Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motor Research Articles

Hybrid MGWO- CSO optimized high gain Relift Luo converter for PV based grid tied PMBLDC drive system

Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor has become one of the most important motors in high performance drive systems, for industrial uses especially for electric vehicle (EV) applications to minimize their torque and current ripples. This work proposes a PV based high gain DC-DC converter for uninterruptible constant power supply to the PMBLDC drive application. PMBLDC drive with Hall Effect sensorsis used to make the variable speed operation due to its controllability. In this work, a Relift Luo converter is utilized because of its negligible ripple in output DC voltage, high voltage gain and reduced switching losses. To regulate this converter, PI controller is implemented and to tune the parameters of the controller, Hybrid Crow Search -Modified Grey Wolf Optimization (MGWO-CSO) techniqueis implemented. The surplus energy from PV is transferred to grid through Single phase Voltage Source Inverter (1 φVSI) after generatingadequate power to PMBLDC motor. When there is no power in Photovoltaic (PV)cell during night time, stored energy in grid gives supply to the PMBLDC motor. The motor is effectively controlled by the PI controller along with the hysteresis controller. Furthermore, the developed work is executed in MATLAB/Simulink to foreshow its effectiveness. As a consequence, the proposed work accomplished low THD value of 1.34, high efficiency of 98.2% with reduced switching lossescompared to the conventional techniques.

Sensorless speed and position control of permanent magnet BLDC motor using particle swarm optimization and ANFIS

This paper describes the operation of a Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor without a position sensor. In this case, the sensorless operation is enhanced by an effective hybrid technique that detects the back electromotive force (Back EMF) of the zero crossing point (ZCP) from the terminal voltages. The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) controller, which is based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and uses PSO to train its operation, is combined in the proposed hybrid analysis. The PMBLDC motor's ANFIS controller receives the line voltages as input, and it uses this information to estimate the sample signals that are then sent to the ZCP detection circuit. Appropriate commutation control of the inverter is generated by the ZCP detecting circuit. By varying the ANFIS consequent parameters, the PSO algorithm iterates until the error between the sample output and the real training data reaches a low value. The MATLAB/Simulink platform is utilized to implement the suggested sensorless controller action. To verify the controller's performance, a comparison with the other soft computing methods is also carried out.

Sensorless Single-Switch PFC Converter Fed Brushless Direct Current Motor Ceiling Fan

This work deals with the reduction in total harmo-nics distortion, power input, and a supply power factor correction (PFC) of permanent-magnet brushless direct-current motor (PMBLDCM) ceiling fan (CF) to get reduced bills for the consumers. To address these supply power-quality issues in the existing PMBLDCM-CF, a single-stage, single-switch boost-flyback power-factor-correction-converter (S4BF-PFCC) is employed at the front-end. The front-end PFCC is designed in discontinuous conduction mode, which offers inherent supply PFC. The high-frequency-transformer (HFT) auxiliary-voltage is utilized as a feedback to get the controlled PFCC voltage output (VDC), and with this controlled VDC, CF speed is controlled. This method eliminates the required DC-link sensor or sensing circuitry. Moreover, the back-EMF sensorless-control is used to eliminate the Hall sensors and their auxiliary supply. The speed control with a variable output voltage of front-end PFCC allows an inverter to work at a commutation frequency, which offers low switching losses and improves CF efficiency. This CF system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Its simulation and test results are compared to validate the design. The supply current harmonics distortion of CF meets the IEC standard 61000-3-2.

Enhancement of Power-Quality in a BLDC Ceiling-Fan Powered by Unity-Power-Factor Zeta Converter

This paper presents a permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (PMBLDCM) ceiling-fan (CF) that operates on AC mains with a unity power factor (UPF). An AC-DC power-factor-corrected converter (PFCC) performs in discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) to facilitate various merits such as an inherent UPF, reduced passive components size, stable operation, and required voltage control. The PMBLDCM ceiling fan speed is controlled by a smooth change in converter voltage output, and it helps to operate a voltage source inverter (VSI) at a fundamental frequency with low switching losses. This control maximizes efficiency of a ceiling fan. The THD (Total Harmonics Distortion) of a supply-current is reduced with a wide range of speed control and supply voltage fluctuations. A prototype of it is developed to validate the design and control. Its performance is compared with a conventional PMBLDCM ceiling fan. Test results are shown to verify the design of PFCC. The power quality indices (PQI) at input supply are meeting the IEC61000-3-2 standard.

Time Domain Investigation of Hybrid Intelligent Controllers Fed Five-Phase PMBLDC Motor Drive

This paper presents a modeling and performance evaluation of a five-phase PMBLDC motor with different controllers to analyze its transients and dynamic response with time domain specifications. Four different types of speed controllers, namely an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), an Adaptive Hybrid fuzzy-PI, a Proportional Integral (PI) control and a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), were considered and compared for this purpose. The mathematical model of the five-phase Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor was developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze its performance. The simulation results for all controllers with step and linear load fluctuations were evaluated. It was evident that the ANFIS controller provided a better dynamic time domain response than the other controllers. It gave eight times the peak torque at starting, and settled at 92.6% of the rated speed, with negligible overshoot, a very low rise time and a quick settling time compared to other controllers, which are ideally suited for an electric vehicle (EV). A real-time experimental setup was also developed, and experiments were carried out to validate the simulation results.

A Novel Methodology to Enhance the Smooth Running of the PM BLDC Motor Drive Using PWM-PWM Logic and Advance Angle Method

This paper addresses the active torque ripple compensation of a permanent magnet brushless direct-current motor (PMBLDC) drive with a new pulse width modulation (PWM) technique and advance angle method. Torque ripple is a well-known problem in BLDC motors which is produced by a discrepancy between the stator current and the back electromotive force (back-emf) waveforms. The advanced angle method proposed in this paper generates a maximum torque in the PM BLDC motor by decreasing the displacement between the phase voltage and phase current in proportion to the load. Further, a simple and comprehensive PWM-PWM logic is proposed in this paper to reduce the torque ripples. The test results show that the BLDC motor drive achieves good steady-state performance while maintaining a quick dynamic response. The performance of the PWM-PWM logic and advance angle method, have been tested and compared with the practical results for the characteristics of DC bus voltage, DC bus current, electromagnetic torque, shaft torque, mechanical torque, phase voltage, phase current and PWM signal.

Disturbance Observer Based Sensorless Predictive Control for High Performance PMBLDCM Drive Considering Iron Loss

The control of motor drive without considering iron loss affects the phase back electromotive force and the torque performance. This article investigates the performance of permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (PMBLDCM) modeling taking impact of iron loss into account. A disturbance observer based sensorless scheme is proposed for PMBLDCM model with precise estimation of the rotor angular position. The effect of unmodeled nonlinear parameters on iron loss of PMBLDCM are regarded as disturbances for the proposed sensorless approach. A linear feedback control law with optimal current vector formulation is introduced to minimize the current ripple and torque ripple resulting in reduced copper loss. In order to select optimum switching vector considering the effect of iron loss, a model predictive control technique is proposed for the three-phase three-level neutral point clamped voltage source inverter driven PMBLDCM. The proposed sensorless predictive control (SPC) algorithm is verified both by simulation and experiments. The SPC approach demonstrates improved performance compared to the conventional approach in which the effect of iron loss is not taken into account.

Comparison of the Design of 3-Pole BLDC Actuators/Motors with a Rotor Based on a Single Permanent Magnet.

Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) actuators/motors have many advantages over conventional machines, including high efficiency, easy controllability over a wide range of operating speeds, etc. There are many prototypes for such motors; some of them have a very complicated construction, and this ensures their high efficiency. However, in the case of household appliances, the most important thing is simplicity, and, thus, the lowest price of the design and production. This article presents a comparison of computer models of different design solutions for a small PM BLDC motor that uses a rotor in the form of a single ferrite magnet. The analyses were performed by using the finite element method. This paper presents unique self-defined parts of basic PM BLDC actuators. With their help, various design solutions were compared with the PM BLDC motor used in household appliances. The authors proved that the reference device is the lightest one and has a lower cogging torque compared to other actuators, but also has a slightly lower driving torque.

Performance analysis and enhancement of brain emotion-based intelligent controller and its impact on PMBLDC motor drive for electric vehicle applications

ABSTRACT Growing awareness of electric vehicles insists on the necessity of Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motor (PMBLDCM) worldwide. This paper involves building a simulation model of the complete PMBLDCM drive system using Matlab/Simulink to control the speed and Torque. Using the Simulink model, speed parameters with various controllers of the drive system are studied and analyzed. The conventional PI controller is capable of controlling the speed of the PMBLDC motor. H1owever, it cannot give assurance of the stability of the motor throughout the load variation. In a speed loop, Improved Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (IBELBIC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed IBELBIC-based PMBLDC motor drive system with a rating of 3 phase, 30 V, 400 W, 3000 RPM is implemented using Spartan 3 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) from Xilinx. This paper presents an IBELBIC design for enhancing the speed performance of the drive system at various set speeds and different load conditions of 1.2 Nm load, 0.6 Nm load, and no load. The proposed PMBLDCM drive system is realized with the help of a Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming algorithm of digital Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generator topology. Various test cases are evaluated under different operating conditions to demonstrate the learning capability and the applicability of the proposed controller. In this paper, simulation validation is done using hardware setup, and experimental results are monitored on a computer using a customized program developed using LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench). Instead of a Data Acquisition (DAQ) card, the Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA) tool of LabVIEW software is used in this work and results in cost minimization of the experimental setup.

48-Volt Energy Efficient Domestic Appliances With Flux Switching Motor Drive System–Design, Simulation, and Comparison

Energy-Efficient domestic appliances are the need of the hour. This paper explores the importance of 48-Volt domestic appliances especially those operated with an electric motor drive system. Sixteen domestic appliances that are having a power range of 12 Watt – 1600 Watt are selected. These appliances are usually produced in very large volumes; therefore, one of the most important requirements is efficiency with moderate cost. Commutator motors are widely preferred for those applications in the present commercial market, which lags in efficiency, requires more space and, bulkier. Flux Switching Motor (FSM) is a new variant in brushless direct current (DC) motor, which has a combined advantage of commutator, Switched Reluctance and, Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors (PMBLDC). Complete simulation results with the FSM drive system have been carryout and the performance is compared with the commutator DC motor (DCM) and Induction Motors (IM). Simulation results support FSM drive system technology and novel insights follow from this quantitative comparison.

Real-Time Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Hall Sensors in Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives

The Hall sensor is the most commonly used position sensor of the permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor. Its failure may lead to a decrease in system reliability. Hence, this article proposes a novel methodology for the Hall sensors fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control in PMBLDC motor drives. Initially, the Hall sensor faults are analyzed and classified into three fault types. Taking the Hall signal as the system state and the conducted MOSFETs as the system event, the extended finite state machine (EFSM) of the motor in operation is established. Meanwhile, a motor speed observer based on the super twisting algorithm (STA) is designed to obtain the speed signal of the proposed strategy. On this basis, a real-time Hall sensor fault diagnosis strategy is established by combining the EFSM and the STA speed observer. Moreover, this article proposes a Hall signal reconstruction strategy, which can generate compensated Hall signal to realize fault-tolerant control under single or double Hall sensor faults. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the superior effectiveness of the proposed real-time fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategy.

Peak Current Detection Starting Based Position Sensorless Control of BLDC Motor Drive for PV Array Fed Irrigation Pump

The generation of exact commutation to start the permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor in position sensorless control mode is the most challenging task. A peak current detection starting algorithm based wide speed range position sensorless control for solar photovoltaic array fed PMBLDC motor drive for the irrigation water pumping is presented here. This starting algorithm controls the exact starting commutation along with the peak staring current. An elimination of position sensor and current sensor for rotor position estimation makes the implemented drive compact and cost effective for agricultural application. The operation of the drive is first tested with simulation and the reliability is tested in the laboratory prototype as well as in compact industrial product prototype with cost-effective digital signal processor. The robustness of the system is verified with different simulation and test results at various operating conditions. The compact cost-effective solution fits perfect for low cost, demanding both irrigation and domestic water pumping.

Simulated Annealing Optimization of PMBLDC Motor Speed and Current Controllers

Brushless Direct-Current (BLDC) motors have several advantages including high efficiency and high speed ranges and accordingly are commonly used in a broad range of industrial applications. The optimization of the proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters are highly explored and a number of tuning techniques have been proposed. This work demonstrates a permanent magnet brushless Direct-Current (PMBLDC) motor controller design method by employing a simulated annealing optimization (SAO) algorithm to optimize the current controller and speed controller parameters to concurrently minimize over-shoot, rise-time, and settling-time. We compared the proposed approach with the Particle Swarm Optimization and the Ziegler-Nichols approaches and showed that the proposed approach outperforms both of the other two approaches.

Analysis of bridgeless converter model for power factor correction

In this study, a novel single-stage bridgeless single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) model is designed to perform effective power factor correction while driving brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. The traditional SEPIC converter model produces a non-pulsating input current that operates with both conductors in a continuous-conduction mode(CCM). However, the proposed SEPIC converter is designed to function as an AC-DC converter; specifically, it is a cascade combination of the boost and buck-boost converters. Functionally, during discontinuous-condution mode (DCM), the boost converter becomes operational, whereas the buck-boost converter operates during the continuous-condution mode. Using the proposed SEPIC model, naturally the computed power factor is improved, which makes it employable for driving BLDC motors. During the implementation of the proposed model, the rotation of the permanent magnet BLDC motor was regulated through the continuous-conduction mode of operation of the bridgeless rectifier. On conducting both the simulation and hardware design process, comparisons were made based on the power factors obtained using the traditional buck-boost converters and those obtained using the SEPIC models presented herein. The SEPIC model proved its higher efficiency over the traditional converters from the viewpoint of the evaluated power factor values and minimized conduction losses. The newly modeled SEPIC model, which was designed for power factor correction, has been noted for its applicability in low power household applications. A power factor of 0.9 is obtained for the hardware implementation of the proposed converter, and a working model of the proposed converter is found to exhibit superior performance when compared with simulated models of the buck–boost converter and SEPIC.

Modelling of sensored speed control of BLDC motor using MATLAB/SIMULINK

<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Recent developments in the field of magnetic materials and power electronics, along with the availability of cheap powerful processors, have increased the adoption of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors for various applications, such as in home appliances as well as in automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. The wide adoption of this motor is due to its many advantages over other types of motors, such as high efficiency, high dynamic response, long operating life, relatively quiet operation, and higher speed ranges. This paper presents a simulation of digital sensor control of permanent magnet BLDC motor speed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A closed loop speed control was developed, and different tests were conducted to evaluate the validity of the control algorithms. Results confirm the satisfactory operation of the proposed control algorithms.</span>

Comparative Study on Single Pulse and Dual Pulses Variable Width Control Strategies for High-Speed PM BLDC Motor Drive

Pulse width modulation (PWM) of voltage source inverter (VSI) is common for speed regulation of permanent magnet (PM) brushless direct-current (BLDC) motor drives. However, when the motor runs at high speed, the conventional PWM technique may become unfeasible due to the low carrier ratio of inverter, which makes the motor current distorted and the motor core loss increased significantly. In this paper, two control strategies, namely single pulse variable width (SPVW) and dual pulses variable width (DPVW), are introduced for the high-speed PM BLDC motor drives, and are comprehensively investigated. Finite element method (FEM) is employed to evaluate and compare the drive system performance when using the conventional PWM, and the proposed SPVW and DPVW, respectively. Influence of the control techniques, especially on the loss distribution, is revealed.

Influence of static eccentricity on unbalanced magnetic force of external rotor permanent magnet brushless direct current motor used as In‐wheel motor

Here, analytical expressions of the unbalanced magnetic force (UMF)of the stator and the rotor under static eccentricity (SE) are deduced by using complex relative magnetic conductivity method and Maxwell stress tensor method. The frequency characteristics of the UMF are obtained. Further the influence of different eccentricity ratio on the UMF is researched. Then, an external rotor permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (PMBLDCM) with 46 poles and 51 slots used as an in-wheel motor is taken as an example to verify the frequency characteristics by finite element analysis (FEA). The research shows that the frequency characteristics of the UMF of the stator s related to electric frequency. The frequency characteristics of the UMF of the rotor are related to the power source frequency and the rotation frequency of the wheel. It does not introduce new frequency components when the motor SE occurs. As the SE ratio increases, the amplitude of the UMF increases. The UMF without eccentricity exists in all directions with the change of the time. However, as the eccentricity ratio increases, the direction of the UMF is closer to the eccentric direction.

On Field Weakening Performance of a Brushless Direct Current Motor with Higher Winding Inductance: Why Does Design Matter?

This paper comprises the design, analysis, experimental verification and field weakening performance study of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle. The main objective is to design a BLDC motor having a higher value d-axis inductance, which implies an improved performance of field weakening and a higher constant power speed ratio (CPSR) operation. Field weakening operation of surface-mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) BLDC motors requires a large d-axis inductance, which is characteristically low for those motors due to large air gap and PM features. The design phases of the sub-fractional slot-concentrated winding structure with unequal tooth widths include the motivation and the computer aided study which is based on Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS Maxwell. A 24/20 slot–pole SMPM BLDC motor is chosen for prototyping. The designed motor is manufactured and performed at different phase-advanced currents in the field weakening region controlled by a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. As a result of the experimental work, the feasibility and effectiveness of field weakening for BLDC motors are discussed thoroughly and the contribution of higher winding inductance is verified.

Analytical Calculation of No-Load Magnetic Field of External Rotor Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motor Used as In-Wheel Motor of Electric Vehicle

An analytical method for calculating the no-load magnetic field of external rotor permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (PMBLDCM) used as in-wheel motor of electric vehicle in the stator static coordinate and the rotor motion coordinate is presented in this paper. First, the analytic formulas of slotless permanent magnetic field in both coordinate systems are derived, respectively. Then, the complex relative permeance of external rotor PMBLDCM in both coordinate systems is calculated. Finally, the analytical solution of the no-load magnetic field in both coordinate systems is derived by applying the magnetic potential multiplied by the complex relative permeance. In this paper, a 46-pole-51-slot external rotor PMBLDCM is taken as an example, and the accuracy of the proposed analytical model is verified by the finite-element results. Based on the analytical model, the influences of the stator slotting effect on the no-load magnetic field of the external rotor and the inner stator are analyzed. The spatial order characteristics and frequency characteristics of the no-load magnetic field of the external rotor PMBLDCM in both coordinate systems are revealed, respectively.

Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Using Hybrid Fuzzy Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative Controller

The main core of this work is to investigate two different digital controllers (Conventional PID Controller and Hybrid Fuzzy PID) on closed loop control of Permanent Magnet Brush Less Direct Current (PMBLDC) Motor. The application of intelligent control (fuzzy logic) technique is attempted in a Proportional –Integral- Derivative (PID) controller for tuning their parameters automatically in an online process. In-order to achieve desired speed, Hybrid Fuzzy-PID provides the finest set of solutions. The conventional PID controller and Hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller performances are analyzed both in steady state and dynamic operating condition with various set point speeds. The rise time, dead time, settling time and steady state error are the parameters considered for comparison. The results prove that, the Hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller offers better performance (Improvement in rise time, Reduction in settling time, No steady sate error) over the conventional PID controller. The simulation makes use of LabVIEW Fuzzy–PID tool and it is implemented in real time through NI-DAQ 6009 with PMBLDC motor which is rated at 36V, 4A, 4000 RPM.