Permanent Delegates Research Articles

WTO Subsidies Agreement on Fisheries (2022-2024): Agreed Terms and Implications for Indonesia

Indonesia has issued a fisheries subsidy policy to encourage the development of the fishing industry because this sector contributes to national development, but the subsidies applied must be in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the WTO. Indonesia is a member of the WTO and in the last few meetings held by the WTO in which the WTO prohibits subsidies, besides that fisheries subsidies can cause depletion of fish stocks and damage to marine biota. This is not in line with the UN program, namely Sustainable Development related to sustainable fisheries, so the implementation of fisheries subsidy policies can cause problems. the 12th WTO ministerial conference, a draft was drafted, but until now the draft has not been ratified, the draft fisheries subsidies at the WTO specifically regulate fisheries subsidies that are prohibited and exceptions in general. the 13th Ministerial Conference 2024 has not yet concluded negotiations on agricultural and fisheries subsidy issues, which remain key concerns for the conference organizers. Trade or Economic Ministers of the WTO engaged in negotiations are aware of the significant differences in positions among member states, necessitating further time for additional negotiations to be continued by permanent delegations in Geneva. The impact of the draft WTO fisheries subsidy, if successfully ratified, will have a negative impact on Indonesia in terms of the fishery market, fishery resources and employment.

Az akadémia hatása az intézményesülő magyar színjátszásra az 1830-as években

From the beginning, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences considered it its task to oversee the Hungarian-speaking theatres. From the 1830’s the Academy tried to provide original dramas and translations, and the task of the “Standing Committee on Theatre” was to review the dramas and repertoire presented in permanent Hungarian-speaking theatres. Pest County also set up a permanent delegation, which exercised a supervisory role similar to that of the Academy. The directory board of the Magyar Theatre of Pest, that opened in 1837, and the body called the Acting Committee were also responsible for artistic and operational matters. These committees, looking at their model from the 18th century, hindered the institutionalization of the Hungarian-speaking theatre in various ways, albeit the Academy primarily sought to provide professional assistance to a developing social institution. This paper presents the connection between the Academy and the Hungarian-speaking theater from the point of view of institutional history.

Delegating diplomacy: rhetoric across agents in the United Nations General Assembly

When political principals send agents to international organizations, those agents are often assumed to speak in a single voice. Yet, various types of country representatives appear on the international stage, including permanent representatives as well as more overtly “political” government officials. We argue that permanent delegates at the United Nations face career incentives that align them with the bureaucracy, setting them apart from political delegates. To that end, they tend to speak more homogeneously than do other types of speakers, while also using relatively more technical, diplomatic rhetoric. In addition, career incentives will make them more reluctant to criticize the United Nations. In other words, permanent representatives speak more like bureaucratic agents than like political principals. We apply text analytics to study differences across agents’ rhetoric at the United Nations General Assembly. We demonstrate marked distinctions between the speech of different types of agents, contradictory to conventional assumptions, with implications for our understandings of the interplay between public administration and agency at international organizations.Points for practitionersDelegations to international organizations do not “speak with one voice.” This article illustrates that permanent representatives to the United Nations display more characteristics of bureaucratic culture than do other delegates from the same country. For practitioners, it is important to realize that the manner in which certain classes of international actors “conduct business” can differ markedly. These differences in tone—even among delegates from the same principal—can impact the process of negotiation and debate.

Sexism in the political discourse of Ukraine

The article is intended to analyze the phenomenon of sexism through the prism of political discourse in Ukraine. The specific purpose of the article was to review the involvement of women in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (VRU) at the level of party lists, committees, the Office and permanent delegations. The problem of sexism among the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada was noted.
 The aim of the article was to consider the manifestations of sexism in the political sphere of Ukraine. Analysis of statistics has shown that the problem of sexism is relevant today.
 The author discusses the quantitative ratio of men and women among the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and politicians in general. Through interviews with female deputies, the author shows the problem of the discriminated. An analysis of recent media publications has shown us examples of sexism from top government positions.
 As a conclusion and recommendations, the author notes the need to develop a system of civic and political education on gender equality; develop curricula on the participation of women in politics aimed at both women and men;
 to carry out trainings and other types of support for women candidates; to advocate the improvement of the coverage of women-candidates in the media.

Minority Petitions Against Yugoslav Authorities Before the League of Nations

This article deals with Yugoslavia’s tactics against Bulgarian and Hungarian minority petitions, which were filed before the League of Nations and later promoted before the European Congress of Nationalities. The analysis is based on the documents preserved in the Records of the Permanent Delegation in Geneva, which is the most reliable source on the tactics since other significant Yugoslav institutions have hardly been preserved at all.

A Province of Their Own: Dominique-Ceslas Gonthier and the First Canadian Dominican Communities

This article explores the growth of the Canadian province of the friars of the Order of Preachers in the midst of major shifts in the social-political reality and in the church through the leadership of one of the first Canadian friars, Dominique-Ceslas Gonthier. In his own unique and particular way he is implicated in, and sheds light on, significant social and ecclesial issues: the Manitoba schools question; the growth of the ultramontane church in Canada; the redaction of the papal encyclical Mirari Vos; and the establishment the Holy See’s permanent delegation to Canada. Due to his activity in these social and political issues, Gonthier leveraged himself to facilitate the establishment of new communities in the Canadian Dominican province and simultaneously its indigenization.

Migration and Education: Quality Assurance and Mutual Recognition of Qualifications Summary of Expert Group Meeting (Nine Country Audit)

On September 22-23 2008, UNESCO convened an Expert Group Meeting in Paris on Migration and Education – Quality Assurance and Mutual Recognition of Qualifications. The aim of this meeting was to bring together senior representatives from UNESCO, WHO, IOM, UNCTAD, the Commonwealth Secretariat, OECD, the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), Hewlett Packard1 and a selected number of Permanent Delegations to UNESCO to facilitate discussion, and to hear country experts present commissioned papers addressing the topic. The nine case study countries (in alphabetical order) were Australia, Canada, China, France, Malaysia, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, and the United Kingdom (UK).

Activitatea Primăriei Timişoara în perioada 1926-1927 / The activity of Timişoara City Hall in the period 1926 – 1927

! e present study analyses the activity of the Permanent Delegation and of the Communal Council of Timişoara City Hall between 1926–1927.As a conclusion, during the analysed period both the Permanent Delegation and the Communal Council were solicitous about the proper functioning of the communal enterprises being taken the nesessary measures for the restoration of the Hydroelectric Plant, for the development of the Water Supply Plant and of the Slaughter-house. As it concerns the Communal Cinemas the running of quality movies was decided and the increase of the number of cultural fi lms.! e two leading bodies of Timişoara City Hall took care of the fi nalization of the reconstruction works of the Communal ! eatre, delayed both because of funds shortage and of the central level redtape. At the same time new credits were voted needful for putting into use of this important cultural institution. Between the years 1926 –1927 the City Hall gave subsidies to some cultural institutions, being also donated a house lot to the National House of the city.As it concerns the education, there were accomplished works of maintenance at the primary school buildings and the necessary reparations at the apprentice halls. Attention has been given to higher education too, a grant being voted for Polytechnical School. At the same time Permanent Delegation members and those of the Communal Council were concerned with the establishing of the Commercial Academy, the mayor of the city Ioan Doboșan interceding in that direction at Vasile Goldiş and Octavian Goga ministers who promissed their support. Concomitantly, funds were assigned for the fi nalisation of the works at Commercial School. Timişoara City Hall awarded in this interval scholarships and subventions for poor pupils and for those from Timoc Valley.In health domain, the construction of a new hospital will be considered, the plans being approved by the competent authorities, a public auction being decided in view of starting the works. An auction was decided also for the construction of a pavilion at Ferdinand Hospital.As for the construction works, measures were taken for repairing the pavements, bridges, and roads, for water courses stabilization, for land drainages, being accomplished also works of protection against the fl oods. New tram lines were built in the city, being decided the digging of a new fountain too. Measures were taken for two important issues that the inhabitants of the city were facing: the purifi cation of the exploitation water from Bega and “Balta Verde” terrain innings.The management of the City Hall was interested in the social problems of the city, supporting the poor and the unemployed with the help of “popular cuisines” that functioned especially durig winter. Plans were made for the construction of five workers’ houses to shelter the homeless.In the two years there were awarded a series of subventions to charitable and students sodalities, etc. In the year 1927, the new mayor of Timișoara city, Lucian Georgevici, according to the laws in force, presented his program about the development of the city. The priorities of this program were culture and education, fact that highlights the Romanian politicians’ way of thinking between the two World War.On the cultural fi eld, they intended to fi nish the reconstruction of the Communal ! eatre and to hire a permanent troupe. Another priority was a Cultural Palace in which to carry out their activity the National Education House, the Museum and other cultural institutions. ! e construction of the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral was also among the priorities.As for the education, a target was fi nishing the construction of the Commercial Academy and starting its activity and the construction of more hostels for the countryside pupils. Attention was payed for the support and developmentof the vocational schools network of utmost importance for the strengthening of the industry in Banat region.For improving the transport network of the city, they intended to move the railway line that crossed the center of city, to build new streets, to connect the suburban villages with the city through trams. ! e program also contained the development of the communal enterprises, the construction of the new hospital and of the workers’ houses.In the economic sector, model farms had to be established for the purveyance of the city inhabitants. In order to accomplish major investments, Lucian Georgevici had in mind the model before 1914, that is the commitment of long term loans.

La mission Wehrlin du CICR en Union soviétique (1920-1938)

This article, based on existing studies and on newly available documents from the former Soviet archives, relates one of the most controversial missions in ICRC history, the one entrusted to Woldemar Wehrlin in the Soviet Union between the two world wars. In the absence of diplomatic ties between Switzerland and the Soviet Union, the ICRC's permanent delegate in Moscow — in addition to carrying out activities such as representing the ICRC in its dealings with the Soviet Red Cross, liaising with the Nansen mission, ensuring the repatriation of the remaining German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war and tracing those gone missing — was also led to defend the interests of his country of origin and fellow countrymen. Although the result of this exceptionally long mission, often called a “quasi-consular” one, was very positive for Switzerland and the Swiss community in Russia, it was more ambiguous for the ICRC, whose image was considerably tarnished by the issue of the organization's relations with the Swiss Confederation.

Declaración Universal de la Unesco sobre el Genoma Humano y los Derechos

El 11 de Noviembre de 1997, los 186 Estados miembros de la UNESCO aprobaron por unanimidad y aclamación en la 29a Conferencia General la Declaración Universal sobre elGenoma Humano y los Derechos Humanos, tras cuatro años de trabajo de la Comisión Jurídica del Comité Internacional de Bioética (CIB) presidida por el prof. Dr. Héctor Gros Espiell, Embajador y Delegado Permanente de Uruguay ante la UNESCO. El CIB está presidido a su vez por Mme. No elle Lenoir, del ConsejoConstitucional de Francia, y en él figuraban dos españoles: los profesores Gonzalo Herranz y José María Mato.

La création de la délégation apostolique aux États-Unis

Overwhelmingly Protestant from the start, the population of the United States underwent a significant change during the 19th century, especially after 1850. The massive immigration of Irish, Poles, Germans, Italians…, most of them Catholics, led to the creation of new dioceses and parishes, and the need for priests of the same origins and language. The Holy See sent several delegates to oversee their problems and inquire about the situation. Eventually, in 1893, the Holy See decided to establish a permanent Apostolic Delegation in Washington. But the first permanent delegates met a strong opposition from the Episcopate and, contrary to their expectations, were unable to restore peace and unanimity among American Catholics.

ZM v. Permanent Delegation of the League of Arab States to the United Nations

643International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign national employed as secretary by international organization — Contract of employment — Dispute — Whether subject to jurisdiction of national courts — Absence of any headquarters agreement governing the position — Whether international organization under any duty to establish administrative tribunal to settle such disputes — Whether entitlement of international organization to jurisdictional immunity dependent upon establishment of such a tribunalInternational organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Scope — Whether absolute — Whether having erga omnes effect for third States — Whether scope of immunity dependent upon headquarters agreement or rule of customary international law — Whether immunity in private contract disputes dependent upon establishment of an internal dispute settlement procedure — The law of Switzerland

Introducing ADBS: The [French] Association of Information and Documentation Professionals

Introducing ADBS: The [French] Association of Information and Documentation Professionals

Rastello and Permanent Delegation of Commission of European Community to International Organizations in Geneva v. Caisse Cantonale Genevoise de Compensation and Another

International organizations — Officials — Immunity — European Community — Permanent Delegation to international organizations in Geneva — Employees of foreign nationality — Exemption from social security contributions — Whether person enjoying exemption entitled to make voluntary contributions — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 33 — Contributions made in good faith under mistake — Whether refundableTreaties — Effect on third parties — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 48 — Whether Convention applicable to representatives of inter-State organizations — Application by analogy and special agreement — Whether social security provisions of Convention applicable to members of Permanent Delegation of European Community to international organizations in Geneva — The law of Switzerland

Hildebrand v. Champagne

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Representative to international organization — Immunity from civil jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Article 31(l)(a) — Exceptions to immunity — Real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving State — Whether including claim for charges incurred in respect of tenancy agreementInternational organizations — Immunity — Representative to international organization — Jurisdictional immunity — Member of permanent delegation of Member State to NATO — Applicability of principles contained in Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of Belgium

Joint Commission of the Empress Shôken Fund

The Joint Commission entrusted with the distribution of the income of the Empress Shôken Fund met in Geneva on 2nd May 1979. The Japanese Red Cross Society was represented by Mr. S. Taniguchi of the Permanent Delegation of Japan to the International Organisations in Geneva, in the absence of H. E. Ambassador M. Sawaki.

Information is a social necessity

Mustapha Masmoudi recently became the Republic of Tunesia’s permanent delegate at UNESCO in Paris. He is well known for his many articles and publications on the “NewWorld Information Order” and has had a decisive influence on international discussion, both in his capacity as long-standing Secretary of State for information in Tunesia and as Chairman of the Inter-Government Council for Coordinating Information between the Non-Aligned Nations. In his paper presented at the International Conference on New World Information Order (Bonn, Dec. 1978), he takes a brief look at the motives for calling for a new information order.

Roles and attitudes of French and Italian delegates to the European Community

Students of regional integration have suggested that participants in international activities may experience attitudinal changes which are favorable for subsequent integrative processes. Interviews with 24 French and Italian staff members of permanent delegations at European Community headquarters, however, indicate that these delegates did not increase their support for integration during their tenure, but that they became more realistic about European Community politics. Delegates A appear to differ primarily on the basis of ministerial affiliation and nationality, while no significant variations appeared to be correlated with other factors tested.

Regional delegations in Africa — Mozambique — Mission of delegate-general for Latin America — Chile — Asian sub-continent — People's Republic of China — Middle East

In 1970, the ICRC opened two regional delegations in Africa, one at Yaoundé (Cameroon) for West and Central Africa, and the other at Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) for East Africa. In both countries, the ICRC permanent delegates enjoyed throughout their mission the full support of the authorities and the co-operation of their National Red Cross Societies.

Activities of the International Committee in Indochina from 1965 to 1972

During the last seven years, the ICRC has been actively working for the victims of the conflict in Indochina at two different levels: protection and assistance. Already in 1965, it had for these purposes opened a permanent delegation in Saigon, and later in both Phnom-Penh and Vientiane.