Permanent Decline Research Articles

Predicting return of lung function after a pulmonary exacerbation using the cystic fibrosis respiratory symptom diary-chronic respiratory infection symptom scale

BackgroundPulmonary exacerbations (PExs) in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) are associated with increased healthcare costs, decreased quality of life and the risk for permanent decline in lung function. Symptom burden, the continuous physiological and emotional symptoms on an individual related to their disease, may be a useful tool for monitoring PwCF during a PEx, and identifying individuals at high risk for permanent decline in lung function. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the degree of symptom burden severity, measured by the Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Symptom Diary (CFRSD)- Chronic Respiratory Infection Symptom Scale (CRISS), at the onset of a PEx can predict failure to return to baseline lung function by the end of treatment.MethodsA secondary analysis of a longitudinal, observational study (N = 56) was conducted. Data was collected at four time points: year-prior-to-enrollment annual appointment, termed “baseline”, day 1 of PEx diagnosis, termed “Visit 1”, day 10–21 of PEx diagnosis, termed “Visit 2” and two-weeks post-hospitalization, termed “Visit 3”. A linear regression model was performed to analyze the research question.ResultsA regression model predicted that recovery of lung function decreased by 0.2 points for every increase in CRISS points, indicating that participants with a CRISS score greater than 48.3 were at 14% greater risk of not recovering to baseline lung function by Visit 2, than people with lower scores.ConclusionMonitoring CRISS scores in PwCF is an efficient, reliable, non-invasive way to determine a person’s status at the beginning of a PEx. The results presented in this paper support the usefulness of studying symptoms in the context of PEx in PwCF.

Social and Cultural Hazards, from the 3.11 Disaster through Today’s Global Warming: Shifting Conceptions of the Soma Nomaoi Cavalry Event in Fukushima, Japan

This case study is an anthropological reflection on the impact of multiple disaster events on the culture and economy of the Hamadōri coastal area of Fukushima, Japan. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown; the pandemic of 2020; and today’s global warming have affected this area’s economic, touristic, and cultural practices, such as the Soma Nomaoi Calvary tradition. Outcomes exemplify the concept of punctuated entropy: a permanent decline in the adaptive flexibility of a human cultural system to the environment brought on by the cumulative impact of periodic disaster events. In the case of Fukushima, efforts to mitigate and recover from these closely occurring disaster events have been only partially successful, and the outcomes provide profound lessons learned regarding the complexity of the recovery process when deep-seated and sustaining cultural practices are disrupted or lost.

#2027 Activation of histone deacetylase-1 in fibroblasts and pericytes induces renal interstitial fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Background and Aims Following an acute kidney ischemic event the chromatin remodelling enzyme, histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1), is activated in many cell types of the kidney including fibroblasts and pericytes. During kidney injury, the fibroblasts/pericytes differentiate into the myofibroblasts and produce extracellular matrix that can lead to a permanent decline in kidney function. Pharmacological inhibition of HDACs can attenuate ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI) mediated interstitial fibrosis. The hypothesis of this study was that fibroblast/pericyte HDAC1 activation promotes myofibroblast differentiation and interstitial fibrosis. Method Tamoxifen inducible, fibroblast/pericyte HDAC1 knockout (KO) mice (HDAC1Fl/Fl; Col1a2-CreEr) and littermate controls (HDAC1Fl/Fl) were used. Male and female mice were given tamoxifen by ip at 8-10 weeks of age and IRI or sham surgery completed after a 2-week tamoxifen washout period. A mild, 18 min, bilateral, warm IRI model was used, and samples collected over 4 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed using transdermal FITC-Sinistrin clearance. In vitro experiments with kidney fibroblast cells (NRK49F) overexpressing empty vector or HDAC1 were used for RNA-sequencing to determine the HDAC1-dependent myofibroblast transcriptome. Results We confirmed that HDAC1 was knockdown in myofibroblast cells from KO mice with co-localization of HDAC1 and PDGFRβ or α-smooth muscle actin in the kidneys of IRI mice. Twenty-four hours post-surgery, all IRI mice exhibited 2-3 times increase in serum creatinine and a ∼50% reduction in GFR compared to sham mice (control IRI = 513 ± 129 μl /min/100 g body mass, control sham = 1010 ± 218, n = 4-5, p = 0.02; KO IRI = 529 ± 116, KO sham = 1187 ± 59 μl/min/100 g body mass, n = 4-5, p = 0.004). Subsequent GFR measurements over the next 4 weeks showed a gradual recovery of renal function of IRI mice starting at week 2 and fully restored to sham values by week 4. However, the male control IRI mice had significant focal interstitial fibrosis 2- and 4-weeks post injury (4-week data: sham = 0.3 ± 0.09 % of cortical area, IRI = 1.2 ± 0.2%, n = 6/group, p = 0.0011) but this was attenuated in the KO male IRI mice (sham = 0.4 ± 0.07% n = 4, IRI = 0.5 ± 0.1%, n = 7, p = 0.93). The female mice, regardless of genotype, had very little kidney damage or interstitial fibrosis at 4 weeks. Transcriptomes of NRK49F cells overexpressing HDAC1 had an upregulation of 55 genes related to pro-inflammatory cytokines and tumour necrosis factor signalling and downregulation of 367 genes related to cell junctions, cytoskeleton proteins, and cell adhesion compared to the empty vector control cells. Fibroblast proliferation rates were not statistically different among the groups, suggesting HDAC1 does not affect myofibroblast proliferation but rather pro-inflammatory gene expression. Conclusion In male mice, fibroblast/pericyte activation of HDAC1 leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that we predict will lead to immune cell infiltration and crosstalk that leads to the excessive production of interstitial fibrosis following IRI.

Thermal ablation for local control of lung metastases and its effect on pulmonary function

Image-guided thermal ablation in the lung has consistently demonstrated preservation of lung function without permanent decline following treatment compared to other local treatment options, specifically surgical intervention or stereotactic radiation therapy. Here, we report a case of a 68-year-old female with mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the uterus metastatic to the lung, treated with primarily thermal ablation to manage her lung tumor burden. The patient underwent a hysterectomy and wedge resection of the left lower lobe in addition to first-line chemotherapy. To reduce the total lung tumor burden, in the absence of other more effective therapies and to strategically eradicate ultra-central lung tumors, the patient underwent multiple ablative therapies. In total, she underwent 45 ablation sessions, of which 42 were cryoablation with the rest conducted with microwave ablation, two stereotactic body radiation therapies, and one brachytherapy for 75 lung metastases. Pulmonary function tests were conducted before the start of serial ablation treatments and measured again after 32 ablation sessions which revealed minimal change in pulmonary function parameters while maintaining adequate functional status. We highlight the potential benefit of ablative therapies regarding pulmonary function compared to other local treatment options for metastatic lung cancer.

Elephant Hunt: The Search for the Oil and Gas Supplies to 2050

_ The oil and gas industry is at a critical juncture in the evolving global energy landscape. As the world intensifies its focus on combating climate change and embracing renewable energy sources, traditional fossil fuel exploration faces unprecedented challenges. The energy transition is now a tangible reality, reshaping the foundations of the oil and gas sector. However, just as there is no shortage of proclamations that the end draws near for King Fossil’s reign at the top of the energy resource pyramid, an equally high number sees the old king hanging around beyond 2050. This back-and-forth between renewable and fossil energy proponents gives all a good bone of contention to gnaw on. In September, Fatih Birol, executive director of the International Energy Agency (IEA), wrote in the Financial Times that it is taboo to suggest that demand for fossil fuels could go into permanent decline. He announced that the relentless age of growth for fossil fuels is set to decline by 2030, according to new projections by the IEA set to be released this month in its World Energy Outlook. OPEC criticized the announcement, describing the narrative as “extremely risky and impractical to dismiss fossil fuels or to suggest that they are at the beginning of their end.” The oil-producing nations group said the IEA’s thinking on fossil fuels is ideologically driven rather than fact-based, and predictions like these are “dangerous” because they are often accompanied by calls to stop investing in new oil and gas projects. Upstream Investment: Too Little or Just Right? The IEA and OPEC did find a small patch of common ground, agreeing that there would still be demand for oil and gas in 2050 and that continued investment in new oil and gas projects is needed. The underinvestment in upstream asset development has been a concern for several years, with the COVID-19 pandemic only exacerbating the issue, and according to a recent report by Goldman Sachs, oil and gas activity declined at a compounded 7% from 2014 to 2021. The investment bank expects primary energy capital expenditure to grow 48% by 2027 to $1.9 trillion, up from $1.3 trillion in 2022. “We believe the energy industry has been underinvesting since the peak of 2014, with investments in traditional energy (upstream oil and gas) falling 50% in 2020 from the peak and driving an 18% reduction in global primary energy investments, from $1.3 trillion in 2014 to $1.0 trillion in 2020,” the bank said. “A number of oil and gas investment decisions had been delayed since 2014, translating into 10 million B/D of lost oil production by 2024–2025—equivalent to Saudi Arabia’s annual production—and 3 million BOED of lost LNG production—more than Qatar, on our estimates,” according to Goldman Sachs.

Additions to and deletions from the S&P 500 index: A resolution to the asymmetric price response puzzle

We resolve the asymmetric price response puzzle for additions to and deletions from the S&P 500 documented in Chen, Noronha, and Singal (2004) by using a more appropriate methodology to measure abnormal returns and correctly adjusting for outliers. In contrast to their findings, our results show a permanent price response for both additions and deletions. We further distinguish between firms transferred into other S&P indices and true additions/deletions (firms not added from or placed into other S&P indices). We find a permanent price increase for true additions and a permanent decline in price for true deletions from the S&P 500.

Structural integrity and skeletal trace elements in intertidal coralline algae across the Northeast Atlantic reveal a distinct separation of the leading and the trailing edge populations

Intertidal macroalgae, such as coralline algae, represent an essential structural element and substrate in rocky coastal zones. They have a high degree of flexibility allowing their survival in environments with severe mechanical stress during tidal cycles. This study characterised the genicula and intergenicula of the calcifying red algae Corallina officinalis across its geographic distribution in the Northeast Atlantic. Poleward populations have constructed more sturdy cell walls compared to equatorward populations, potentially due to greater local adaptations to higher frequency and intensity of environmental factors like storms and wave action. Southern populations showed a lack of local adaptation culminating in survival rather than thriving within their current environment, hence, they are located at the margin of this species' favourable conditions. Results clarify significant differences between latitudes and indicate a north-to-south gradient in this species’ skeletal elemental composition. Northern populations were dominated by cadmium, whereas chromium was the major trace element found in southern populations. In the future, these characteristics could lead to a permanent decline and a decrease in the ecosystem functions of C. officinalis in the southern locations in the Northeast Atlantic, which may be accelerated by predicted future climatic changes.

Pandemic Lessons for Future Nursing Shortage: A Prospective Cohort Study of Nurses’ Work Engagement before and during 16 Months of COVID-19

Aim. To measure how nurses’ work engagement developed during the first three COVID-19 waves and to compare this with the data collected just before the outbreak. Background. The shortage of nurses is a threat to population health. COVID-19 posed nurses with personal and professional challenges that affected their work engagement. Insights into how the pandemic affected their work engagement may help hospitals retain and recruit nurses in the future. Methods. A single centre prospective survey study was conducted using the UWES-9. Results. In total, 1,697 nurses (90.5% female, mean age 41 years) completed four assessments. Each assessment showed a significant decrease in work engagement compared with that before COVID-19. Work engagement stabilized in the last two assessments. Conclusion. Work engagement decreased significantly compared with that in March 2020, just before the outbreak. Although the decrease stabilized from the 8th month to the 16th month, it did not return to pre-COVID-19 levels. Whether this stabilization was the beginning of a recovery in work engagement or reflected a permanent decline needs to be established. Implications for nursing management. Nurse leaders should facilitate nurses’ self-regulation processes and encourage them to develop resources in order to maintain work engagement at a high level.

Dexamethasone-Enhanced Continuous Online Microdialysis for Neuromonitoring of O2 after Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health crisis in many regions of the world. Severe TBI may cause a primary brain lesion with a surrounding penumbra of tissue that is vulnerable to secondary injury. Secondary injury presents as progressive expansion of the lesion, possibly leading to severe disability, a persistent vegetive state, or death. Real time neuromonitoring to detect and monitor secondary injury is urgently needed. Dexamethasone-enhanced continuous online microdialysis (Dex-enhanced coMD) is an emerging paradigm for chronic neuromonitoring after brain injury. The present study employed Dex-enhanced coMD to monitor brain K+ and O2 during manually induced spreading depolarization in the cortex of anesthetized rats and after controlled cortical impact, a widely used rodent model of TBI, in behaving rats. Consistent with prior reports on glucose, O2 exhibited a variety of responses to spreading depolarization and a prolonged, essentially permanent decline in the days after controlled cortical impact. These findings confirm that Dex-enhanced coMD delivers valuable information regarding the impact of spreading depolarization and controlled cortical impact on O2 levels in the rat cortex.

Identity orientations of Latino print media in Spain: the reinforcement of Latino popular culture

The evolution of Latino print media in Spain has coincided with the demographic increase of Latin American immigrants in the country since the early 1990s. Starting with one publication in 1992, the market started to grow in 2003 and reached its peak in 2007 with the edition of more than 100 titles. The advertising crisis of 2008 ended this trend, and the number of publications began a continuous and permanent decline in the following years despite a demographic recovery of Latin Americans in Spain after 2016. This research presents a quantitative analysis of the contents of 1,500 news items from 14 Latino newspapers and magazines that survived the 2008 advertising downfall. Six of these 14 media outlets continue publishing in 2023. The objective of this study is to show the connections between the contents of the analyzed Latino print media and the cultural identities of their readers. The results show that the prevalent themes related to culture, society and politics represent the identities of their Latino readers. Latino publications give visibility to Latinos as the protagonists of their contents. In addition, the origin of the protagonists shows the wide range of Latin American countries in correlation with the diverse Latin American origins of the readers. We discuss the implications of these findings within the volatile context of Latino print media in Spain, the growing Latin American demographics, and the formation of diverse Latino identities.

Kalecki meets Schumpeter: The decline of competition in a demand‐led dynamic model

AbstractThis paper contributes to the post‐Keynesian literature by building a macrodynamic Kaleckian model that incorporates recent evidence on market concentration and its relationship with capital accumulation and income distribution using Schumpeterian insights. This is done in two steps. First, we model a two‐dimensional system that sets the dynamics between the wage share and the capital‐effective labor supply ratio. Then, we extend the model, in the second step, to a three‐dimensional system that incorporates the state‐transition function of concentration. Our model suggests that higher market concentration may be associated with a permanent decline in employment, capacity utilization, wage share, and capital accumulation.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS’ USING HEMODIALYSIS AT TGK CHIK DITIRO HOSPITAL, SIGLI

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition of progressive and permanent decline of kidney function resulting in various diseases. CKD patients may be at risk of their lives if they do not undergo periodic hemodialysis or kidney transplantation to replace severely damaged kidneys. The aim of this study is to analyze the Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Patients Using Hemodialysis Therapy at Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli Hospital in 2020. Method: This research is descriptive with a cross-sectional approach using a questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The study population consists of all patients undergoing Hemodialysis at Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli Hospital in 2020. The sample consisted of 60 patients using total sampling technique. Data collection was conducted in November 2020. The quality of life assessment questionnaire used was the WHOQOL-BREF. Results: There is a relationship between self-efficacy (p value 0.040), motivation (p value 0.001), family support (p value 0.006), anxiety (p value 0.000) and the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Recommendations: Pidie District Government may facilitate improvement of self-efficacy. self-motivation. and reduce the level of anxiety among patients. The Pidie District Health Office may implement socialization regarding kidney disease prevention efforts. Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli Hospital may to provide excellent care in improving the quality of life of patients using hemodialysis therapy.

Lack of Interaction Motivation in Older Adults Automatically Reduces Cognitive Empathy

ABSTRACT Empathy, the ability to understand and respond to the experiences of others, is an important skill for maintaining good relationships throughout one’s life. Previous research indicated that emotional empathy remained stable or even increased in older adults compared to younger adults, while cognitive empathy showed age-related deficits. Based on the selective engagement hypothesis, this deficit was not caused by a decline in cognitive functioning, but by a lack of willingness to judge the target person’s emotions more precisely, that is, by a lack of interaction motivation. In order to provide more evidence on the causes of empathic aging in older adults, the current study investigated the influence of interaction motivation on empathy in older adults in an Eastern cultural context (China) based on the selective engagement hypothesis. This study used older adults and younger adults as subjects. Through two experiments, empathy was measured by the multiple empathy test (Experiment 1) and film tasks (Experiment 2); at the same time, use accountability instructions (Experiment 1), the age-related events (Experiment 2) to manipulate interaction motivation. The results showed that emotional empathy was significantly higher in older adults than in younger adults, regardless of whether interaction motivation was elicited. In terms of cognitive empathy, when there is no motivation, the cognitive empathy of older adults is significantly lower than that of younger adults. When the interaction motivation is stimulated, the cognitive empathy of older adults is no less than that of younger adults. This suggested that empathic aging in older adults was not a permanent decline in cognitive empathy, but rather a decline in interaction motivation, supporting the selective engagement hypothesis.

Climate Change, Fire and Human Activity Drive Vegetation Change during the Last Eight Millennia in the Xistral Mountains of NW Iberia

An 8500-year record of high-resolution pollen, non-pollen palynomorph, microscopic charcoal and selected geochemical data (Ti, Zr and Pb) is presented from an ombrotrophic mire from the Xistral Mountains, Galicia, North-West Iberia. The results suggest that vegetation changes over the last eight millennia are primarily the result of human disturbance, fire and climate change. Climate and fire were the main factors influencing vegetation development during the early to mid-Holocene, including a short-lived decline in forest cover c. 8.2 cal. ka BP. Changes associated with the 4.2 and 2.8 cal. Ka BP events are less well defined. Human impact on vegetation became more pronounced by the late Holocene with major periods of forest disturbance from c. 3.1 cal. ka BP onwards: during the end of Metal Ages, Roman period and culminating in the permanent decline of deciduous forests in the post-Roman period, as agriculture and metallurgy intensified, leading to the creation of a cultural landscape. Climate change appears to become less influential as human activity dominates during the Late Holocene.

Simulating Tax Effects on Economic Activities in Sierra Leone: A DSGE Framework

"In order to analyse the macroeconomic effects of changes in the marginal tax rate on cyclical fluctuations in Sierra Leone, we created a DSGE model that evaluates the macroeconomic impact of three tax instruments (i.e., consumption, income, and capital). The model is calibrated with parameter values that reflect the peculiarities and representative tax structure of the Sierra Leone economy. We found that; a 5% increase in consumption tax rate causes a distortionary effect on output, consumption, and investment (in the short-run), while in the long-run output contract by 3.1%, with a permanent decline in consumption and investment. Whilst, fiscal revenues increase in the dynamic short run, 15%, higher than it previous steady-state value. On the other hand, a simulation of a 5% reduction in consumption tax, labour income tax, and capital income tax from the current rates shows a positive impact on consumption and investment as such output grows permanently by 8.45%, but fiscal revenues decrease marginally by 1.7%. The key point in the analysis is that in Sierra Leone tax changes have distortionary effects on the decisions of individuals and firms, affecting output, investment, consumption, and fiscal revenues. As such tax policy can alter economic behaviour in profound ways. We observed that fluctuations in tax rates produce large substitution effects that alter investment & consumption decisions and have distortionary effect on the behaviour of economic agents. The results suggest that the authorities should synchronize policies to manage the trade-off between the desire for more welfare gains, output growth, and the need for more fiscal revenue mobilization."

ПОЛІТИКА ЧЕСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ЩОДО БІЖЕНЦІВ РОСІЙСЬКО- УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ: ГОЛОВНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА НОВІ ВИКЛИКИ

Based on a wide range of sources, the article analyzes the Czech Republic’s policy towards Ukrainian forced migrants in the context of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, its features, key factors and dynamics of development. It is emphasized that during the war, this Central European country proved to be one of Ukraine’s best allies, consistently demonstrating comprehensive support in the international arena, in the political, military and humanitarian spheres. It has accepted a large number of war refugees, offered them financial assistance, housing, jobs, medical insurance, the opportunity to continue their children’s education, and successfully coped with the largest wave of refugees in its history, becoming the third country by the number of migrants accepted. The article examines changes in migration policy in light of new challenges, its political and social context, positive and negative effects, and the essence of the draft law Lex Ukrajina I-V (five versions), which regulates the mechanism of temporary protection and the refugee support system. The author emphasizes the important role of public associations and Ukrainian-language media, which were established in the Czech Republic and significantly facilitate the stay of Ukrainians in a foreign country, assist in initial orientation and adaptation. It covers the legal status, integration potential and problems Ukrainian migrants face in everyday life, as well as the prospects of their return to their homeland. The author emphasizes the increasingly important role of Ukrainians in the development of the Czech economy and society. Based on the analysis of research conducted by Czech scholars, the article examines the attitude of Czech citizens to the development of the situation in Ukraine, the actions of the authorities regarding the Ukrainian issue and anti-Russian sanctions. The author notes a fairly high level of public solidarity but at the same time a gradual decline in its readiness to support Ukraine against the background of a permanent decline in sympathy for Russians and antipathy for Ukrainians.

Overview of the Average Amount of Fluid Expelled by Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy for The Last 3 Month and Its Review According to the Islamic View

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical condition characterized by a slowly progressive and permanent decline in kidney function. One of the renal failure therapy facilities that can be chosen is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD). Patients with CAPD can perform dialysis independently, but there are several factors that affect the ability in CAPD so that the balance of the amount of dialysate fluid expenditure is disturbed. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CAPD therapy based on a review of the average amount of fluid released during therapy during the last 3 months This retrospective study was a descriptive cross-sectional study using a consecutive sampling technique, where the researcher reviewed primary data based on respondents' answers to the questionnaire and secondary data from the CAPD therapy patient diary. The results showed Based on demographic analysis we can conclude that 27 respondents (60%) are male, 43 respondents (95.56%) were in the age range 20-60 years, 42 respondents (93.33%) were Muslim, 30 respondents (66.6%) are Javanese, 21 respondents (46.7%) have a high school education, 23 respondents (51.11%) are workers with 24 respondents (53.3%) not willing to answer the income earned for a month. The average weight and height of the respondents respectively was 66.67 kg (SD 12.8) and 163.69 cm (SD 7.39). Analysis of the characteristics of respondents' CAPD therapy found 22 respondents (48.89%) had undergone therapy for 1-3 years, 39 respondents (86.67%) used combination fluids with 23 respondents excreting an average of 800-1000 fluids per day. 29 respondents (64%) admitted had experienced the amount of fluid that came out less with the most felt symptom was edema (31%). On the other hand, 38 respondents (84.4%) claimed to have experienced more fluid discharge with no symptoms (79%).

Relationship of Albumin Concentrations with Sodium, Potassium, in CAPD (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis) Patients at PHC Hospital Surabaya

Kidney failure is caused by a permanent decline in kidney function and requires renal replacement therapy, one of which is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD). This study aimed to determine the relationship between albumin concentrations and sodium and potassium concentrations in CAPD patients. The study was carried out between January to May 2022. Cross-sectional research methodology is used in this study. It included 60 chronic kidney failure patients who had CAPD as therapy at PHC Surabaya Hospital. Then, patients were divided into three groups with an age interval of 40-50 years, 51-60 years, and 61-70 years in. The results of grouping CAPD patients according to the characteristics based on the age of CAPD patients aged 61-70 years had low albumin concentrations and low sodium concentrations A total of 12 people (66.67%), patients with large CAPD aged 51-60 years, had low albumin and potassium concentrations, namely 11 people (61.11%). CAPD patients aged 51-60 years mostly had low albumin and sodium concentrations in 13 people (72.22%). the conclusion is that in patients with renal failure on CAPD therapy, there is a decrease in albumin and sodium-potassium concentrations due to peritonitis (inflammation) which is associated with a measurable excess of fluid (overhydration) which causes more dilute sodium, causing hyponatremia and hypokalemia.

Should we revive PAYG? On the optimal pension system in view of current economic trends

Over the last decades, we have generally seen a gradual shift from pay-as-you-go (PAYG) to funding to finance pensions. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework that includes three models of pension design, allowing us to study the role of efficiency, redistribution, and time-consistency in pension policies. We use these models to analyse the impact of several trends (a permanent decline in the rate of return on financial markets, a decline in the average rate of economic growth, decreased output volatility and increased capital market volatility) on the optimal balance between PAYG and funding. Although the models lead to similar qualitative results, general conclusions cannot easily be drawn as the various trends work in opposite directions. A numerical simulation experiment with a calibrated version of the time-consistent model shows that it may be wise to halt the shift towards more funding. There is insufficient evidence however to call for a real revival of PAYG.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE OF INTERNAL DISCOMFORT OF INVESTIGATORS WITH DIFFERENT WORK EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF THEIR CORRECTION

In the conditions of socio-economic transformation that takes place in Ukraine, to personality increase requirements are pulled out, foremost to the sphere of her activity in the different spheres of activity and communication. The important cell of development of personality is her professional activity, the conflict experiencing within the limits of that can be related to strong negative emotional tension, sense of internal discomfort. Especially it touches professional activity of investigator, when the protracted emotional tension can negatively influence on quality of implementation of functional duties, on the acceptance of judicial decisions that is always related to internal persuasion and often results in the different forms of the negative emotional states, including to internal discomfort. Frequency of display of the negative emotional states results in converting of them into the permanent background of professional life. For prevention of the similar professional burning down, actual are credible prognostication of the negative emotional states and their prophylaxis in professional activity of investigator, that runs across in the changed terms that differ from ordinary. The indicated aspect of problem was partly examined in industry of medicopsychology in the context of psychology of cooperation of doctor and patient, features of professional activity of medical workers and socialpsychological factors of her efficiency, however out of limits of scientific reconnaissance there is personality of investigator with individual properties of the emotional reacting on professionally meaningful situations. The aim of the article consists in the empiric study of dynamics of the states of emotional discomfort in investigators with different experience and development of recommendations from adjustment work. Thus, emotional discomfort as constituent of internal conflict of investigator, examined by us as distorting the emotional balance, thatexposes descriptions of the dominant negative emotional state, and is characterized subjective bad quarter of a hour. The specific of decisionmaking by investigators under act of emotional discomfort consists in that negative emotions are characterized greater intensity, than positive, they are directed internally and often enough does not have external expression. A general tendency consists in that for investigators with the high level of emotional discomfort absent sense of pleasure life, emotional tension, anxiety, constraint, uncertainty, mental instability, is diagnosed. In addition, for them a tendency is watched to the permanent decline of mood, origin of the state of apathy, emotional stuck on the failures; absent ability to listen to itself and feelings, inadequate perception of different vital situations (the dramatic effect of perception rises) is developed. Psychological diagnostics empiric confirmed the special psychological status of fifth year of stay in position of investigator in relation to forming of internal discomfort. This period of becoming of personality of investigator as a professional is original psychological Rubicon, that comes forward as a guarantor of adaptation of personality to the terms of stay in the difficult stressful terms of labour or, vice versa, without corresponding psychological accompaniment, passing of service can create terms for disharmonious development of personality. In a term 5 to works in investigative agencies has place substantial change of internal of constituents toward the increase of internal comfort.