Permanent Components Research Articles

Rehabilitation of a Severe Anterior Ridge Defect with a Fixed-Removable Prosthesis

Significant anterior ridge abnormalities might be difficult to restore with prosthesis. To attain good speech and aesthetics necessitate not only the restoration of the missing teeth but also the closure of the problematic region. One recommended treatment option for individuals with substantial ridge abnormalities is the Andrews bridge which is a fixed-removable prosthesis. The prosthesis correctly replaces the missing teeth and corrects the ridge defect area and restore speech and appearance. A 35-year-old female patient reported with the principal complaint of spacing in her lower front teeth and difficulty in phonetics and poor appearance. On clinical examination spacing was seen in the maxillary central incisors along with pro-clination and 31,32,33,41,42,43 teeth were missing and the edentulous defect area was coming under Seibert's Class III category. Rehabilitation of such defect with an Andrews bridge described in this case report, which used natural teeth as abutments for its permanent component and a detachable superstructure.

Modelling the growth and cyclical effects of international remittances in Fiji

ABSTRACT We model the trend/permanent and cyclical associations between international remittances and GDP using annual data from Fiji from 1979 to 2020. An extended co-feature methodology which incorporates asymmetric effects in the cyclical models is used. The findings indicate a significant and positive association between the permanent components of remittances and GDP. The cyclical associations suggest that an increase in remittances is negatively associated with negative GDP shocks in recessions providing some support for its function as an insurance mechanism. Positive shocks to remittances are not associated with positive GDP shocks suggesting that remittances may not contribute to an overheating economy. The findings stress the importance of cyclicality in the association between remittances and GDP. Policymakers benefit with information on how remittances influence economic activity in different phases of the business cycle.

347 Quantifying phenotypic and genetic variation for cow fertility phenotypes in American Simmentals using total herd reporting data

Abstract Inefficiencies in reproduction are the largest drivers of loss in United States beef production. Nearly all reproductive traits are at least modestly heritable, making genetic selection and improvement possible over the long term. Cow-centric reproductive traits present unique challenges, as they are not expressed in male animals and will not be observed until later in the productive life of a female, if at all. This makes cow-centric fertility traits ideal candidates for selection with Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs). We used a commercially generated dataset from the American Simmental Association (ASA) to explore the phenotypic and genetic variation in these traits. The dataset comprised Total Herd Enrollment (THE) records, which required unbiased reporting of enrollment, calving, and disposal for 303,158 females (132,403 cows and 170,755 heifers). Using the THE data, we calculated three continuous and two discrete traits that are indicators of heifer and cow fertility and rebreeding ability. These traits were: 1) calving date (calving date of the cow relative to the start of the calving season), 2) calving interval (days between calves), 3) first calving interval (calving interval observation between the first and second calving record for a female), 4) heifer pregnancy (did the animal calve as 2-yr-old?), and 5) discrete early calving (did animal calve in the first 30 d of the calving season?). We observed a significant difference in calving date in mature cows that calved in the first 30 d of the calving season of their contemporary group as heifers compared with those that calved later (Table 1). Early calving heifers averaged a nearly 10 d sooner calving date throughout their productive lives compared with those that calved after 30 d as heifers (29.9 d vs. 40.2 d, P-value < 0.01). We used a combined pedigree and genomic approach, implemented in GIBBSF90+, to estimate genetic, environmental, and permanent environmental variance components. We estimated heritabilities of 0.24 (± 0.037215) for heifer pregnancy, 0.06 (± 0.009265) for calving date, 0.07 (± 0.015451) for discrete early calving, 0.04 (± 0.003954) for calving interval, and 0.04 (± 0.009604) for first calving interval. We observed positive phenotypic and genetic correlations between these traits, ranging from 0.01 to 0.96 (Table 2). This work provides an extensive population survey of phenotypic trends in reproductive performance and management in a large seedstock population. The heritable nature of the inspected traits motivates further work in understanding their genetic architectures and how they are affected by heterosis in crossbreeding programs.

Assessing time-varying risk in China’s GDP growth

This paper employs a novel approach to model the conditional distribution of China’s GDP growth with time-varying location, scale, and shape parameters. By decomposing the parameters into permanent and transitory components and introducing a series of macroeconomic variables, this study examines the factors that influence the time-varying risks of China’s GDP growth. The findings suggest a significant difference between permanent and transitory changes in the Chinese economy and show that macroeconomic variables impact all three moments. Despite being occasionally susceptible to adverse downside risks, China’s economy exhibits strong resilience and rapid recovery.

Income and consumption inequality trends: a comparative analysis between paid employees and the self-employed

This paper aims to analyze trends in income and consumption inequality for paid and self-employed households and examine to what extent changes in aggregate consumption and income inequality can be explained by changes in their permanent and transitory components over time using data from the Italian Survey of Household Wealth (SHIW) covering the period 1989-2016. The results obtained from the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis reveal differences in consumption and income inequality, as well as their permanent and transitory components, between self-employed and payroll households. In particular, self-employed households experience higher levels of both income and consumption inequality, the increase in total income and consumption inequality is mainly driven by an increase in its transitory component. Furthermore, findings from other descriptive measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, the variance of the log, 90th/10th, and 50th/10th percentile ratios, support the notion that income inequality is higher than consumption inequality across all groups, with self-employed households exhibiting a more pronounced difference.

Influence of Ba content on magnetic properties of the Sr0.4-xBaxLa0.4Ca0.2Fe10.8Co0.2O19 hexaferrite from recycled rare-earth tailings

We synthesized Sr0.4-xBaxLa0.4Ca0.2Fe10.8Co0.2O19 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) through a solid-phase reaction. In this study, the strontium-barium mixed eutectic powders derived from rare earth tailings were used as alternative sources of strontium and barium sources to synthesize M-phase hexaferrite. All the samples have a single M-phase hexaferrite phase and magnetoplumbite structure. The magnetic properties and their correlation with the structure were investigated through magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The sample with x=0.03 has the optimal magnetic properties at room temperature. This enhancement can be attributed to the combined substitution of Sr2+-Ba2+ ions affecting the 4 f1 site, thereby positively influencing the magnetic properties. The coercivity of the permanent magnet component prepared from the magnetic powder with optimal magnetic properties reaches 356 kA/m. This work provides the possible applications of the ferrite derived from rare-earth tailings.

Research on the minimum detection limit for measuring high-purity gases by gas chromatography

Abstract At present, the application fields of high-purity gases (purity reached 99.999% and above) include the semiconductor manufacturing industry, chemical analysis, fuel cells, aerospace, medicine, etc., and the quality and purity requirements of high-purity gases are also getting higher and higher. As the only detector that can detect ppb-level trace impurities, the pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (PDHID) is the most used detector in the field of high-purity gases. The minimum detection limit of existing PDHID-related analysis methods is usually calculated theoretically. In order to verify the actual minimum detection limit of PDHID, a multi-group gas distribution system was used in this paper to dilute the permanent gas components in the high-purity gas, and the gas chromatograph with pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (GC-PDHID) was used to detect the obtained different concentrations of standard gases. The experimental results showed that PDHID possessed high sensitivity, good linearity, and a wide linear range. The actual minimum detection limit for the permanent gas components in the high-purity gas could reach the ng/g (ppb) level, which could realize the detection of ultra-low concentration samples, and further verify the actual minimum detection limit of PDHID. This experiment provides a reference basis for the analysis of trace gases in the gas industry, especially in industries such as high-purity and ultra-high-purity gases and gas for the electronics industry, and is of great significance in actual production work.

What Do Long Data Tell Us about the Permanent Component of Inflation?

Is postwar data enough to estimate the permanent component of inflation? We find that it is not for episodes of sudden and large inflation spikes like the one observed after the COVID-19 pandemic because such episodes are rare in the prewar sample (the inflation of the 1980s took 15 years to develop). However, prewar data is rich in sudden inflation spikes, thus providing useful information. Estimates using data over the period 1900-2022 predict that the permanent component of inflation increased by only 1.3 percentage points from 2019-2022 but by 5.0 percentage points when estimated using 1955-2022 data.

Modeling sovereign credit default swaps volatility at different tenures: An application for Latin American countries

Assessing the dynamics of risk premium measures and their relationship with macroeconomic fundamentals is essential for macroeconomic policymakers and market practitioners. This study analyzes the main determinants of sovereign credit default swaps (SCDS) in Latin America at different tenures, focusing on their volatility. Using a component generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model, it decomposes volatility into permanent and transitory components. It finds that the permanent component of SCDS volatility in all tenures was higher and more persistent during the Global Financial Crisis than during the recent coronavirus shock.

Do supercycles dominate commodity price movements?

This study utilizes a frequency domain approach to decompose the prices of 21 primary commodities into transitory, supercycle, and permanent components from 1900 to 2022. The results reveal the presence of four heterogenous supercycles, with an average duration of 24 years. These cycles, however, contribute only modestly to price variability while the permanent component contributes the most. The paper also shows that different commodities are consistent with various theories of price movements, including Engel's law, Hotelling's rule, and Schumpeter's cyclicality (or Kondratieff's waves).

Growth processes of Triticum durum Dest. on the formaldehyde concentration gradient in microcosmic models

Under modern conditions, against the background of military invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, there is an increase in threats to ecological security of the state, including as a result of violation of technological regime of operation of numerous potentially dangerous objects. Particular attention should be paid to such impurities as suspended substances (aerosols, dust), carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, the concentrations of which in the air have been rapidly increasing recently. Formaldehyde is one of the most well-known air pollutants, which is a permanent component of the atmosphere. The average content of formaldehyde in the air in the cities of Ukraine in the pre-war period exceeded the maximum permissible concentration. Its significant growth depends significantly on meteorological conditions. In comparison with other impurities, a clear seasonal dynamics is manifested with an increase in concentration in the summer period. The course of monthly concentrations of formaldehyde varies depending on the air temperature and the intensity of direct solar radiation on a horizontal surface. The article summarizes scientific data on specifics of formaldehyde effect on the growth processes of Triticum durum Dest. Phytotesting was carried out by forming microcultivators and planting calibrated seeds of Favorit wheat in them. The subject of the study was coleoptiles (model objects sensitive to the influence of exogenous factors, separated from three-day-old ethylated seedlings). Based on application of microcosm models method, it is shown inhibition of the growth of the aerial part of T. durum Dest. seedlings on the formaldehyde concentration gradient, which affects the growth rate of coleoptiles. It was established that the growth of coleoptiles decreases with increasing concentration. It is substantiated that the value of the effective concentration (EC50) is 0.875 MPC. Inhibition of T. durum Dest. seed germination at the formaldehyde concentration gradient under the influence of all studied concentrations was shown. The smallest percentage of germinated seeds (5.6%) was found at a concentration that corresponds to the maximum permissible one. The reaction of wheat seeds to the concentration of formaldehyde, corresponding to 0.1 MPC and 2 MPC, was almost the same (28.6% and 30.3%, respectively). The highest percentage of seed germination (82.2%) was observed under the influence of formaldehyde at a concentration of 0.5 MPC.

Geothermally activated mixed‐in‐place walls as permanent components of a sustainable energy system: case history

AbstractGeothermal activation of geotechnical construction elements facilitates the storage of renewable energy. During summer, solar energy is captured, stored underground, and subsequently utilized for winter building heating. In addition, the sustainable approach by using the mixed‐in‐place (MIP) method reduces carbon emissions and transportation burdens already during construction phase. The method‘s granular interlocking ensures efficient heat transfer to geothermal probes. Integrating geothermal activation right from the planning phase into building technology enables seamless incorporation. The synergy of geothermal activation and the MIP technique not only cultivates eco‐friendly building concepts but also mitigates environmental impact across the entirety of a building‘s lifecycle. Geothermal activation and MIP can be applied to large‐scale infrastructure projects, enhancing sustainability.

Genetic evaluation of crossbred Bos indicus cow temperament at parturition.

Cow temperament at parturition may be mostly a measure of aggressiveness. The heritability of cow temperament at parturition in Bos taurus cows has been reported to be low. The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of cow temperament at parturition, conduct a genome-wide association analysis of cow temperament at the time of parturition, and estimate the correspondence of cow temperament at the time of parturition with cow productive performance and early-life temperament traits in Bos indicus crossbreds. Cow temperament was assessed from 1 to 5 indicating increasing levels of aggressiveness of cows (937 cows and 4,337 parturitions) from 2005 to 2022. Estimates of heritability and repeatability were 0.12 ± 0.024 and 0.24 ± 0.018. The estimates of proportion of phenotypic variance were 0.13 ± 0.019 and 0.02 ± 0.011 for permanent and maternal permanent environmental components, respectively. Estimates of heritability for maximum lifetime temperament score and proportions of temperament scores >1 were 0.18 ± 0.07 and 0.13 ± 0.072. Within cycles (generations), 2-yr-old cows had lower temperament score means than cows in most other age categories. There were low to moderate positive estimates of unadjusted correlation coefficients (r = 0.22 to 0.29; P < 0.05) of unadjusted temperament score with temperament measured on the same females when they were 8 mo old. There were low to moderate positive estimates of correlation coefficients (r = 0.09 to 0.37; P < 0.05) of unadjusted temperament score with calving rate, weaning rate, weaning weight per cow exposed, and weaning weight per 454kg cow weight at weaning. Cows with the lowest temperament score had lower (P < 0.05) calving and weaning rate than cows in other temperament categories. Within 3 of 5 cycles, cows with the lowest temperament score (totally docile) had lower (P < 0.05) weaning weight per cow exposed than cows in other temperament categories. There were 2 SNP on BTA 4 associated with maximum lifetime temperament score (FDR < 0.05). The non-genetic influence of a cow's mother was documented in her own temperament measured at the time of calving; this may be a consequence of learned behavior. Less aggressiveness displayed by cows at the time of calving may be accompanied by lower reproductive and maternal performance.

A model for enterprise resource planning implementation in the Saudi public sector organizations

Studies dedicated to user's adoption, acceptance, and use of IT have been rampant since the advent of computers and IT. Therefore, it becomes essential to assess the value of IT to organizations and to understand the determinants of such value in terms of acceptance, integration, and technology use. In this regard, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) adoption remains challenging for professionals and practitioners alike. Previous research neglected many vital factors, such as user involvement (participation, engagement, and resilience) and environmental factors (change management, competitiveness, and pandemic pressure). Therefore, this study aims to identify the most significant factors that influence the successful adoption of ERP and propose a conceptual model. The Technology Acceptance Model with DeLone and McLean Information Success Models were the base for the study. The findings of this study reveal a conceptual model that facilitates the successful adoption of ERP systems. Through the identification of critical factors, one factor emerged as a permanent component in the adoption process. This conceptual model provides valuable insights for organizations seeking to implement and adopt ERP systems effectively. The study's findings offer valuable insights for firms pursuing long-term economic success through ERP adoption. Understanding the influencing factors enables efficient and effective deployment. Implications are relevant to organizations, ERP vendors, and decision-makers, guiding informed decision-making and prioritizing success factors.

Трансформація комунікаційної політики для забезпечення резильєнтності підприємств роздрібної торгівлі

The communication policy of a trade enterprise always depends on the general goals of the enterprise, but it is impossible to consider the communications of a trade enterprise as a permanent component. Communication policy is a moving thing, it is constantly influenced by internal and external factors, which gives impetus to the company’s marketers to constantly adjust it to modern market requirements. The aim of the article is to determine the resilience of marketing strategies of trade enterprises in relation to communication and advertising activities under the influence of macro factors. We include the following macro factors: the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale military aggression of the russian federation from 24.02.2022 onward. We analyzed the relevant literature and found that the impact of general macro factors on the marketing strategy of trade enterprises is mostly incomprehensible and unpredictable, which requires new approaches to marketing activities. In particular, modern open sources and scientific literature do not sufficiently examine the methods and technologies of retailers in the communication strategy under the influence of stress and crisis. The study of contemporary behavior in the communication policy of trade enterprises in the market, including the growth of online commerce, has led to a shift in emphasis to digital advertising, which promotes sales via the Internet. Advertisers are actively working to promote products and services that can be purchased online. The pandemic has created many uncertainties, and advertisers have proven to be more flexible and ready to adapt quickly to changes in economic and social conditions. Particular attention should be paid to the advertising activities of trade enterprises during the wartime, that can become a significant challenge and require a careful approach. The warime creates its own unique challenges for businesses and marketers, and it is important to consider ethical and social aspects in advertising campaigns. We have summarized the aspects of the influence of external factors on the advertising activities of trade enterprises during the wartime. Since most retail sales still take place offline, trade marketers are reviewing the in-store experience, trying to combine the reach of physical retail with the involvement of digital channels, actively implementing in-store media communication. An effective in-store retail media strategy isn’t as simple as adding advertising around the store. This strategy requires technology to collect and analyze customer data, including where the customer went to in the store (particular departments), how much time they spent and what they did in there. It is necessary to thoroughly work out a map of buyer behavior. In the course of the study, the key components of advertising technologies in stores were identified, which should be considered in order to collect high-quality marketing information on consumer behavior, and subsequently – to convey advertising information to them at a specific point of sale. It is concluded that in the future, it will be extremely important for stores to apply a seamless omnichannel customer experience at the point of sale. Numerous studies demonstrate the positive impact of technology in retail on the customer journey to the store, as well as the customer journey in the store, from product selection to payment for purchase. Further development of communication strategies of retail trade enterprises envisages the use of modern technologies, the involvement of artificial intelligence and the improvement of customer service methods in trading floors.

Impacto do surto de COVID-19 nos ratings de crédito: aplicação da abordagem through-the-cycle

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze how the COVID-19 crisis has affected the determinants and predictability of the domestic credit rating issued by Fitch Ratings in Argentina. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the effects of credit rating agencies using the through-the-cycle method. Given the subjective nature of credit rating categorization, researchers have developed models for explaining and predicting credit ratings. This subjectivity is significant during economic events. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether the factors that determine and predict credit ratings remained consistent before and during the COVID-19 crisis. This paper contributes significantly to understanding how the application of the through-the-cycle method affects the determinants and predictability of credit ratings in economic crises. Theapplication of the through-the-cycle method by credit rating agencies as a criterion during the COVID-19 crisis resulted in a breakdown of the usual correlation between determinants and credit rating. Understanding whether variables are permanent or transitory components is crucial for investors and borrowers to anticipate credit rating changes during economic downturns. The dependent variables are the long-term domestic credit rating categories. The independent variables are derived from the Fitch Ratings credit rating methodology and the literature, which includes quantitative and qualitative variables. The statistical methods used are ordinal logistic regression, generalized ordinal logistic regression, and support vector machines. The COVID-19 crisis was considered a transitory event due to the application of the through-the-cycle approach by rating agencies. During the pandemic, specific determinants of credit ratings are not considered due to their transitory nature. The study identifies interest coverage ratio and competitive position as transitory components. This approach led to less predictability but a more stable credit rating.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗПОДІЛУ МАКРО- ТА МІКРОПЛАСТИКУ В МЕЖАХ ПЛЯЖЕВИХ ЗОН ВНУТРІШНЬОКОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНИХ МОРІВ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПЛЯЖЕВОЇ ЗОНИ М. ЮЖНЕ, УКРАЇНА)

Background. Suburban beaches within the Ukrainian coast of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea, taking into account the density of industrial and social infrastructure, the proximity to the confluence of large rivers with significant catchment areas into the sea, are indicative of objects for carrying out regulatory studies of the distribution of plastic waste and microplastics in the components of the environment . Methods. The regularities of the distribution of plastic waste and microplastics within the coastal zone of the north-western part of the Black Sea were determined using the example of test sites in the city of Yuzhne (Odesa region, Ukraine). To analyze the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the synthetic material and to determine the features of its formation, distribution and accumulation in the coastal zone, the method of filtering water flows of the surface runoff was used. Visual analysis of plastic polymers was performed and their types were determined using spectroscopy and OPUS 7.5 software. Results. The results of Raman spectroscopy studies proved that the majority of selected samples of macro- and microplastics are represented by polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene. It has been confirmed that the main part of the plastic has a high migration capacity within the coastal areas, which is determined by the transport of runoff during periods of wave activity and the absence of a permanent component in the sand layer within the beach. It was determined that for different dimensional categories of plastic fragments, their species composition changes radically. Polymeric synthetic objects larger than 1 cm are represented mainly by polypropylene, polystyrene, and high-density polyethylene products. In the category of finer dimensions of plastic fragments, both the species spectrum of polymers and their belonging to different economic segments of use is expanding. Synthetic fibers, which make up the majority of objects of the smallest particle size fraction - less than 0.1 mm - are present everywhere and in significant quantitative composition. Conclusions. Research shows that the parameters of the coastline (width, length, slope, shape, presence of vegetation, anthropogenic variability), hydrogen processes and the geological structure of the coastal zone have a significant impact on the formation of the conditions for the accumulation of plastics and microplastics. In order to further study the factors influencing the pollution of the beach area by plastic products and microplastics, monitoring studies are needed within the presented test areas.

Development of a T-Joint Welding Fixture for Enhanced Friction Stir Welding Performance

Welding, a crucial manufacturing process across various industries, involves forming permanent component joints. Friction stir welding (FSW), an efficient technique is employed for this purpose. FSW requires a fixture to securely hold the workpiece during welding, ensuring precise alignment, minimal deformation and effective heat dissipation. This work focuses on designing a fixture tailored for T-joint configuration FSW of aluminum alloys. Initial concept design was refined for optimal performance with material selection (Mild Steel and EN8) based on requirements. Real-time welding conditions were considered for analysis, leading to the choice of EN8 due to reduced deformation. This paper outlines the steps involved in designing, analyzing and manufacturing a T-joint welding fixture, guaranteeing proper alignment, clamping and heat management during welding.

Methodology for sea level rise hazard assessment in the exposed coastal zone of the Portuguese mainland

Future scenarios of sea level rise in Portugal are expected to put at risk sensitive areas from a natural and urban point of view. This research proposes a methodology for the assessment of sea level rise Hazard zones using the evaluation of permanent and episodic components as important factors to predict flooding and coastal erosion hazards for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 1, 2 and 5 scenarios, in 2040, 2070 and 2100.

Sweetness and light: computation of the rotational spectra of proto-saccharides

To date, four C 2 H 4 O 2 isomers have been identified in the interstellar medium: acetic acid, glycolaldehyde, methyl formate, and (Z)-1,2-ethenediol. The detection of these species raises the question of whether other related carbohydrates could be present in similar astrophysical environments. In this study, we report a systematic investigation of six C 2 H 4 O 2 isomers not previously observed spectroscopically in space: anti-(1)-, (2)- and (3)- CH 2 = CHOOH , methyldioxirane, and anti- and syn-(2S)-oxiran-2-ol. For each species, we employ coupled-cluster theory at the AE-CCSD(T)/cc-pCVQZ level to provide accurate equilibrium parameters, rotational constants, quartic centrifugal distortion parameters, and permanent electric dipole moment components. Anharmonic force fields were determined within vibrational perturbation theory to second order and evaluated using the MP2 method, thus allowing the evaluation of vibrational corrections. These computations provided, as a by-product, sextic centrifugal distortion constants. Rotational spectra have subsequently been simulated in the millimeter/submillimeter-wave frequency for the first time. It is hoped and anticipated that the accurate theoretical rovibrational spectral data presented herein will aid in experimental investigations of these title molecules in the interstellar medium.