and speed. Different control algorithms like 1) linear controllers, 2) sensorless techniques, 3) predictive controllers, and 4) optimization techniques are discussed extensively based on existing literature. Further, a case study is carried out using these control algorithms, and the simulation results are analyzed.

Intramedullary Skeletal Distraction Robot: Novel Design and Optimization of Implantable Lengthening Nail

Leg Length Discrepancy (LLD) is a critical problem which not only impacts the quality of life but also causes other physical ailments such as limping and severe back pain. Most people had a non-negligible difference in the length of their two legs, and 0.1% of the population with differences of 20 mm or more are diagnosed as a difference in limb length. The Ilizarov external fixator is commonly used in treating LLD as conventional therapeutic equipment, but often causes serious complications that cannot be prevented. Therefore, intramedullary leg-lengthening treatment has become popular in distraction osteogenesis to eliminate extracorporeal surgery. This paper presents a study on the design and optimization of a novel electromagnetic-driven Intramedullary Skeletal Distraction Robot (ISDR) with robust mechanical stiffness and surplus electromagnetic driving force. Compared with PRECICE, the split structure of ISDR eases the optimal design and manufacturing difficulties to strengthen mechanical stiffness, and the electromagnetic configuration allows improving the distraction force by adjusting the Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor parameters. ISDR, which is implanted in the medullary cavity, has the Von-Mises stress of 952.15 MPa, and the first mode of natural frequency is 28.823 Hz indicating that it can withstand the load during the walking gait phases. On the other hand, the ISDR distraction force encounters resistance from muscle fibers, and an average driving torque of 9 Nmm ensures its distraction. Based on the results, ISDR is proven secure and reliable during and after leg-lengthening treatment, which can significantly reduce lifestyle disruption and medical complications.

Comparison of the Design of 3-Pole BLDC Actuators/Motors with a Rotor Based on a Single Permanent Magnet.

Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) actuators/motors have many advantages over conventional machines, including high efficiency, easy controllability over a wide range of operating speeds, etc. There are many prototypes for such motors; some of them have a very complicated construction, and this ensures their high efficiency. However, in the case of household appliances, the most important thing is simplicity, and, thus, the lowest price of the design and production. This article presents a comparison of computer models of different design solutions for a small PM BLDC motor that uses a rotor in the form of a single ferrite magnet. The analyses were performed by using the finite element method. This paper presents unique self-defined parts of basic PM BLDC actuators. With their help, various design solutions were compared with the PM BLDC motor used in household appliances. The authors proved that the reference device is the lightest one and has a lower cogging torque compared to other actuators, but also has a slightly lower driving torque.

48-Volt Energy Efficient Domestic Appliances With Flux Switching Motor Drive System–Design, Simulation, and Comparison

Energy-Efficient domestic appliances are the need of the hour. This paper explores the importance of 48-Volt domestic appliances especially those operated with an electric motor drive system. Sixteen domestic appliances that are having a power range of 12 Watt &#x2013; 1600 Watt are selected. These appliances are usually produced in very large volumes; therefore, one of the most important requirements is efficiency with moderate cost. Commutator motors are widely preferred for those applications in the present commercial market, which lags in efficiency, requires more space and, bulkier. Flux Switching Motor (FSM) is a new variant in brushless direct current (DC) motor, which has a combined advantage of commutator, Switched Reluctance and, Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors (PMBLDC). Complete simulation results with the FSM drive system have been carryout and the performance is compared with the commutator DC motor (DCM) and Induction Motors (IM). Simulation results support FSM drive system technology and novel insights follow from this quantitative comparison.

Real-Time Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Hall Sensors in Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives

The Hall sensor is the most commonly used position sensor of the permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor. Its failure may lead to a decrease in system reliability. Hence, this article proposes a novel methodology for the Hall sensors fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control in PMBLDC motor drives. Initially, the Hall sensor faults are analyzed and classified into three fault types. Taking the Hall signal as the system state and the conducted MOSFETs as the system event, the extended finite state machine (EFSM) of the motor in operation is established. Meanwhile, a motor speed observer based on the super twisting algorithm (STA) is designed to obtain the speed signal of the proposed strategy. On this basis, a real-time Hall sensor fault diagnosis strategy is established by combining the EFSM and the STA speed observer. Moreover, this article proposes a Hall signal reconstruction strategy, which can generate compensated Hall signal to realize fault-tolerant control under single or double Hall sensor faults. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the superior effectiveness of the proposed real-time fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategy.

Peak Current Detection Starting Based Position Sensorless Control of BLDC Motor Drive for PV Array Fed Irrigation Pump

The generation of exact commutation to start the permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor in position sensorless control mode is the most challenging task. A peak current detection starting algorithm based wide speed range position sensorless control for solar photovoltaic array fed PMBLDC motor drive for the irrigation water pumping is presented here. This starting algorithm controls the exact starting commutation along with the peak staring current. An elimination of position sensor and current sensor for rotor position estimation makes the implemented drive compact and cost effective for agricultural application. The operation of the drive is first tested with simulation and the reliability is tested in the laboratory prototype as well as in compact industrial product prototype with cost-effective digital signal processor. The robustness of the system is verified with different simulation and test results at various operating conditions. The compact cost-effective solution fits perfect for low cost, demanding both irrigation and domestic water pumping.

Simulated Annealing Optimization of PMBLDC Motor Speed and Current Controllers

Brushless Direct-Current (BLDC) motors have several advantages including high efficiency and high speed ranges and accordingly are commonly used in a broad range of industrial applications. The optimization of the proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters are highly explored and a number of tuning techniques have been proposed. This work demonstrates a permanent magnet brushless Direct-Current (PMBLDC) motor controller design method by employing a simulated annealing optimization (SAO) algorithm to optimize the current controller and speed controller parameters to concurrently minimize over-shoot, rise-time, and settling-time. We compared the proposed approach with the Particle Swarm Optimization and the Ziegler-Nichols approaches and showed that the proposed approach outperforms both of the other two approaches.

Voltage‐controlled power factor corrected CSC derived DC–DC converter for PMBLDC driven home appliances

A voltage-controlled canonical switching cell-derived DC–DC converter with improved power quality feeding a variable speed permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor-drive system for home appliances, is presented in this study. The converter is operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). This converter has less stress on the converter devices due to CCM of operation. A single converter is used for both the power factor correction (PFC) and the speed control of the drive, thus reducing the number of elements in the system. The speed control, along with PFC in this system is achieved via a PI controller having speed reference as an input. This system is capable of providing the low speed to rated speed operation while maintaining a unity power factor. The Hall-effect sensor-based electronic commutation of a PMBLDC motor-drive is implemented at the fundamental frequency. This significantly improves efficiency by reducing the switching losses of the voltage source inverter. A prototype of it is developed in the laboratory for implementation of the scheme. Simulated and real-time experimental results of the scheme are presented here for performance validation at various dynamic and steady-state operating conditions.

Analysis of bridgeless converter model for power factor correction

In this study, a novel single-stage bridgeless single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) model is designed to perform effective power factor correction while driving brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. The traditional SEPIC converter model produces a non-pulsating input current that operates with both conductors in a continuous-conduction mode(CCM). However, the proposed SEPIC converter is designed to function as an AC-DC converter; specifically, it is a cascade combination of the boost and buck-boost converters. Functionally, during discontinuous-condution mode (DCM), the boost converter becomes operational, whereas the buck-boost converter operates during the continuous-condution mode. Using the proposed SEPIC model, naturally the computed power factor is improved, which makes it employable for driving BLDC motors. During the implementation of the proposed model, the rotation of the permanent magnet BLDC motor was regulated through the continuous-conduction mode of operation of the bridgeless rectifier. On conducting both the simulation and hardware design process, comparisons were made based on the power factors obtained using the traditional buck-boost converters and those obtained using the SEPIC models presented herein. The SEPIC model proved its higher efficiency over the traditional converters from the viewpoint of the evaluated power factor values and minimized conduction losses. The newly modeled SEPIC model, which was designed for power factor correction, has been noted for its applicability in low power household applications. A power factor of 0.9 is obtained for the hardware implementation of the proposed converter, and a working model of the proposed converter is found to exhibit superior performance when compared with simulated models of the buck–boost converter and SEPIC.

Hall-Sensor-Based Position Detection for Quick Reversal of Speed Control in a BLDC Motor Drive System for Industrial Applications

This paper proposes the novel idea of eliminating the front-end converters used indirect current (DC) bus voltage variation, thereby allowing for control of the speed of the brushless direct current (BLDC) motors in the two-quadrant operation of a permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor, which is required for multiple bi-directional hot roughing steel rolling mills. The first phase of steel rolling, the manufacture of plates, strips etc., using hot slabs from the continuous casting stage, is carried out for thickness reduction, before the same is sent to the finishing mill for further mechanical processing. The hot roughing process involves applying high, compressive pressure, using a hydraulically operated mechanism, through a pair of backup rolls and work rolls for rolling. Overall, the processes consist of multiple passes of forward and reverse rolling at increasing roll speeds. The rolling process was modeled, taking into account parameters like roller dimensions, angle and length of contact, and rolling force, at various temperatures, using actual data obtained from a steel mill. From this data, speed and torque profiles at the motor shaft, covering the entire rolling process, were created. A profile-based feedback controller is proposed for setting the six-pulse inverter frequency and parameters of the pulse width modulated (PWM) waveform for current control, based on Hall sensor position, and the same is implemented for closed loop operation of the brushless direct current motor drive system. The performance enhancement of the two different controllers was also evaluated, during the rolling of 1005 hot rolled (HR) steel, and was taken into consideration in the research analysis. The entire process was simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the results verify the suitability of an entire-drive system for industrial steel rolling applications.

Modelling of sensored speed control of BLDC motor using MATLAB/SIMULINK

&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Recent developments in the field of magnetic materials and power electronics, along with the availability of cheap powerful processors, have increased the adoption of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors for various applications, such as in home appliances as well as in automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. The wide adoption of this motor is due to its many advantages over other types of motors, such as high efficiency, high dynamic response, long operating life, relatively quiet operation, and higher speed ranges. This paper presents a simulation of digital sensor control of permanent magnet BLDC motor speed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A closed loop speed control was developed, and different tests were conducted to evaluate the validity of the control algorithms. Results confirm the satisfactory operation of the proposed control algorithms.&lt;/span&gt;

Comparative Study on Single Pulse and Dual Pulses Variable Width Control Strategies for High-Speed PM BLDC Motor Drive

Pulse width modulation (PWM) of voltage source inverter (VSI) is common for speed regulation of permanent magnet (PM) brushless direct-current (BLDC) motor drives. However, when the motor runs at high speed, the conventional PWM technique may become unfeasible due to the low carrier ratio of inverter, which makes the motor current distorted and the motor core loss increased significantly. In this paper, two control strategies, namely single pulse variable width (SPVW) and dual pulses variable width (DPVW), are introduced for the high-speed PM BLDC motor drives, and are comprehensively investigated. Finite element method (FEM) is employed to evaluate and compare the drive system performance when using the conventional PWM, and the proposed SPVW and DPVW, respectively. Influence of the control techniques, especially on the loss distribution, is revealed.

Dynamic control of electronic differential in the field weakening region

ABSTRACTA simple and dynamic electronic differential control method for an outer rotor motor driven electric vehicle based on fuzzy gain scheduling of PI gains method is proposed for constant torque and power region operation using brushless direct current (BLDC) machine. The proposed method is quite insensitive to torque fluctuations and transient speed oscillations due to surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) BLDC machines constraints in the field weakening region. To improve the dynamics and stability of the electronic differential system and eliminate the skidding of the wheels and reduce the heating of electric machine in the wide speed range operation, a robust control method is developed. Moreover, PI controller gains are updated continuously by fuzzy gain scheduling approach which has phase advance angle, steering angle and measured speed as controller input parameters in order to eliminate the errors caused from the variable road conditions and torque oscillations in the field weakening region. The proposed method is implemented with 2 × 1.5 kW BLDC motor drive controlled by a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP). The experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits greater stability under various load, road and vehicle speed conditions.

A standalone BLDC based solar air cooler with MPP tracking for improved efficiency

This article proposes the idea of using Solar Energy (SE) as a source of power for designing and developing a standalone air-cooling system. This type of application is particularly suited for rural areas that have a considerable amount of solar radiation and have no access to grid systems. The proposed system is comprised of a photovoltaic (PV) array, DC-DC boost converter and DC-DC buck converter. Two Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motors are employed to drive a centrifugal water pump and an air blower coupled to their individual shafts. The air blower is connected with a DCDC boost converter that ensures a maximum power point (MPP) operation. A centrifugal water pump is connected with a DC-DC buck converter. The challenging task in an air cooling system is to maintain the constant speed of the blower under variable irradiance conditions. The power provided by the solar PV array can be shared between the two DC-DC converters in such a way that the BLDC motor connected with the blower will maintain a constant speed by maintaining the constant voltage of the DCDC boost converter. The rest of the available PV power will be handled by the pump. The suitability of the proposed system for various perturbations is evaluated by simulating the proposed system using a MATLAB/Simulink and is validated by conducting experiments. Case studies have been performed with a variable PV irradiance and the results are explored.

On Field Weakening Performance of a Brushless Direct Current Motor with Higher Winding Inductance: Why Does Design Matter?

This paper comprises the design, analysis, experimental verification and field weakening performance study of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle. The main objective is to design a BLDC motor having a higher value d-axis inductance, which implies an improved performance of field weakening and a higher constant power speed ratio (CPSR) operation. Field weakening operation of surface-mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) BLDC motors requires a large d-axis inductance, which is characteristically low for those motors due to large air gap and PM features. The design phases of the sub-fractional slot-concentrated winding structure with unequal tooth widths include the motivation and the computer aided study which is based on Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS Maxwell. A 24/20 slot–pole SMPM BLDC motor is chosen for prototyping. The designed motor is manufactured and performed at different phase-advanced currents in the field weakening region controlled by a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. As a result of the experimental work, the feasibility and effectiveness of field weakening for BLDC motors are discussed thoroughly and the contribution of higher winding inductance is verified.

Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Using Hybrid Fuzzy Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative Controller

The main core of this work is to investigate two different digital controllers (Conventional PID Controller and Hybrid Fuzzy PID) on closed loop control of Permanent Magnet Brush Less Direct Current (PMBLDC) Motor. The application of intelligent control (fuzzy logic) technique is attempted in a Proportional –Integral- Derivative (PID) controller for tuning their parameters automatically in an online process. In-order to achieve desired speed, Hybrid Fuzzy-PID provides the finest set of solutions. The conventional PID controller and Hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller performances are analyzed both in steady state and dynamic operating condition with various set point speeds. The rise time, dead time, settling time and steady state error are the parameters considered for comparison. The results prove that, the Hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller offers better performance (Improvement in rise time, Reduction in settling time, No steady sate error) over the conventional PID controller. The simulation makes use of LabVIEW Fuzzy–PID tool and it is implemented in real time through NI-DAQ 6009 with PMBLDC motor which is rated at 36V, 4A, 4000 RPM.