Permanent Departure Research Articles

Post-Fledging Movements and Factors that Influence Permanent Departure of Juvenile Crested Caracaras in Florida

ABSTRACT We tracked 48 young Crested Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in south-central Florida from fledging through their first year and sought to define the post-fledging pre-dispersal period and the timing and drivers of permanent departure (PD) from the natal area. By examining Euclidean distances between telemetry locations and the nest for each tagged caracara, we defined the post-fledging dependency period as the first 2 mo after fledging, when fledglings remained mostly within 2.5 km of the nest and were dependent on their parents for food. Before PD, young caracaras explored areas as much as 11 km from their nest but returned to the natal area, resulting in areas used by fledglings up to 6 times the average home range size of an adult breeding pair. Some caracaras remained within their parents’ home range for several months after fledging, even after becoming independent of their parents for food. A fledgling permanently departed its natal area when telemetry indicated it made an abrupt long-distance movement away from its natal area and did not return. We used generalized linear mixed models and a hierarchical modeling approach to test environmental and biological factors that may affect the timing of PD. The most supported model indicated that PD depended on parental reproductive strategy and on the timing of fledging relative to the length of the breeding season. Birds with parents that raised only one brood remained in the natal area for 11.6–21.0 wk longer than birds with parents that raised multiple broods in the same breeding season; fledglings from the first of two broods departed at a younger age, suggesting that the PD decision is partially triggered by the level of parental investment in the first and subsequent brood. Additionally, birds that fledged early in the breeding season departed the natal area 2.8–12.2 wk earlier than those that fledged later in the breeding season, and birds that were exposed to high heat during the nestling stage departed the natal area earlier than those exposed to less heat. The period between fledging and permanent departure from the natal area is important for the conservation of species with delayed dispersal. When developing a conservation strategy for Florida’s caracara population, attention should be paid to protecting areas used by fledglings until PD rather than just focusing on a limited protection zone around the nest.

Root zone soil moisture in over 25 % of global land permanently beyond pre-industrial variability as early as 2050 without climate policy

Abstract. Root zone soil moisture is a key variable representing water cycle dynamics that strongly interact with ecohydrological, atmospheric, and biogeochemical processes. Recently, it was proposed as the control variable for the green water planetary boundary, suggesting that widespread and considerable deviations from baseline variability now predispose Earth system functions critical to an agriculture-based civilization to destabilization. However, the global extent and severity of root zone soil moisture changes under future scenarios remain to be scrutinized. Here, we analysed root zone soil moisture departures from the pre-industrial climate variability for a multi-model ensemble of 14 Earth system models (ESMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) in four climate scenarios as defined by the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5 between 2021 and 2100. The analyses were done for 43 ice-free climate reference regions used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We defined “permanent departures” when a region's soil moisture exits the regional variability envelope of the pre-industrial climate and does not fall back into the range covered by the baseline envelope until 2100. Permanent dry departures (i.e. lower soil moisture than pre-industrial variability) were found to be most pronounced in Central America, southern Africa, the Mediterranean region, and most of South America, whereas permanent wet departures are most pronounced in south-eastern South America, northern Africa, and southern Asia. In the Mediterranean region, dry permanent departure may have already happened according to some models. By 2100, there are dry permanent departures in the Mediterranean in 70 % of the ESMs in SSP1–2.6, the most mitigated situation, and more than 90 % in SSP3–7.0 and SSP5–8.5, the medium–high and worst-case scenarios. North-eastern Africa is projected to experience wet permanent departures in 64 % of the ESMs under SSP1–2.6 and 93 % under SSP5–8.5. The percentage of ice-free land area with departures increases in all SSP scenarios as time goes by. Wet departures are more widespread than dry departures throughout the studied time frame, except in SSP1–2.6. In most regions, the severity of the departures increases with the severity of global warming. In 2050, permanent departures (ensemble median) occur in about 10 % of global ice-free land areas in SSP1–2.6 and in 25 % in SSP3–7.0. By the end of the 21st century, the occurrence of permanent departures in SSP1–2.6 increases to 34 % and, in SSP3–7.0, to 45 %. Our findings underscore the importance of mitigation to avoid further degrading the Earth system functions upheld by soil moisture.

Dropping or stopping out of apprenticeships: The role of performance- and integration-related risk factors

The dropout rate in vocational education and training (VET) programs is high in Germany. Yet, this study shows that most instances of dropout are not permanent departures from VET. Instead, most trainees later re-enter into a new training program in a different occupation or company (a phenomenon labelled “stopout”). We use Tinto’s model of college dropout, which suggests that the importance of performance-related and integration-related risk factors differs for permanent dropouts and stopouts, and their timing. Our analyses are based on longitudinal data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), which provides measures for competencies and socioemotional (also called noncognitive) skills prior to starting VET programs, information to capture factors related to dis/satisfaction with training and longitudinal information on school-to-work transitions. To examine the relative importance of performance- and integration-related factors, we use Shapley decompositions. Our analyses reveal that performance-related risk factors (in terms of low math competence) increase the risk of permanently dropping out, and both cognitive and socioemotional skills predict occupational changes (occupational stopouts). Whether the VET program corresponds to the desired occupation is the most important integration-related factor, and a poor match increases the risk of both permanent dropout and occupational stopout. Moreover, lower satisfaction with training leads to changes in occupations or training companies. Finally, early training dissolutions are more strongly linked to integration-related problems, while later ones are more due to performance-related problems.

Attrition and Retention of Rehabilitation Professionals: A Scoping Review.

Attrition is defined as a permanent departure from one's profession or the workforce. Existing literature on retention strategies, contributing factors to the attrition of rehabilitation professionals and how different environments influence professionals' decision-making to stay in/leave their profession, is limited in scope and specificity. The objective of our review was to map the depth and breadth of the literature on attrition and retention of rehabilitation professionals. We used Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework. A search was conducted on MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), AMED, CINAHL, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses from 2010 to April 2021 for concepts of attrition and retention in occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language pathology. Of the 6031 retrieved records, 59 papers were selected for data extraction. Data were organized into three themes: (1) descriptions of attrition and retention, (2) experiences of being a professional, and (3) experiences in institutions where rehabilitation professionals work. Seven factors across three levels (individual, work, and environment) were found to influence attrition. Our review showcases a vast, yet superficial array of literature on attrition and retention of rehabilitation professionals. Differences exist between occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language pathology with respect to the focus of the literature. Push, pull, and stay factors would benefit from further empirical investigation to develop targeted retention strategies. These findings may help to inform health care institutions, professional regulatory bodies, and associations, as well as professional education programs, to develop resources to support retention of rehabilitation professionals.

FATORES ASSOCIADOS À EVASÃO DE CURSO NA UFRJ: UMA ANÁLISE DE SOBREVIVÊNCIA

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze whether educational factors and degree choice, sociodemographic origin and academic integration are associated with dropout in the first three years of a student at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). We operationalize dropout as the student's permanent departure from the undergraduate course h/she was enrolled. Dropout was analyzed using statistical models of discrete-time survival, which allows treating the data in its longitudinal structure. The institution's microdata, of a census nature, were used for the three-year follow-up of the cohort that entered in the first half of 2014Results point that during the time analyzed, the moments of greatest risk of dropout were the first, second and fifth semester. The sociodemographic origin of the students was not associated with course dropout. Educational and course choice factors were associated with dropout, especially in the first year. The hypothesis is that the course choice process, through the current access format to UFRJ, is possibly structuring an early dropout in the courses. The grade coefficient accumulated per semester (CRa), which was used as a proxy for formal academic integration, was shown to be associated with course dropout. Students with low CRa had a higher risk of dropping out than those with high CRa. These findings reveal the importance of understanding decision-making processes for entering and continuing studies.

Population Movements and Migration as a Trend: The Case of Albania

Migratory movements are part of the early history of human migration and nowadays there are still many migrations from one country to another. Albanian migration after the 1990s has attracted the attention of many different scholars and academics. According to experts, migration has become a key survival strategy but also constitutes an important feature of the Albanian economy and society. This study will investigate the reasons of migratory movements in Albania, and if the expectations of people who migrate have been met or not. Current problematics migrants might have will be analyzed, thoughts and arguments will be considered, whether they would like to stay in the destination country, or if they will try to move to another country or will return to their country of origin. Based on the data obtained, recommendations will be given to the right institutions in Albania, considering eventual measures, to avoid the permanent departure of qualified and educated individuals or to promote temporary migration, or more specifically, the circular migration. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between employment, economic situation of families, the integration in the destination country, the achievements in the destination country and their influence on the motivation to emigrate, creating a new life away from the country of origin, as well as in the decision to stay temporarily or permanently in the country of destination or to move to a new destination country. The study focused on collecting information from the answers received from an online survey with questions about people motives to migrate, addressed to individuals from Albania who have had as their experience the phenomenon of migration. 308 people participated in the study. The study showed that the main reasons for living their country were the level of employment, the economic level of the families, the integration in the country of destination, the purpose achieved in the country of destination. The study concluded that a high percentage of respondents, mostly in EU, confirmed they have adapted to living in the destination country. They are adapted to the language of the host country, to the culture of the country of destination but without neglecting the cultural elements of the country of origin.

COVID-19 and its potential impact on stages of tourist Destination Development

ABSTRACT Literature on the impacts of COVID 19 reveals thathow the effects of the pandemic may be experienced at destinations in different stages of their development has not been studied. This paper discusses the impact of a break in tourism visitation to destinations caused by COVID 19 and uses the Tourism Area Life Cycle model as a framework from which to argue that the scale and importance of the impacts on destinations will vary depending on the stage of the development cycle reached by any specific destination. Such impacts may range from a short term and temporary loss of tourists to a permanent departure of the destination from tourism. It is argued that the nature and degree of recovery of the tourism market at any specific destination will vary in speed and level of recovery, the degree of permanence of impacts, and the likelihood of destinations retaining their overall appeal after the pandemic has ended, depending on their stage of development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the possibility of destinations using the pandemic to reposition themselves in terms of their markets, and attempting to modify the tourism industry itself.

Dimensioni e dinamiche dei flussi migratori da Livinallongo/Fodom e da Colle Santa Lucia/Col nel corso del Novecento

This essay compares the migration from Livinallongo/Fodom and Colle Santa Lucia/Col, which were Ladin villages belonging to Austria until World War I, with the migration from the villages situated in the Alto Agordino, which be-longed to the neighbouring Kingdom of Italy. The research goes on until the 1980s, highlighting similarities and differences between the two areas, which have not only a different political history but also a dissimilar socio-economic and identity history. An element that has greatly influenced both, the quantity and type of emigration, is the model of inheritance of ownership that charac-terised the two areas, and which was very important before the tourism boom. In Fodom and Col there was the custom of undivided ownership according to Germanic law, while in the villages which had belonged to the Venetian Republic there was in force the Latin inheritance law, according to which the ownership was divided equally between the heirs, but did not allow any of them to live on the sole income from land ownership; this generated a temporary or permanent mass departure from the mountains. In Col and Fodom the departure of adults was more limited, however the emigration of minors was extremely widespread, especially towards Val Pusteria and Val Gardena, a sad phenomenon documen-ted through life testimonies.

Reintegration Post-Brexit (2020–2022): European Union Reorganization – Securing The Public Square of Democracy; Creating a New Global Compact

Reintegration Post-Brexit (2020–2022): European Union Reorganization – Securing The Public Square of Democracy; Creating a New Global Compact

Editorial Comment

A year has elapsed since Stanley Cavell died, and in that time those who knew him and read his work, have been coming to terms with his permanent departure. For many it has not been easy, and part of this difficulty includes trying to say something in writing about what the loss has meant, or might entail, or perhaps better, what it stirs in us.

Father departure and children's mental health: How does timing matter?

Father's permanent departure from the household in childhood has the potential to affect child mental health. The event is non-random, and a major limitation in most previous studies is lack of adequate control for unobserved confounders. Using five waves of data spanning ages 3 to 14 from the Millennium Cohort Study, a UK-wide nationally representative longitudinal study, this paper uses fixed effect models to examine the effect of paternal absence on children's mental health (i.e. externalising and internalising problems) in a sample of 6245 children. Heterogeneity of effects are examined by gender and maternal education. A novel aspect is to examine how the timing of departure matters, and to assess whether there are developmental periods that are especially sensitive to paternal departure, and whether effects are temporary or enduring. We find that paternal departure has a negative effect on child mental health, particularly on internalising symptoms. Striking gender differences emerge in examining effects by timing and duration. There are no short-term effects of departure in early childhood, and only weak evidence of females showing an increase in internalising symptoms in the medium-term. Paternal departure in later childhood, on the other hand, is associated with an increase in internalising problems in both males and females, and increased externalising symptoms for males only. We do not find maternal education to be a protective factor.

Childhood Family Structure and the Accumulation of Wealth Across the Life Course

Objective: The aim of this article is to document how childhood family structure is related to the accumulation of wealth.Background: Childhood family structure is a commonly studied determinant of child and adult outcomes, but little is known about its effects on wealth accumulation. Wealth is affected by a wide variety of factors, including human capital formation, family dynamics, and intergenerational transfers. Studying wealth therewith sheds light on how childhood family structure relates to the accumulation of advantages across life.Method: Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 7,066) are employed to document wealth differences at ages 47 to 55. Growth curve models are estimated to understand at what ages these differences emerge.Results: A median wealth penalty of at least $61,600 at ages 47 to 55 is observed for individuals who did not live continuously with both parents from birth to age 18, depending on the alternative childhood family trajectory considered. A subsequent mediation analysis of the “wealth penalty” related to the permanent departure of a parent from the household during childhood points at human capital formation and own family dynamics as the primary channels through which wealth differences are produced; intergenerational transfers matter rather less.Conclusion: Childhood family structure has moderate effects on multiple different life domains that accrue during the life course and collectively add up to a more considerable penalty in wealth.

The permanence of departure: Young Mexican immigrant students’ discursive negotiations of imagined childhoods allá

This article draws from a three-year ethnography with elementary school students from mixed-status Mexican immigrant families in Pennsylvania to explore the ways that they imagined potential childhoods and schooling in Mexico. Through attention to their stances and deictic choices during school-based talk, our findings reveal how going to Mexico was positioned as a permanent departure, and one that students often named as occurring soon, despite the fact that repatriation was extremely rare. We show how understanding children's discursive constructions of their imagined binational lives provides a mechanism for children to discursively try on and become familiar with an unfamiliar childhood, and thus, make such childhoods more inhabitable if they were to move to Mexico. We argue that understanding these processes is particularly important in increasingly anti-immigrant climates in which children from undocumented families may be facing possibilities of repatriation due to immigration policies.

Missing the overlap between theory and practice: Patten’s ‘equal recognition’ in the face of the Catalan case

Drawing on the particularities of Catalonia (and related cases), the general point of this contribution is to argue that Patten’s equal recognition theory is modeled upon a too-restricted set of empirical assumptions, a circumstance that might harm its value as a tool for the orientation, evaluation, and reform of public policy. What is absent in Patten’s account – or at least not properly inserted into it – are four built-in modules that we have named ‘history’, ‘democracy’, ‘international relations’, and ‘migration’. When it comes to recognition of minorities, the past matters more often than Patten is willing to accept; democracy can lead to permanent departures from equal recognition on the part of self-governing national minorities; in the recognition game, there are other relevant players than simply states and their minorities; and one of these players, namely immigrant groups, can (albeit involuntarily) distort equal recognition schemes.

Discourse, agency and teacher attrition: exploring stories to leave by amongst former early career English language teachers in Hong Kong

This article reports the results of a qualitative study investigating the experiences of five former English language teachers in Hong Kong during their initial years of full-time teaching and the reasons for their permanent departure from the profession. Guided by a theory of teacher identity construction, the study employed a discourse analytic approach to understand the participants’ perceptions of their professional identity construction in discourse and practice. The results of in-depth interviews provide detailed descriptions of the ways in which the former teachers perceived the constraints and enablements to their professional identity construction within the context of their ultimate decision to leave the teaching profession. The findings problematise rigid divisions between different types of teachers and suggest the need to establish new spaces for identity construction that allow for the meshing of different teacher identities.

Examining trans-Tasman migration of new immigrants to New Zealand from the People's Republic of China: A quantitative approach

‘Back-door’ migration refers to the entry of overseas-born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long-term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans-Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand-born citizens, the trans-Tasman migration of China-born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged ‘back-door’ migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans-Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time.

Management of a periodic-review inventory system using Bayesian model averaging when new marketing efforts are made

Many companies invest in various marketing efforts, such as price promotion and advertising, in order to attract new customers and build customer loyalty. This paper examines the problem of setting efficient inventory levels when new marketing efforts are made and product demand is autocorrelated. We assume that the inventory manager operates with a base stock policy based on a critical fractile. If marketing has a temporary effect, the underlying demand tends to revert to a long-term equilibrium trend and the inventory manager needs to use a stationary demand model (e.g., autoregressive model) to determine the required inventory level. In contrast, if the effect is permanent, demand shocks contain an element that represents a permanent departure from previous levels and a non-stationary demand model (e.g., random walk) needs to be used instead. We show that the required inventory behaves much differently for the case of using a stationary demand model as opposed to a non-stationary model, but it is difficult in practice to identify a correct demand model in the absence of a long sampling span. In this paper, we propose an inventory model that explicitly acknowledges uncertainty over stationary and non-stationary demand models in response to new marketing efforts. The proposed model averages the inventory policies of the two demand models, weighted by each model׳s posterior probability. This is an extension of Bayesian model averaging. Simulation results demonstrate that the Bayesian model averaging inventory model improves the inventory system.

Can Conditional Cash Transfers Compensate for a Father's Absence?

This paper investigates how the permanent departure of the father from a household affects children's school enrollment and work participation in rural Colombia. The results indicate that the permanent departure of the father decreases children's school enrollment by approximately 5 percentage points and increases child labor by 3 percentage points. This paper explores the rollout of a conditional-cash-transfer program during the period of study and shows that this program counteracts these adverse effects. When coupled with other evidence, this finding strongly suggests that the channel through which the father's departure most affects children is by reducing the income of very poor households, which tightens their liquidity constraints. This finding also highlights the important safety-net role played by welfare programs with respect to disadvantaged households, particularly because these households are unlikely to have formal or informal mechanisms with which to insure themselves against such vagaries.

Are fluctuations in US production of renewable energy permanent or transitory?

This study examines the integration properties of total renewable energy production, as well as production of biofuels and biomass in the United States. To do so we use Lagrange Multiplier (LM) univariate unit root tests with up to two structural breaks. We conclude that each production series has a unit root. The result suggests that random shocks, encompassing changes to regulation, to renewable energy production may lead to permanent departures from predetermined target levels. Furthermore, this result implies that permanent positive shocks (such as renewable portfolio standards) that increases the production of renewable energy resources will realize more in terms of positively altering the energy mix between renewable energy and energy from fossil fuels than temporary policy stances (such as investment tax credits over a predetermined time horizon).

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROZONE AND THE GLOBAL INTEREST RATES

Global interest rates and their term structure depend on the relation of the time structure of demand and supply of capital. With the monetary integration in Europe one can observe substantial realignments in the mentioned variables. The scientific problem of this paper is the change in the term structure of the global interest rate over the period of the last 25 years – 1987 – 2011. The aim is to recognize any actual anomalies in the yield curve of the global interest rate that may be associated with the creation of the Eurozone and its further expansion. The first step in this quest is presentation of the theoretical background for the foreign exchange reserve management at a central bank. Then, the institutional solutions are presented to give insights into the actual operating procedures that have potential of affecting the term structure of demand and supply of liquid funds in foreign exchange markets. In the next step, a rationale for a substantial realignment of large foreign assets’ portfolios in a monetary union is presented in detail. One may list here several cost-related arguments and efficiency in maximizing rate of return, without endangering the international liquidity of a country and a monetary union as a whole. It is argued that the institutional solutions together with the rational behavior of central banks result in permanent departure from the once well-established balance in the global economy. It could be also argued that monetary integration in Europe is responsible for moving toward a new equilibrium at the global financial market. These claims are later supported in the empirical part by the time series analysis of the term structure of global interest rates. Differentiating between interest rates of different maturities delivers three years over the period 1987-2011 when the yield curve inverted. These years were 1998, 2001 and 2007. All three cases of unusual yield curve behavior may be associated with: onset, expansion and further expansion of the Eurozone. In each case, adding to the common pool of the foreign exchange reserves created an impulse for demand-supply interplay, concerning the term structure of capital offered and demanded at the global financial market. Another supporting argument flows from the recognized strong and significant relationship between foreign exchange reserves management and the term structure of global interest rates. Correlation exercise delivered interesting results, showing not only uniqueness of the mentioned years (1998, 2001, and 2007) but also some differences between these years in the manner of the yield curve shape and form of adjustment. In some cases changes leading to the inverted yield curve were only in long-term interest rates (down), but sometimes interest rates of all maturities were changing (short term up& long-term down). Also the form of latter adjustment, when yield curve returned to the normal shape differed for the studied anomalies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.5.1090