Periprocedural Myocardial Injury Research Articles

EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NICORANDIL FOR PERIPROCEDURAL MYOCARDIAL INJURY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PCI

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) being a typical therapeutic approach. Objectives: In this comparative study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of nicorandil for periprocedural myocardial injury in patients undergoing PCI. Methods: This comparative study was conducted at Ayub Teaching Hospital from September 2023 to December 2023. Data from 90 patients was recruited for the research using inclusion and exclusion screening standards. Our study was performed on 90 patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients from Group 1 were different from those in Group 2. Group A: the critical study parameters will switch between those patients who received nicorandil and Group B: non-nicorandil patients. Baseline demographic data, past medical history, and relevant laboratory values and clinical characteristics were documented for all patients. In addition, an intraoperative laboratory investigation was conducted, including cardiac biomarkers. Results: Research data were drawn from 90 patients whose gender wasn't a factor based on the research protocol. In Group A, the mean age of the patients was 62 years. Players in group A played for 4 ± 8.5 years. In team B, the players had a slightly longer experience and played for 63. Humans on Earth could do the same, and it could significantly impact future generations: ± 7. 9 years. Of 58 men and 32 women in the control group, there were two persons and persons in the experimental group, respectively. Only one stent differed between the two groups; however, the number was similar. 8 ± 0. 6 mmol/l in the tricorandil group and 1. +9 ± 0 in Case 1. Patients in the Nicorandil group displayed the lowest level of heart problem-causing protein (troponin) at the peak (5. There is a statistically significant 1.8-fold (2 ng/mL versus seven ng/mL) decline in serum lysozyme levels in the group administered rhG-CSF. The treatment group exhibited a substantial increase in haemoglobin levels (t(12) = 3. 74, p-value <0.005) with a mean difference of 0. 5 ± 2 ng/mL. 001, 95% CI: 2. 1 to 3. 5). Conclusion: It is concluded that nicorandil shows positive results for the efficacy (the ability of a drug to bring the desired effect) and safety of the drug in reducing myocardial injury and in maintaining the function of myocardial during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients.

Frequency of periprocedural myocardial injury and infarction stratified by cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T

Frequency of periprocedural myocardial injury and infarction stratified by cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T

Impact of Periprocedural Myocardial Injury on Long-Term Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Requiring Atherectomy

The prognostic implications of cardiac troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with atherectomy have not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) and its association with cardiovascular events in patients with severely calcified lesions who underwent PCI with atherectomy. The study analyzed 346 patients (377 lesions) who underwent PCI with atherectomy between January 2018 and December 2021. Peak post-PCI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) was measured. The primary outcome was target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiovascular death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization. A lesion-based analysis was conducted to assess the association of PMI with TLF up to 5 years after PCI. Increase of hs-cTn was seen with 362 lesions (96%), and significant PMI, defined as hs-cTn increase ≥70 × upper reference limit, was seen with 83 lesions (22%). Significant PMI was associated with a significantly greater risk of TLF (adjusted hazard ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 3.30, p = 0.017), primarily driven by an increased risk of cardiovascular death (adjusted hazard ratio 5.29, 95% confidence interval 1.46 to 19.16, p = 0.011). In conclusion, hs-cTn increase was frequently observed in patients who underwent PCI with atherectomy, and significant PMI was associated with an increased risk of TLF and cardiovascular death.

Frequency and Prognostic Value of Acute Periprocedural Myocardial Injury in Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

Background. Periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) is an acute complication of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Its frequency and relationship with the prognosis of the disease are especially important in elective interventions due to the low risk of ischemic events in this cohort of patients. However, according to the literature, there are significant differences in the criteria for PMI and type 4a myocardial infarction (MI), and, accordingly, their frequency and their prognostic value. Aim. To study the frequency and magnitude of PMI during elective PCI in terms of the level of periprocedural increase in cardiospecific biomarkers, as well as to determine the relationship of PMI with long-term adverse events in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Materials and methods. A single-center open retrospective cohort study was conducted, which included 435 patients (367/84.4 % men, mean age 58.3±8.6 years) from the elective PCI registry. PMI was diagnosed with an increase in the level of creatine phosphokinase MB fraction (CK-MB) or or cardiac troponin I (cTn I) >1×99 percentile URL (Upper Reference Limit), while the level of increase in biomarkers >1, 2, 3, 4 or >5×99 percentile URL was recorded. An increase in biomarkers >5x99 URL percentile was assessed as a large PMI, and in the presence of clinical and imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium, as periprocedural MI type 4a. Depending on the level of periprocedural increase in biomarkers, the relative risk (RR) of developing long-term (within 5 years after index PCI) adverse cardiovascular events, death, as well as clinically significant bleeding and newly diagnosed malignant oncological diseases was calculated. In addition, the correlation between PMI and the above endpoints was summarized using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results. The frequency of periprocedural PMI diagnosed by increased biomarkers >1×99 percentile URL was 40.2 %, >2×99 percentile URL — 9.7 %, >3×99 percentile URL — 6.7 %, >4×99 percentile URL — 4.8 %, >5×99 percentile URL — 3.5 %, type 4a MI — in 2 patients (0.46 %). An association of “major” PMI (>5x99 percentile URL) with cardiovascular complications within 3 years after elective PCI, including fatal ones, was revealed: for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), RR — 6.516, confidence interval (CI) [2.375-17.881]; for death from cardiovascular causes RR — 6.538, CI [1.695-25.227]. An association of “moderate” PMI (>3, but <5 ×99 URL percentile) with acute ischemic events within 3 years after elective PCI was shown: for AMI, RR was 4.073, CI [1.598 — 10.378]. An association of “minor” AKI (>1, but <5 ×99 URL percentile) with acute ischemic events within 3 years after elective PCI was shown: for AMI, RR was 4.073, CI [1.598 — 10.378]. An association of “minor” AKI (>1, but <3 ×99 URL percentile) with newly diagnosed malignant oncological diseases within 5 years after index PCI was revealed: RR 2.319; CI [1.248- 4.310]. An association of late thrombotic events, such as stent thrombosis (index and re-interventions), stent occlusion (index and non-index) as a reason for re-intervention within 5 years after index PCI, was found with most PMI subgroups. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the dependence of clinically significant bleeding within 5 years after index PCI on the development of “moderate” PMI (p=0.003), as well as the association of non-cardiovascular death within 5 years after index PCI with “minor” PMI (p= 0.007). Conclusion. Registration of periprocedural increase in cardiac biomarkers should be carried out during planned PCI not only for the purpose of diagnosing and predicting acute and late ischemic events, but also for assessing the risk of developing stent occlusion, clinically significant bleeding and prognostically important comorbidities in the long-term (5-year) period in order to identification of groups of patients requiring active monitoring, additional examination and selection of an optimal treatment regimen at the outpatient stage of rehabilitation.

Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction and Injury.

Periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) and injury, pertinent to both cardiac and non-cardiac procedures, have gained increasing recognition in clinical practice. Over time, diverse definitions for diagnosing PMI have been developed and validated among patient populations undergoing coronary revascularization. However, this variety in definitions presents considerable challenges in clinical settings and complicates both the design and interpretation of clinical trials. The necessity to accurately diagnose PMI has spurred significant interest in establishing universally accepted and prognostically meaningful thresholds for cardiac biomarkers elevation and supportive ancillary criteria. In fact, elevations in cardiac biomarkers in line with the 4th Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, have been extensively confirmed to be associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular events. In the context of non-coronary cardiac procedures, such as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, there is a growing acknowledgment of both the high incidence rates and the adverse impact of PMI on patient outcomes. Similarly, emerging research underscores the significance of PMI and injury in non-cardiac surgery, highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention and risk management strategies in this domain.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ticagrelor Preloading in Mitigating Periprocedural Myocardial Injury Among Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Opting for an Early Invasive Approach.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ticagrelor Preloading in Mitigating Periprocedural Myocardial Injury Among Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Opting for an Early Invasive Approach.

Association between periprocedural myocardial injury and neointimal characteristics in patients with in-stent restenosis: an optical coherence tomography study.

The relationship between neointimal characteristics of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between PMI and neointimal characteristics of ISR by using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This was a retrospective study. We enrolled 140 patients diagnosed with ISR with normal baseline high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT) levels who underwent OCT and subsequent revascularization by means of drug-coated balloon (DCB) or drug-eluting stent (DES) between October 2018 and October 2022 in the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University. Based on the 4th universal definition of myocardial infarction, patients whose hs-cTnT were increased five times above the upper reference limit (URL) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were deemed to PMI. The patients were subdivided into PMI (n=53) and non-PMI (n=87) groups. In the univariable analysis, variables in the baselines, angiography characteristics and OCT findings were analyzed with binary logistic regression. A P value of <0.2 was included in the multivariable model. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of PMI. The prevalence of intra-intimal microvessels in patients with PMI was higher than in those without PMI (58.5% vs. 32.2%, P=0.003). The ratio of intra-stent plaque rupture (PR) was also higher in patients with PMI (60.4% vs. 40.2%, P=0.021). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that intra-intimal microvessels [odds ratio (OR): 3.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.280-7.966; P=0.013] and intra-stent PR (OR: 2.124, 95% CI: 1.153-4.732; P=0.035) were independently associated with PMI. Intra-intimal microvessels and intra-stent PR were independently associated with PMI. Accurate identification and recognition of intra-intimal microvessels and intra-stent PR may be helpful in preventing PMI.

Impact of Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Attenuation on Periprocedural Myocardial Injury in Patients With Chronic Coronary Syndrome.

Perivascular inflammation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and microcirculatory dysfunction. Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation, measured by coronary computed tomography angiography, is a potential indicator of coronary inflammation. However, the relationship between PCAT attenuation, microcirculatory dysfunction, and periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) remains unclear. Patients with chronic coronary syndrome who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography before percutaneous coronary intervention were retrospectively identified. PCAT attenuation and adverse plaque characteristics were assessed using coronary computed tomography angiography. The extent of microcirculatory dysfunction was evaluated using the angio-based index of microcirculatory resistance before and after percutaneous coronary intervention. Overall, 125 consecutive patients were included, with 50 experiencing PMI (PMI group) and 75 without PMI (non-PMI group). Multivariable analysis showed that older age, higher angio-based index of microcirculatory resistance, presence of adverse plaque characteristics, and higher lesion-based PCAT attenuation were independently associated with PMI occurrence (odds ratio [OR], 1.07 [95% CI, 1.01-1.13]; P=0.02; OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.00-1.12]; P=0.04; OR, 6.62 [95% CI, 2.13-20.6]; P=0.001; and OR, 2.89 [95% CI, 1.63-5.11]; P<0.001, respectively). High PCAT attenuation was correlated with microcirculatory dysfunction before and after percutaneous coronary intervention and its exacerbation during percutaneous coronary intervention. Adding lesion-based PCAT attenuation to the presence of adverse plaque characteristics improved the discriminatory and reclassification ability in predicting PMI. Adding PCAT attenuation at the culprit lesion level to coronary computed tomography angiography-derived adverse plaque characteristics may provide incremental benefit in identifying patients at risk of PMI. Our results highlight the importance of microcirculatory dysfunction in PMI development, particularly in the presence of lesions with high PCAT attenuation. URL: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000057722; Unique identifier: UMIN000050662.

Impact of Preloading Strategy With Ticagrelor on Periprocedural Myocardial Injury in Patients With Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Early Invasive Strategy.

Pretreatment with an oral P2Y12 receptor blocker (before coronary angiography) versus treatment in the catheterization laboratory has been a matter of debate in patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of an immediate preloading strategy with ticagrelor on periprocedural myocardial injury in patients with NSTEMI treated with an early invasive strategy. NSTEMI patients who underwent coronary angiography and subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 24 hours after hospital admission were divided into 2 groups: the first group (pretreatment group) included patients who received ticagrelor pretreatment as soon as possible after admission and the second group (no pretreatment group) included patients who received a loading dose of ticagrelor after coronary angiography. The pretreatment group included 232 patients, and the no pretreatment group included 87 patients. Male patients represented the majority of the patients. The 2 groups were similar in baseline characteristics, except for a greater incidence of hypertension ( P = 0.014) and higher hemoglobin levels ( P = 0.01) in the pretreatment group in comparison with the no pretreatment group. Patients in the ticagrelor pretreatment group had less myocardial injury until coronary angiography based on troponin measurements collected at 12 hours after admission ( P = 0.025). Patients in the ticagrelor pretreatment group also had fewer periprocedural myocardial injuries based on troponin measurements taken between 12 and 24 hours after the PCI ( P = 0.026 and P = 0.022, respectively). Our findings suggested that ticagrelor pretreatment reduces periprocedural myocardial injury in NSTEMI patients who underwent PCI within 24 hours after admission.

Rapid three-dimensional quantification of high-intensity plaques from coronary atherosclerosis T1-weighted characterization to predict periprocedural myocardial injury

BackgroundHigh-intensity plaque (HIP) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been documented as a powerful predictor of periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite the recent proposal of three-dimensional HIP quantification to enhance the predictive capability, the conventional pulse sequence, which necessitates the separate acquisition of anatomical reference images, hinders accurate three-dimensional segmentation along the coronary vasculature. Coronary atherosclerosis T1-weighted characterization (CATCH) enables the simultaneous acquisition of inherently coregistered dark-blood plaque and bright-blood coronary artery images. We aimed to develop a novel HIP quantification approach using CATCH and to ascertain its superior predictive performance compared to the conventional two-dimensional assessment based on plaque-to-myocardium signal intensity ratio (PMR). MethodsIn this prospective study, CATCH MRI was conducted before elective stent implantation in 137 lesions from 125 patients. On CATCH images, dedicated software automatically generated tubular three-dimensional volumes of interest on the dark-blood plaque images along the coronary vasculature, based on the precisely matched bright-blood coronary artery images, and subsequently computed PMR and HIP volume (HIPvol). Specifically, HIPvol was calculated as the volume of voxels with signal intensity exceeding that of the myocardium, weighted by their respective signal intensities. PMI was defined as post-PCI cardiac troponin-T > 5 × the upper reference limit. ResultsThe entire analysis process was completed within 3 min per lesion. PMI occurred in 44 lesions. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, HIPvol outperformed PMR for predicting PMI (C-statistics, 0.870 [95% CI, 0.805–0.936] vs. 0.787 [95% CI, 0.706–0.868]; p = 0.001). This result was primarily driven by the higher sensitivity HIPvol offered: 0.886 (95% CI, 0.754–0.962) vs. 0.750 for PMR (95% CI, 0.597–0.868; p = 0.034). Multivariable analysis identified HIPvol as an independent predictor of PMI (odds ratio, 1.15 per 10-μL increase; 95% CI, 1.01–1.30, p = 0.035). ConclusionsOur semi-automated method of analyzing coronary plaque using CATCH MRI provided rapid HIP quantification. Three-dimensional assessment using this approach had a better ability to predict PMI than conventional two-dimensional assessment.

Impact of periprocedural myocardial injury after transcatheter aortic valve implantation on long-term mortality: a meta-analysis of Kaplan-Meier derived individual patient data.

Periprocedural myocardial injury (PPMI) frequently occurs after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), although its impact on long-term mortality is uncertain. We performed a pooled analysis of Kaplan-Meier-derived individual patient data to compare survival in patients with and without PPMI after TAVI. Flexible parametric models with B-splines and landmark analyses were used to determine PPMI prognostic value. Subgroup analyses for VARC-2, troponin, and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)-defined PPMI were also performed. Eighteen observational studies comprising 10,094 subjects were included. PPMI was associated with lower overall survival (OS) after two years (HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.30-1.65, p < 0.01). This was also observed when restricting the analysis to overall VARC-2-defined PPMI (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.40, p < 0.01). For VARC-2 PPMI criteria and VARC-2 troponin-only, higher mortality was restricted to the first 2 months after TAVI (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.31-2.07, p < 0.01; and HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.05-1.67, p = 0.02, respectively), while for VARC-2 defined CK-MB-only the increase in mortality was confined to the first 30 days (HR = 7.44, 95% CI 4.76-11.66, p < 0.01). PPMI following TAVI was associated with lower overall survival compared with patients without PPMI. PPMI prognostic impact is restricted to the initial months after the procedure. The analyses were consistent for VARC-2 criteria and for both biomarkers, yet CK-MB was a stronger prognostic marker of mortality than troponin.

Mortality after periprocedural myocardial injury and spontaneous myocardial infarction according to the levels of troponin increase: insights from a large PCI registry

Abstract Background Periprocedural myocardial injury and spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI) are potential complications in patients with coronary artery disease. The prognostic impact of periprocedural myocardial injury as compared to that of spontaneous MI has not been fully assessed. Aim To assess the impact on mortality of periprocedural myocardial injury and spontaneous MI according to thresholds of troponin increase proposed in expert consensus documents. Methods Among patients undergoing PCI at a large volume center, we included those presenting with: 1) chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) with normal (≤1x upper reference level [URL]) cardiac troponin I (cTnI) at baseline and after PCI (no myocardial events); 2) CCS with normal baseline cTnI and increased (&amp;gt;1 URL) cTnI in the 48 hours after PCI (periprocedural myocardial injury), and 3) type I MI (spontaneous MI). Patients with missing cTnI values, patients with CCS and increased baseline cTnI (&amp;gt;1 URL) and patients with unstable angina were excluded. Patients with periprocedural myocardial injury and spontaneous MI were stratified in 4 groups according to the cTnI peak value: 1-5, 5-35, 35-70, &amp;gt;70 times (x) above the URL. The risk of all-cause death at 1-year after PCI was assessed across the cTnI strata using the group with no myocardial events as reference. The conventional cTnI was measured with the Architect methodology (Abbott, Chicago, Illinois) and the URL was 0.4 ng/mL. Results Among patients undergoing PCI between 2012 and 2019, 7602 had no myocardial events, 913 had periprocedural myocardial injury and 2192 presented with spontaneous MI. CTnI peak was 1-5x, 5-35x, 35-70x, &amp;gt;70x above URL in 53%, 41%, 4%, 2% of patients with periprocedural myocardial injury, respectively, and in 24%, 38%, 11%, 26% of patients with spontaneous MI, respectively (Figure 1). Rate of all-cause death was 1.4% in patients with no myocardial events. The risk of all-cause death at 1-year was increased after periprocedural myocardial injury with a peak cTnI of 35-70x URL and tended to be higher with a peak cTnI &amp;gt;70x URL (Figure 2). Among patients with spontaneous MI, the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher in all cTnI strata (Figure 2). Adjusted results and p-value for comparisons between periprocedural myocardial injury and spontaneous MI will be presented at ESC 2023. Conclusions All-cause death at 1-year was not increased after periprocedural myocardial injury with a peak cTnI ≤35x URL. Periprocedural myocardial injury with cTnI peak &amp;gt;35x URL and spontaneous MI with any cTnI elevation were associated with a similar crude risk of all-cause death.Figure 2

Mortality prediction using high-sensitivity troponin after coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Introduction Recommendations regarding the threshold levels of cardiac troponin elevations for the definition of peri-operative myocardial infarction and clinically important peri-procedural myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery range widely (&amp;gt;10 to ≥70x the upper limit of normal (ULN)) (1,2). Limited evidence is available to support these recommendations. In a recent multicentre cohort study, Devereaux and colleagues (3) characterised appropriate thresholds of high-sensitivity troponin-I (hs-TnI) for defining myocardial injury within 3 days after cardiac surgery. The threshold associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was 218 xULN (95% confidence interval (CI), 40-318) of the hs-TnI assay. There have been no large studies assessing this threshold using high-sensitivity troponin-T (hs-TnT). Furthermore, the long-term prognostic value of troponin following CABG is unknown. Purpose The aim of our study was to assess the threshold associated with an increased risk of 30-day and 5-year mortality using hs-TnI assays, and to compare these thresholds to those using hs-TnT assays. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out using the National Institute for Health Research Health Informatics Collaborative Cardiovascular dataset (4,5) of all consecutive patients who had a troponin measured at five hospitals between 2010 and 2017. Patients who had a troponin measurement within three days following CABG were identified. Results were analysed using multivariable adjusted restricted cubic spline Cox regression. All hazard ratios were adjusted for the following components of the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II); age, gender, renal impairment, poor mobility, chronic lung disease, diabetes, left ventricular function, and pulmonary hypertension. Analyses on troponin were performed using the peak troponin level, which was the highest troponin level measured within the first three days following CABG. All troponin measurements were high-sensitivity and were standardised by using the ratio of the observed troponin value divided by the ULN for each troponin assay. The reference for hazard ratios was a troponin level of 1 xULN. Results A total of 1055 patients (median age 72 years (interquartile range 63 to 78), 79% male) had a troponin measured within three days post-CABG at the five centres between 2010 and 2017. The threshold for hs-TnI associated with an increased mortality risk was 196xULN (95%CI, 42-494) for predicting 30-day mortality (Figure 1A) and 157xULN (95%CI, 32-409) for 5-year mortality (Figure 1B). The thresholds were similar for hs-TnT assays (Figure 1C and 1D). Conclusion The currently recommended troponin thresholds for diagnosing significant myocardial injury following cardiac surgery (&amp;gt;10 to ≥70xULN) are too low. There was good correlation between hs-TnI and hs-TnT measurements for predicting both short- and long-term mortality.Figure 1

Incidence and prediction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in elective PCI: the ALPHEUS-MI sub-study

Abstract Background PCI-related myocardial infarction (MI) or injury are frequent events that have been shown to be associated with long-term ischemic outcomes and mortality. Determinants of these events with the validated definition of PCI-related myocardial infarction (MI) or injury are not well documented in contemporary elective PCI. Methods The ALPHEUS-MI study is a prespecified analysis of the ALPHEUS randomized trial conducted in 49 centers of two European countries which recruited 1910 patients with chronic coronary syndrome undergoing elective PCI. We analyzed the rate and predictors of periprocedural myocardial necrosis using the primary and secondary endpoint of the ALPHEUS trial (3rd and 4th universal definition of MI) and the ARC2/SCAI definitions. Multivariable model including patient’s demographic, angiographic and procedural characteristics were performed for each definition to determine predictors of periprocedural events. Findings : The primary endpoint of the ALPHEUS trial (type 4a MI or major myocardial injury) occurred in 35.85% of the patients (3rd universal definition of MI); the secondary endpoint of the ALPHEUS trial (type 4a MI and any myocardial injury) occurred in 77.21% of the patients (4th universal definition of MI); significant periprocedural myocardial injury occurred in 3.24% of the patients (ARC2/SCAI definition) and periprocedural MI (ARC2/SCAI definition) in 2.02% of the patients. The rate of events followed a stepwise increase according to the number of high-risk features with all definitions (figure). High risk features were characterized by patients’ characteristics, the complexity of the coronary lesion (anatomy and atheroma burden) and the complexity of the PCI procedure itself. The only common predictor of MI or myocardial injury present with the 4 definitions was the total length of stent implanted (&amp;gt;60mm) ; adjOR 3.23 (2.49-4.18) p&amp;lt;0,001 (type 4a MI/major injury 3rd UDMI ) , adjOR 3.82 (2.51-5.8) p&amp;lt;0,001 (type 4a MI/any injury 4th UDMI) , adjOR 2.2 (1.24-3.91) p=0,007 (myocardial injury ARC2/SCAI) and adjOR 6.0 (3.04-11.9) p&amp;lt;0,001 (MI ARC2/SCAI). Conclusion Whatever definition of type 4aMI and myocardial injury, the strongest predictor of myocardial necrosis seems to be the length of stent implanted which reflects both the severity of atheroma burden and the complexity of PCI.

Appropriate ischemic criteria for type 4a myocardial infarction: insights from the ALPHEUS trial

Abstract Background Different troponin thresholds have been proposed to define periprocedural myocardial injury based on post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) troponin increase only, whereas the definition of type 4a myocardial infarction (MI) needs the association of post procedural troponin and one ischemic criterion. These criteria which evolved from the 3rd to the 4th Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (UDMI) are frequently under-reported in studies on periprocedural MI. Purpose We aimed to describe rates of type 4a MI additional diagnostic criteria among the ranges of post PCI troponin elevation in the randomized ALPHEUS trial which compared ticagrelor to clopidogrel in high-risk elective PCI patients. Methods 1698 patients with normal pre-PCI troponin values and centralized core laboratory angiogram analyzes were divided into 4 groups according to maximal post PCI troponin elevations (≤ 1x upper reference limit (URL) for group 1; &amp;gt; 1xURL and ≤ 5xURL for group 2; &amp;gt; 5xURL and &amp;lt; 35xURL for group 3 and ≥ 35xURL for group 4). The type 4a MI additional criteria (ischaemic imaging changes, ischaemic ECG changes, chest pain and angiographic complications) as defined by the 3rd and 4th UDMI were reported and the different angiographic complications were detailed for each group. Results The most prevalent additional ischemic criterion was the presence of angiographic complications detected by the core laboratory. The rate of angiographic complications increased in a stepwise manner with higher post PCI troponin elevation (Figure). Interestingly, we found a similar rate of angiographic complications in patients without any increase in post PCI troponin and troponin elevations below the 5xURL threshold (8.4% and 9.9% respectively). Most angiographic complications were related to transient main branch dissection and/or thrombosis, and transient or permanent side branch occlusions (Table). ECG changes and chest pain ischemic criteria also increased in a stepwise manner and were rarely found below the 5-fold threshold increase, although they might be underreported. Conclusion When using a core laboratory, angiographic complications are found even in patients with no or minor troponin elevation. Above the 5 xURL threshold the rates of angiographic complications are 2 to 3-fold more frequent, and ECG changes and chest pain ischaemic criteria are likely to be present. Our findings support the use of angiographic core laboratory in clinical trial using periprocedural MI as an endpoint; similarly, chest pain -which disappeared from the 4th UDMI- should be reconsidered as a diagnostic ischemic criterion.

Abstract 12969: Role of Elevated High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in Determining the Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Total Occlusion Undergoing Percutaneous Intervention: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO-PCI) leads to higher periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI); however, the prognostic value of high-sensitive-Cardiac Troponin T (Hs-cTnT) in CTO-PCI outcomes is not well studied. This review evaluated the association of Hs-cTnT with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following CTO-PCI. Methods: We conducted a thorough literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, using relevant keywords, to identify studies up to 2022. The primary outcome of interest was MACE, which included all-cause mortality, PMI, target vessel revascularization (TVR), and target vessel re-occlusion (TVRO). Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using binary random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 statistics. Results: Our analysis included four studies investigating 1499 post-CTO-PCI patients (mean age 66.77±10.09 years, 81.5% male). Patients with multivessel disease, retrograde approach, and previous PCI or coronary artery bypass graft procedures were more likely to present with elevated Hs-cTnT levels due to the complexity of the procedure. No difference in baseline comorbidities was noted in patients with and without elevated Hs-cTnT, including diabetes and hypertension. There was no significant association between Hs-cTnT levels and MACE (OR:1.56 p=0.25), TVR (OR:2.03, p=0.22), PMI (OR:3.45, p=0.07), and mortality (OR:2.35, p=0.14) ( Figure 1) . However, a significant association was found between Hs-cTnT levels and TVRO [OR:8.78 (95% C.I. 3.64-21.17) p&lt;0.01, I2 0%]. Conclusion: Patients with elevated Hs-cTnT levels have a nine-fold higher risk of TVRO than those with normal levels in CTO-PCI. Periprocedural Hs-cTnT measurement can be utilized for risk stratification of TVRO after CTO-PCI with no association with MACE. Overall smaller sample size warrants more randomized studies to substantiate the results.

Abstract 16080: Complementary Roles of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Intravascular Ultrasound in the Prediction of Periprocedural Myocardial Injury

[Introduction] Lipid-rich plaque detected by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and attenuated plaque detected by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predict periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The relationship between echolucent plaque detected by IVUS (considered to represent intraplaque hemorrhage) and PMI remains uncertain. [Research Questions] Can the combination of NIRS and IVUS enhance the prediction of PMI? [Aims] We aimed to elucidate whether echolucent plaque is independently associated with PMI following elective PCI and whether the combination of NIRS and IVUS signatures improves the predictive ability for PMI. [Methods] This multicenter retrospective study included 121 lesions from 121 patients who underwent elective NIRS-IVUS-guided stent implantation. PMI was defined as post-PCI cardiac troponin-T &amp;gt;5х the upper reference limit. A maximum 4-mm lipid core burden index &amp;gt;457 was regarded as lipid-rich plaque. Echolucent plaque and attenuated plaque were defined as the presence of an echolucent zone and an attenuation arc &amp;gt;90° on IVUS, respectively. [Results] PMI occurred in 39 lesions. Multivariable analysis revealed that echolucent plaque, attenuated plaque, and lipid-rich plaque were independent predictors of PMI. Adding echolucent plaque and attenuated plaque to lipid-rich plaque improved the predictive performance (C-statistics: 0.825 vs. 0.688; p=0.001). The incidence of PMI increased with the number of predictors: 3% (1/39), 29% (10/34), 47% (14/30), and 78% (14/18) for 0, 1, 2, and 3 predictors, respectively. [Conclusions] Echolucent plaque emerged as a significant predictor of PMI, independent of lipid-rich plaque and attenuated plaque. Compared with NIRS alone, the combination of NIRS with IVUS signatures improved the predictive ability of imaging.

Complementary Roles of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Intravascular Ultrasound in the Prediction of Periprocedural Myocardial Injury.

Lipid-rich plaque detected by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and attenuated plaque detected by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predict periprocedural myocardial injury (MI) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although echolucent plaque detected by IVUS was reported to be associated with a no-reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction, it remains unclear whether echolucent plaque is predictive of periprocedural MI following elective PCI. We aimed to elucidate whether echolucent plaque is independently associated with periprocedural MI after elective PCI and whether the predictive ability for periprocedural MI is improved by the combination of NIRS and IVUS. This retrospective study included 121 lesions of 121 patients who underwent elective NIRS-IVUS-guided stent implantation. Periprocedural MI was defined as post-PCI cardiac troponin T > 70 ng/L. A maximum 4-mm lipid core burden index > 457 was regarded as lipid-rich plaque. Echolucent plaque was defined as the presence on IVUS of an echolucent zone and attenuated plaque as an attenuation arc > 90°. Periprocedural MI occurred in 39 lesions. In multivariable analysis, echolucent plaque, attenuated plaque, and lipid-rich plaque were independent predictors of periprocedural MI. Adding echolucent plaque and attenuated plaque to lipid-rich plaque improved the predictive performance (C statistic 0.825 vs 0.688; P= 0.001). Periprocedural MI increased with the number of predictors: 3% [1/39], 29% [10/34], 47% [14/30], and 78% [14/18] for 0, 1, 2, and 3 predictors, respectively (P < 0.001). Echolucent plaque is a major predictor of periprocedural MI, independently from lipid-rich plaque and attenuated plaque. Compared with NIRS alone, the combination of NIRS with IVUS signatures improves the predictive ability.

Association of Periprocedural Haemoglobin Reduction and Myocardial Injury in Patients with Unstable Angina Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background: Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention are at risk of different complications such as periprocedural bleeding and acute hemoglobin reduction that can lead to myocardial injury. Blood loss through the catheter during the procedure and through puncture site haematoma causes periprocedural acute haemoglobin drop. Objectives: To find out the association between acute haemoglobin reduction and myocardial injury after PCI in patients with unstable angina. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) for one year of time. A total of 130 patients were enrolled based on inclusion and exclusion criteria during the study period. Haemoglobin and troponin-I were measured before and after PCI within 24 to 48 hours of the procedure. On the basis of post-procedural acute haemoglobin level, the study population was categorized into two groups: Group I patients with normal haemoglobin levels and Group II patients with significant acute haemoglobin reduction (≥ 1 gm/dl). Results: A total of 24 patients developed a periprocedural myocardial injury, among them 17 (70.8%) were in the reduced haemoglobin group and 7 (29.2%) in the normal haemoglobin group. Elevation of troponin I after PCI was higher in group II than in group I patients with a statistically significant difference. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that haemoglobin reduction was an independent predictor of PMI (OR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.241-8.684; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Periprocedural haemoglobin reduction in patients with unstable angina was associated with myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

TCT-177 Impact of Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Attenuation on Periprocedural Myocardial Injury in Patients With Chronic Coronary Syndrome

TCT-177 Impact of Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Attenuation on Periprocedural Myocardial Injury in Patients With Chronic Coronary Syndrome