Periwinkle Shell Ash Research Articles

Utilization of quarry dust and periwinkle shell ash in concrete production.

The usage of plentiful raw discarded resources in the manufacturing of concrete has proven to be a sustainable and environmentally beneficial method of making concrete for a variety of purposes. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of concrete made by partially and fully substituting fine aggregates and ordinary Portland cement with periwinkle shell ash and quarry dust (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 100%), respectively, were examined. The ratio of water to cement utilized for the concrete mixture, 1:2:4, was 0.60. Fresh concrete underwent a slump test, and then 150-mm cubes of cured concrete were subjected to density, compressive strength tests, and morphological and structural property characterizations. The concrete without the waste materials gave an optimum compressive strength of 22.9 N/mm2 as opposed to those that were partially replaced, having 18.8-15.1 N/mm2. The concrete samples with full replacements of periwinkle shell ash and quarry dust have compressive strengths lower than 13.8 N/mm2. All the concrete samples produced with partial and full replacements are in the class of normal concrete, but only those with partial replacements of up to 20% can be utilized for load-bearing and non-load-bearing applications. Opting for these alternative waste materials implies taking steps towards creating a cleaner and healthier planet for now and the future.

Use of Egg Shell Powder and Periwinkle Shell Ash to Strengthen the Engineering Properties of Clayey Soil

Recently, the stabilization of clayey soil (CS) has drawn the attention of numerous researchers. In the past, Egg Shell Powder (ESP) and Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) were individually tested for their ability to stabilize clayey soil. The author has attempted to stabilize the clayey soil by combining the two of them. The goal of the current study was to compare the efficacy of various eggshell powder and periwinkle shell ash concentrations as soil stabilizers. Testing procedures include the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Atterberg limits, Unconfined Compression Test (UCS), and compaction tests on the mixture of clayey soil, eggshell powder and periwinkle shell ash. In this study, ESP and PSA were used as soil stabilizers. PSA was varied (i.e., 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%) after ESP was fixed at 12% utilizing index properties testing. The current study aims to evaluate the increase in the strength and stability qualities in soft subgrade soil by stabilizing it first with ESP and then reinforcing it with PSA. It was found that curing time, eggshell powder, and periwinkle shell ash concentration all significantly affected the engineering qualities of the stabilized soil. The findings demonstrated that increasing eggshell powder content increased unconfined compression strength and California bearing ratio values up to a certain point and then decreased slightly. On the other hand, the strength attributes described increased as periwinkle shell ash concentration increased. Additionally, it was found that the stabilized soil samples' strength properties had been significantly improved by the curing period. Key Words: Atterberg limits, CBR, Compaction test, Eggshell Powder, Periwinkle Shell Ash

Development of PSA@PS-TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst: structure, mechanism, and application using response surface designs and molecular modeling.

Using periwinkle shell ash (PSA) and polystyrene (PS), a new-fangled PSA@PS-TiO2 photocatalyst was fabricated. The morphological images of all the samples studied using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) showed a size distribution of 50-200 nm for all samples. The SEM-EDX showed that the membrane substrate of PS was well dispersed, confirming the presence of anatase/rutile phases of TiO2, and Ti and O2 were the major composites. Given the very rough surface morphology (atomic force microscopy (AFM)) due to PSA, the main crystal phases (XRD) of TiO2 (rutile and anatase), low bandgap (UVDRS), and beneficial functional groups (FTIR-ATR), the 2.5 wt.% of PSA@PS-TiO2 exhibited better photocatalytic efficiency for methyl orange degradation. The photocatalyst, pH, and initial concentration were investigated and the PSA@PS-TiO2 was reused for five cycles with the same efficiency. Regression modeling predicted 98% efficiency and computational modeling showed a nucleophilic initial attack initiated by a nitro group. Therefore, PSA@PS-TiO2 nanocomposite is an industrially promising photocatalyst for treating azo dyes, particularly, methyl orange from an aqueous solution.

Optimization and Modeling of Cyanide Removal from Cassava Waste Water Using Calcined and Activated Adsorbent Mixtures of Oyster Shell and Periwinkle Shell Ash

Cyanide, a toxic compound found in cassava wastewater which on frequent basis is discharged to the environment poses danger to the ecosystem; this research work aims to curb this menace. Temperature, pH, dosage, contact time, adsorbent mixture ratio and initial concentration were optimized using CCD on periwinkle-oyster shells composite mixtures for activated and also, calcined adsorbents on the cyanide adsorption from cassava wastewater. Three RSM models (linear, 2FI and quadratic) were applied to study, optimize and predict this adsorption process. ANOVA showed that quadratic model best predicted the processes for both the activated and calcined adsorbents having R2 values of 0.9678, CV% of 15.51% for the activated and R2 values of 0.9550, CV% of 18.54% for the calcined composite adsorbent. Surface and contour plots were generated to study the interaction between the adsorption parameters and cyanide adsorption. Results from this study also show that pH and initial cyanide concentration were the most determining factors of the adsorption process for both adsorbent samples with the highest adsorption capacity of 96.648% and 96.112% obtained for the activated and calcined composite adsorbent respectively. Numerical optimization was carried out and the confirmation test on the analyzed best-fit quadratic models yielded actual adsorption efficiency of 90.174% as against the predicted adsorption efficiency of 89.83% for the activated and actual adsorption efficiency of 82.274% as against the predicted adsorption efficiency of 83.475% for the calcined composite adsorbent hence, confirms that both activated and calcined adsorbents of oyster-periwinkle shells composite mixture is effective for cyanide adsorption from cassava wastewater and the RSM models were effective to optimize and predict the process.

Photoadsorption and reaction mechanism of periwinkle shell ash in the removal of hazardous dye

AbstractCombined adsorption and photocatalysis synergy was explored in this research because the porosity of activated carbon and hydroxyl radicals' generation are the main drivers of the adsorption and photodecomposition efficiency of dyes. In this study, periwinkle shell ash (PSA) activated at 800 °C was used for the adsorption of toxic crystal violet (CRV) dyes. The PSA was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Findings showed that CRV adsorption was dependent on the dosage, pH, contact time, and initial concentration. The adsorption capacity was 46.82 at pH (9) for CRV, dosage amount of 0.2 g/L, and an adsorbate concentration of 70 mg/L. Pseudo-second order gave a perfect fitting-chemisorption mechanism with values >0.98 (R2). Maximum photodegradation (93–98%) was achieved when the catalyst dosage increased to 0.75 g. Thermodynamics confirmed a spontaneous/exothermic process. The photocatalysis process confirmed that the combined process was effective and determined to be the rate-determining step by Langmuir–Hinshelwood. The study concluded that PSA was an efficient adsorbent, and TiO2 was a key factor in the reaction mechanism and recommended for potential synthesis of membrane substrates, high performance, efficiency, and cost reduction.

STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SYNTHESIZED FROM PERIWINKLE SHELL AS A pH ENHANCER IN WATER BASED DRILLING MUD

Reservoirs that contain acidic gases can lead to the corrosion of the drilling string and casing which could result in incessant down time and also increase the cost of drilling operation. This research work aimed at investigating the potential of using locally sourced materials such as Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) that can serve as substitutes to imported chemicals used in the industry, to help raise the mud pH to the API standard (9.5-12.5) whilst reducing the cost of drilling operation. Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH2)) was extracted from Periwinkle Shell using two different process routes (via the calcination of the PSA and without it). Characterization tools were used to assess the functional groups present and the elemental composition of the periwinkle shell. Various laboratory equipment was used to observe the impact the additives would have on the mud properties (pH, mud weight, filtration characteristics and rheological properties) of the new drilling fluid. Results showed that as the mass of the synthesized Ca (OH2) from the calcined PSA, the uncalcined PSA and the commercial Ca (OH2) was increased, the pH of the mud samples was observed to have increased the pH of the base mud by 20.9%, 15.1% and 10%. Therefore, this research showed that the extracted Ca (OH2) acted primarily as a pH enhancer. However, the addition of Ca (OH2) from all sources exhibited poor filtration characteristics as there was high filtrate loss as the filtration time and the additive concentration increased which could affect the formulation and the performance of the drilling mud.

Production of biodiesel from the novel non-edible seed of Chrysobalanus icaco using natural heterogeneous catalyst: Modeling and prediction using Artificial Neural Network

Biodiesel has been referred to as a perfect substitute for diesel fuel because of its numerous promising properties. They are renewable, clean, increase energy security, and improve the environment. The seed oil of Chrysobalanus icaco was characterised using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The heterogeneous solid catalyst of periwinkle shell ash was prepared in 3 forms: raw, calcined and acid-activated. They were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and FTIR. The results of the SEM analysis revealed the calcined samples to be a better choice because of their larger surface area. The result showed that the oil yield of the used crop was promising for commercial biodiesel production, with Chrysobalanus icaco having a yield of 51.90%.The reusability of the catalyst for continuous reaction runs showed that biofuel yield was still high after five cycles: 92.25–80.60% for calcined periwinkle shell ash (PSA) catalyst and 89.26–78.50% for acid-activated PSA catalyst. The result of the fuel properties of the biodiesel and their blend indicated their suitability for biodiesel production. Methyl ester blends of 20:80 had viscosity that placed them in 2D grade diesel (2.0–4.3 mm2/s), helpful in powering stationary equipment. Other fuel properties, including acid value, pour point, flash point and density, were within the ASTM D6751 limits for biodiesels. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to compare the experimental value to the simulated value using MATLAB 2020. The seed oil of Chrysobalanus icaco trans-esterified with methanol using Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) catalyst was proven to be a good source of biodiesel.

Modelling Reviewed Hydraulic Indices of Periwinkle Shell Ash Occasioned by Variations in Calcination Temperature

Periwinkle shellfish can be found in abundance in the Niger Delta's wetlands. Periwinkle shells are frequently piled in open fields and landfills, resulting in pollution and the development of disease-carrying organisms. Attempts have been made to employ periwinkle shell ash (PSA) as recycled materials in cement-based products in order to manage periwinkle shell by-products, preserve natural resources, and minimize building expenses. A better understanding of results obtained can be established using statistical tools in the analysis and modelling of the trends established with respect to reviewed papers on the PSA production parameters as well as the cement replacement level on the mechanical indices of concrete. This paper, therefore, uses statistical templates to develop analyzed models for a more enhanced understanding of trends and patterns associated with PSA processing variables and cement replacement levels on the compressive strength of concrete.

Strength Characteristics of Oyster Shell Ash and Periwinkle Shell Ash Stabilized Lateritic Soil for Pavement Construction

Strength Characteristics of Oyster Shell Ash and Periwinkle Shell Ash Stabilized Lateritic Soil for Pavement Construction

Development of kaolin and periwinkle shell ash Co-Doped TiO2 nanoparticles for degradation of hazardous dye

In the present study, the synthesis of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) doped into a highly exchanged kaolin-based nanocomposite photocatalyst was suggested. The novel nanocomposite was prepared in two-step synthesis using a sol–gel method with titanium isopropoxide precursor under hydrothermal treatment at 500 °C. The procedure resulted in the formation of [email protected]/TiO2 nanocomposite whose phase composition, particle morphology, chemical, and physical properties were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, HR-TEM, ATR-FTIR, and UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UVDRS). The novel photocatalyst brilliantly photodegraded crystal violet dye (10 mg/L) at 99 % degradation efficiency for 300 mins of UV irradiation. The latter is attributed to the covering of photocatalyst surface by anatase/rutile titania nanoparticles, reduced bandgap (1.7,1.8 and 2.1 eV), and suppressed rapid recombination of the photogenerated electrons which originated from the metal–semiconductor interface. The commercial potential revealed possible application in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength, hydroxyl radical driven photodegradation, 700 % reusability rate, and predicted by multiple regression model. The enhanced [email protected]/TiO2 had shown absorption into Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and high photocatalytic activity as the reaction mechanism. Therefore, the PSA and kaolin are cost-effective and efficient nanocomposites for the treatment of crystal violet dye effluents using UV–vis light.

Evaluation of lateritic soil stabilized with lime and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) admixture bound for sustainable road materials

Evaluation of lateritic soil stabilized with lime and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) admixture bound for sustainable road materials

Influence of Periwinkle Shell Ash on the Strength Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soil

Influence of Periwinkle Shell Ash on the Strength Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soil

Development of Aluminium Based Mango Seed Mangiferaindica Shell Ash (MSSA) Particulate Metal Matrix Composite

A composite material is a combination of two or more chemically distinct and insoluble phases; its properties and structural performance are superior to those of the constituents acting independently. MMCs are made by dispersing a reinforcing material into a metal matrix to improve their properties. They are prepared by powder metallurgy and casting, although several technical challenges exist with casting technology. Achieving a homogeneous distribution of reinforcement within the matrix is one such challenge, and this affects directly on the properties and quality of composite. In this work a composite is developed by adding Mango seed shell Ash (MSSA) particulate in Al- Si-Mg Alloy by mass ratio 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The composite was prepared by stir casting technique. It is proposed to use this material for production of motorcycle wheel hub which are subjected to continuous wear as the hubs are in direct contact with the brakes and rotating sprockets. The MSSA, was characterized using X- ray fluorescent (XRF). The result reveals SiO2, has the highest percentage composition followed by CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and Mg2O as major phases. The presents of these hard constituent compounds suggests that the mango seed shell ash can be used as particulate reinforcement in various metal matrices since the chemical composition has similarity with the XRF analysis of Periwinkle shell ash, rice husk, fly ash, and bagasse ash currently used in metal matrix composite. Mechanical tests such as hardness test and impact test were conducted. The results revealed that increase in the percentage of MSSA progressively increased the hardness of the material from 5% wt to a maximum hardness of 43.2 HV at 15% addition of MSSA. This represents a 26.16% improvement over the unreinforced alloy. However, the impact energy progressively decreases of the material from 5%wt of MSSA and later increased to optimum energy at 15% addition of MSSA. From the results it is concluded that composite material such as Al- Si-Mg/ MSSA is one of the options as a material for production of motorcycle hub. The wear test of the composite was then carried out using Taguchi design to optimize the range of MSSA from 5% wt -15% wt., Sliding speed of 5cm/s -20cm/s, sliding distance from 50m to 200m, and the load of 2N, 4N, 6N, & 8N respectively. Analysis of the result of SN ratio for wear rate shows the optimum wear resistant value is in the combination of Load=4N, sliding speed = 10cm/s sliding distance=200m and MSSA=15 wt% These also correspond with the analysis of wear maps & wear rate presented in the diagrams of dynamic friction coefficient (COF) for Al-Si- Mg/ MSSA Composite.

Potentials of Cement Kiln Dust-Periwinkle Shell Ash Blends on Plasticity Properties of Two Selected Tropical Soils for use as Sustainable Construction Materials

This paper investigated the effect of cement kiln dust (CKD) and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) on the plasticity characteristics of two lateritic soil. Two Soils (termed soil A and B) were collected from two selected locations within Osun State, Nigeria. Air-dried soil was treated with CKD and PSA blend in order of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% for CKD and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% for PSA by dry weight of soil. The specific gravity of both soils increased with increase in CKD and PSA fillings. The Index properties such as Atterberg’s limit (liquid limit, LL, plastic limit, PL, and plasticity index, PI), percentage fines content of the soils was determined. The index properties results showed that the two soils are clayey soil of low plasticity. There was a general decrease in the Atterberg’s limits (liquid limit, LL and plastic limit, PL). The scan electron microscopy (SEM) and electron diffraction spectroscopy of treated soil revealed the formation of crystalline products of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) which was responsible for strength gain. Based on preliminary investigations, the study concluded that the combination of CKD-PSA blends is a viable stabiliser for the two tropical soils under consideration to be used as sub-base construction.

Response of two lateritic soils to cement kiln dust-periwinkle shell ash blends as road sub-base materials

The stabilization potential of cement kiln dust (CKD) and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) was investigated using laboratory analysis. This was aimed at evaluating the effect of CKD and PSA on the stabilization of two lateritic soils for use as pavement layer materials. Two soils (Soil A and B) were treated with various percentages (by weight of dry soil) of CKD at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% and PSA at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% and compacted using British Standard light (BSL) energy. Their effects were evaluated on the compaction characteristics: maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (MDD), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests based on American Standard Testing Materials (ASTM) codes. Microstructural analysis using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to identify the morphological changes in the properties of the stabilized soils. Significant improvement with the addition of CKD and PSA was observed with increased MDD, UCS, and CBR for both soils. Peak MDD of 1.745 mg/m3 and 1.810 mg/m3 was recorded for both soil samples considered. The results of the peak unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for all the curing ages considered and California bearing ratio (CBR) were obtained at 10% CKD/8% PSA. Peak UCS of 994.17 and 1019.46 kN/m2 was obtained for soil A and B respectively. Microstructural analysis of the stabilized soils resulted in strength improvement through the formation of new compounds. Based on this study, PSA and CKD can be used to improve deficient lateritic soils for road construction.

The Effect of Periwinkle Shell Ash Mixed with Cement on Water Absorption and Shrinkage of Lateritic Block

Abstract The aim of the study is to examine the effect of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) blended with cement on the water absorption and shrinkage of lateritic blocks. The objectives that would help achieve the stated aim are to investigate the water absorption and shrinkage properties of lateritic blocks blended with periwinkle shell ash/cement. The following methods were used during the research: sedimentation test, standard proctor test, Atterberg’s limit test, smell and Nibble tests. Specific gravity of PSA, bulk density and porosity of PSA were carried out. 5 % of the cement and percentage replacement levels of 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % of cement with PSA were used for block production. 21 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm blocks were moulded, cured and subjected to water absorption and shrinkage tests. Data were collected and analysed using graphs, correlation and regression analyses. Result shows that percentage water absorption for replacement levels 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % were 12.08 %, 16.38 %, 18.21 %, 19.95 %. Again, from 0 % replacement to 30 % replacement of cement with PSA, the linear shrinkage increased from 1.5 mm to 2.8 mm. It implies that up to 30 %, the maximum crack the block could form is 2.8 mm, whereas the maximum allowable crack width for walling materials is 3.0 mm. Therefore, percentage replacement of up to 30 % is recommended for use in lateritic block.

Use of periwinkle shell by-products in Portland cement-based materials: an overview

Periwinkle shellfishes are widely distributed in the wetlands of the Niger Delta. Periwinkle shells are often heaped in open fields and landfills which cause environmental problems such as pollution and breeding of disease-carrying organisms. In order to manage periwinkle shell by-products, preserve natural resources and save construction costs, attempts have been made to use periwinkle shell aggregate (PSAGG) and periwinkle shell ash (PSASH) as recycled materials in cement-based products. This paper reviews the influence of PSAGG and PSASH on the properties of Portland cement-based materials. Periwinkle shell has similar calcium carbonate content with limestone aggregate. Using PSAGG as a partial coarse aggregate at up to 50% replacement level can produce normal-weight concrete which possesses over 60% of the control strength. Utilising PSASH as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) will have beneficial functions in cement-based construction where low heat of evolution is needed and early strength is not a major consideration. Further investigations are required including in-depth research on the cost analysis and durability of cement-based products containing periwinkle shell by-products.

Contributions of Periwinkle Shell Ash on the Stability and Elastic Properties of Modified Asphalt Concrete for a High Trafficked Road

Contributions of Periwinkle Shell Ash on the Stability and Elastic Properties of Modified Asphalt Concrete for a High Trafficked Road

Effect of sisal fibre on partially replaced cement with Periwinkles Shell Ash (PSA) concrete

An investigation on the effect of sisal fiber on partially replaced cement with Periwinkle Shell Ash in Concrete was carried out. Sisal fiber of 40mm length which forms 1% of the mix by weight with Periwinkle shell Ash as a partial replacement for cement was used to cast the concrete. Compressive strength test was carried out using 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of Periwinkle Shell Ash as partial replacements of cement at different curing ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. A skewed result was observed showing a significant increase in the compressive strength recorded in 21 and 28 days of curing whose peaks are at 5% replacement of PSA in the fiber-reinforced-concrete after which, there was a continuous decline in compressive strength of concrete as the percentage of PSA increased. The peak compressive strength value of 28.8 N/mm 2 was obtained at 40mm sisal fiber and at 28 days curing age. This is followed by a compressive strength value of 26.15 N/mm 2 after 21days of curing, all gotten at 5% PSA replacement. This makes 5% the optimal and apparently an exclusive PSA content for Sisal fiber-reinforced concrete. Keywords: Sisal fibre, Periwinkle shell ash (PSA), Compressive strength, Concrete

Investigating the Relationship Between Workability and Water Absorption of Periwinkle Shell Ash Cement Concrete

In this paper, a comprehensive study on the relationship between workability in form of slump and water absorption, a permeability and durability property, of cement concrete blended with periwinkle shell ash is presented. Periwinkle shell ash was obtained from the granulation process of calcined periwinkle shells at a calcination temperature of 800°C. Concrete specimens were designed using the Scheffe’s simplex lattice theory. Standard experimental procedures using the slump height method was adopted in the determination of workability of concrete specimens. The water absorption of hardened concrete specimens was also determined from standard experimental procedures. Regression models of different forms; power, linear, logarithmic, exponential and polynomial forms were developed to correlate both properties using results from trial mixes. These models were subjected to validation tests using results from control mixes through F-Statistics. The models were also subjected to R2 analysis for further adequacy tests. Results obtained from this study revealed that although the 0.5 power model proved adequate, little correlation exist between both responses as illustrated from low R2 values obtained for all the models developed. It was therefore recommended that in models’ validations, adequacy tests be used in conjunction with verification test (R2 test) to prove the usefulness of such models’ and that the relationship between other PSA cement concrete properties be investigated.