Peripheral Retinal Degeneration Research Articles

Ocular Motility Disorders in Pathologic Myopia

Myopia describes a refractive condition of the eye in which light rays are focused in front of the retina and is typically associated with axial elongation. The prevalence of myopia ranges from 0.8% to 75% in various population surveys. It has the highest prevalence in Asian populations. Myopia is associated with an increased risk of cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, peripheral retinal degeneration and retinal detachment. Myopia may also be associated with abnormal ocular mobility. Strabismus associated with myopia can present in a variety of ways. In this review article, we will discuss the issues related to ocular motility disorders in pathologic myopic patients known as myopic strabismus fixus.

Peripheral Retinal Abnormalities and Retinal Detachment in Pathologic Myopia

Pathological myopia is associated with changes in various structures of the eye, primarily the retina. Peripheral retinal degenerations are common findings in patients, and serious vision loss can develop as a result of retinal detachment, whether or not it occurs on a background of degeneration. The dynamic interaction between the retina and the vitreous plays an important role in the formation of degenerations and the development of retinal detachment with tears. A careful retinal examination that evaluates all quadrants during patient check-ups can prevent permanent vision loss by conducting risk analyses for observed degenerations and holes and taking appropriate precautions.

Retinal Map of Peripheral Retinal Degenerations and Tears. Part 1. Non­-Regmatogenous Intraretinal Degenerations of the Retina

The aim of the article is to develop a clinical classification and an informative retinal map of peripheral degenerations and retinal tears based on multimodal diagnostics of the vitreoretinal interface.Methods. Multimodal studies of patients with peripheral degenerations included traditional and additional techniques: the ultra­wide­angle fundus imaging with the Clarus 500 camera and wide­field OCT Line scanning using the “sliding method”. .Results. During the period 2014–2024, 1304 peripheral degenerations and retinal tears were identified through the multimodal examination of 614 patients (959 eyes). Based on these studies, a clinical and topographic classification of peripheral degenerations and retinal tears is presented.Conclusion. Multimodal studies has facilitated the creation of a retinal map of the most common peripheral degenerations and retinal tears, the potential to improve the timely recognition of vitreoretinal pathology and optimize treatment tactics.

Wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in the assessment of retinal vessel density and thickness in 4-to 16-year-old myopic children

PurposeTo analyze the characteristics of macular retinal vessel density and thickness in children with myopia. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 228 children aged 4–16 years who visited the Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2022 to November 2023 were included. Those with −0.5D < spherical equivalent (SE) < +2.0D were included in the non-myopia group (150 eyes), those with −3.0D < SE ≤ −0.5D were included in the low myopia group (246 eyes), and those with SE ≤ −3.0D were included in the moderate-to-high myopia group (60 eyes). All subjects underwent cycloplegic refraction, IOLmaster500, and Wide-field SS-OCTA (to exclude some peripheral retinal degeneration). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between macular ETDRS subfield of full retinal thickness (FRT), outer, inner retinal thickness (ORT, IRT), retinal vessel density (VD), deep and superficial retinal vessel density (DVD, SVD), and SE, axial length (AL). ResultsThere were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in FRT in the central fovea (1 mm diameter)and perifovea (Diameter 3 to 6 mm) among the non-myopia group, low myopia group, and moderate-to-high myopia group. The three groups also showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in VD in the central fovea and parafovea with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm (except the lower part). In multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for gender and age, SE and AL were found to be correlated with FRT in all ETDRS regions (except the central fovea) (P < 0.01), and SE and AL were correlated with IRT in the central fovea and perifovea, respectively (β range −2.302 to 1.652; P < 0.05). SE and AL were also correlated with ORT in the parafovea and perifovea, respectively (β range −4.371 to −2.344; P < 0.05). AL was negatively correlated with VD in the central fovea and parafovea (except the inferior region) (P < 0.05), as well as with DVD in all ETDRS regions (β range −1.314 to −1.031; P < 0.05). AL was only negatively correlated with SVD in the parafoveal nasal region (β = −0.633, P < 0.05). Additionally, the correlation between AL and DVD, ORT was higher than that with SVD, IRT. ConclusionThe more severe the myopia, the longer the AL, the thinner the FRT in the perifovea, and the lower the VD in both the fovea and parafovea in children. In addition, DVD and ORT were more significantly correlated with AL, suggesting that they may be more closely related to the growth of AL.

The role of ultra-widefield imaging with navigated central and peripheral cross-sectional and three-dimensional swept source optical coherence tomography in ophthalmology: Clinical applications.

To assess central and peripheral retinal and choroidal diseases using ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus imaging in combination with navigated central and peripheral cross-sectional and three-dimensional (3D) swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) scans. Retrospective study involving 332 consecutive patients, with a nearly equal distribution of males and females. The mean age of patients was 52 years (range 18-92 years). Average refractive error was -3.80 D (range +7.75 to -20.75 D). The observations in this study demonstrate the efficacy of peripheral navigated SS-OCT in assessing various ocular conditions. The technology provides high-quality images of the peripheral vitreous, vitreoretinal interface, retina, and choroid, enabling visualization of vitreous floaters and opacities, retinal holes and tears, pigmented lesions, and peripheral retinal degenerations. 3D OCT scans enhance the visualization of these abnormalities and improve diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Navigated central and peripheral cross-sectional and 3D SS-OCT scans offer significant complementary benefits in the assessment and management of retinal diseases. Their addition to UWF imaging provides a comprehensive view of central and peripheral ocular structures, aiding in early detection, precise anatomical measurements, and objective monitoring of disease progression. In addition, this technology serves as a valuable tool for patient education, a teaching tool for trainees, and documentation for medico-legal purposes.

Advantages of the Utilization of Wide-Field OCT and Wide-Field OCT Angiography in Clinical Practice

Wide-field (WF) retinal imaging is becoming a standard diagnostic tool for diseases involving the peripheral retina. Technological progress elicited the advent of wide-field optical coherence tomography (WF-OCT) and WF-OCT angiography (WF-OCTA) examinations. This review presents the results of studies that analyzed the implementation of these procedures in clinical practice and refers to them as traditional and ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA). A PUBMED search was performed using the terms WF-OCT OR WF-OCTA OR UWF-FA AND the specific clinical entity, and another search for diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), Coats disease, peripheral retinal telangiectasia, peripheral retinal degeneration, lattice degeneration, and posterior vitreous detachment. The analysis only included the studies in which the analyzed field of view for the OCT or OCTA exam was larger than 55 degrees. The evaluation of the extracted studies indicates that WF imaging with OCT and OCTA provides substantial information on retinal disorders involving the peripheral retina. Vascular diseases, such as DR or RVO, can be reliably evaluated using WF-OCTA with results superior to standard-field fluorescein angiography. Nevertheless, UWF-FA provides a larger field of view and still has advantages over WF-OCTA concerning the evaluation of areas of non-perfusion and peripheral neovascularization. Detailed information on the vascular morphology of peripheral changes should be obtained via WF-OCTA and not angiographic examinations. WF-OCT can serve as a valuable tool for the detection and evaluation of vitreoretinal traction, posterior vitreous detachment, and peripheral retinal degeneration, and guide therapeutic decisions on a patient’s eligibility for surgical procedures.

Features of genetic mutations in children with high myopia combined with peripheral retinal degenerations

The study investigates the features of genetic mutations in children with high myopia combined with peripheral retinal degenerations. Study group was formed from the database of genetic studies of the Scientific and Clinical Center OOO Oftalmic, which consists of 4362 patients referred for medical genetic counseling and molecular genetic testing from 2016 to 2021. Selection criteria were: male and female patients, aged 5-18 years old, who had the following clinical signs: high myopia (>6.00 D) and the presence of peripheral retinal degenerations (PRD). The study considered both isolated cases of ophthalmic pathology, as well as its syndromic forms. The final selection included 40 children. All patients had consulted with a geneticist. Whole-exome sequencing (WES), next generation sequencing (NGS), and single gene sequencing were conducted by taking 5 mL of peripheral venous blood and extracting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In patients with isolated cases of ophthalmic pathology (peripheral retinal degenerations and high myopia) with a confirmed genetic diagnosis, mutations in the COL2A1 gene were detected in 77.4% of cases, and in the COL11A1 gene - in 22.6% of cases. In Stickler syndrome with a confirmed genetic diagnosis, mutations in the COL2A1 gene were detected in 33.3% of cases. In Marshall syndrome, the mutation in the COL11A1 gene was detected in 11.1% of cases. In children with Ehlers-Danlos, Knobloch type 1, Cohen, Marfan, Wagner syndromes mutations in the genes COL5A1, COL18A1, VPS13B, FBN1, VCAN were detected in 55.6% of cases. In 33.3% of cases of Knobloch type 1, Cohen, Wagner syndromes the mutation is found in both copies of the gene (i.e., in both chromosomes), which leads to the development of peripheral retinal degenerations with high myopia. The results of the conducted molecular genetic testing expand our understanding of the mutation spectrum in the genes of children with both isolated cases of ophthalmic pathology, as well as syndromic pathology.

Impact of Ultra-widefield Imaging on Understanding the Pathophysiology of Peripheral Retinal Degeneration

Ultra-widefield imaging has revolutionized the understanding of the retinal periphery in clinical practice. Since the publication of the study “Comparison of image-assisted versus traditional fundus examination,” the practice of using fundus imaging to guide retinal examination has become ubiquitous, not only by experienced doctors in practice, but in the training of new clinicians.1 Quick capture and review of micron-level views with various wavelengths allows clinicians to plan their fundus exam, focus their time on areas of suspicion and better understand the health of the entire retina more effectively and efficiently. Image-assisted ophthalmoscopy has excellent agreement for a variety of lesion types but confers an advantage in optic nerve assessment, review of small lesions in the mid and far periphery and in visualization of vitreous lesions. Increasing resolution, integration of new wavelengths, auto-montage, optical coherence tomography and artificial intelligence have improved the sensitivity of this tool - thus improving the overall efficiency of a fundus exam, improving outcomes and leading to more accurate assessment of risk. Advances in ultra-widefield imaging technology have allowed us to better understand the anatomy and physiology of the peripheral retina and its relation to sight threatening disease; making this an invaluable tool to educate our students in training as well as our patients with and without retinal pathology in the clinic. When an image or lesion of concern can be viewed simultaneously by student and instructor or by doctor and patient, the learning and understanding from this ultra-widefield perspective are invaluable. In this review, we explore the technological advances and the impact on detection, diagnosis and prognostic potential in a variety of retinal degenerations. In addition, we examine remaining challenges of the technology.

Risk factors and prognosis of pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Egypt: a university hospital based study.

To study and compare the predisposing factors and clinical features of pediatric, adult, and elderly rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This is an observational analytic cross-sectional study in which patients with RRD admitted for surgery during 6mo period were divided into 3 age groups: pediatric (<18y), adult (18-60y), and elderly (>60y). Patients' demographic data, clinical features, RRD predisposing factors/features including myopia (axial length ≥26.5 mm), aphakia/pseudophakia, blunt trauma, peripheral retinal degenerations, history of RRD in the fellow eye, and surgical interventions/findings were recorded and analyzed. Totally 142 patients (142 eyes) were studied: 26 (18.31%) pediatrics, 86 (60.56%) adults, and 30 (21.13%) elderly. Elderly patients had a significantly higher intraocular pressures and cataracts compared to the other 2 groups (P=0.04). The RRD extent was larger in pediatric group (mostly 4 quadrants) compared to adults and elderly (mostly 2 quadrants), but it was not statistically insignificant (P=0.242). There were not statistically significantly differences in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) rate, posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) rate, number, site, shape, and size of breaks in three groups. All three groups had macular detachment in all eyes. Myopia and peripheral retinal degenerations were found to be more significant in adults (P=0.049, P=0.035, respectively), while blunt trauma was higher but insignificant in pediatric eyes (P=0.052). Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil as a tamponade was the most used surgery in all groups. There are no significant difference in PVR rate in pediatric eyes but a significant higher rate of total RRD. Blunt trauma is more frequent in pediatrics eyes while myopia and/or peripheral retinal degenerations are more frequent in older ages. The rate of PPV as a choice for surgery is similar among all age groups.

Genetic and clinical characteristics of PROM1-related retinal degeneration in Korean

This scientific report aims to comprehensively describe the genetic and clinical characteristics of PROM1-related retinal degeneration in Korean patients. Medical records of patients diagnosed with retinal dystrophy who underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and genetic testing at Samsung Medical Center between January 2016 and April 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Genetic testing included targeted gene panel sequencing and Sanger sequencing, with diagnosis based on the presence of a “Likely Pathogenic” or “Pathogenic Variant” in the PROM1 gene, as determined by the ACMG criteria. The study identified seven patients from five unrelated families with PROM1-related retinal degeneration, all carrying the autosomal dominant variant PROM1 p.R373C; no other PROM1 gene variants were detected. All patients exhibited degenerative retinal area within the macula, with peripheral retinal degeneration observed in five patients. Substantial interfamilial and intrafamilial variability was observed in the extent of macular and peripheral degeneration. Ultra-widefield autofluorescence imaging and fluorescein angiography aided in the detection of mild peripheral degeneration in one case. In conclusion, the autosomal dominant variant PROM1 p.R373C constitutes a significant proportion of PROM1-related retinal degeneration cases in the Korean population. The observed clinical heterogeneity may suggests the potential influence of additional genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors on disease phenotypes.

Ophthalmic findings in Cohen syndrome patient without subjective ophthalmic complaints: A case report.

Cohen syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that can cause various symptoms, including ophthalmic manifestations that can significantly impact a patient's visual health and quality of life. We present the case of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with Cohen syndrome who exhibited retinal degeneration and macular edema but could not express ophthalmic symptoms due to a developmental disability. The patient was diagnosed with Cohen syndrome by a heterozygous mutation in the VPS13B gene by whole exome sequencing and referred to ophthalmology for an ophthalmic examination. Ophthalmologic tests, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography, were performed. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure were not measured due to poor cooperation, and no abnormal findings were observed on the slit lamp examination. However, peripheral retinal degeneration was observed in the fundus examination, and cystoid macular edema was observed in both eyes on optical coherence tomography. Regular ophthalmologic examination is important for patients with Cohen syndrome, especially those with developmental disabilities who may not be able to express their symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of the potential ophthalmologic manifestations of Cohen syndrome and the importance of timely diagnosis and management.

Pneumatic retinopexy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: The importance of a primary retinal break

A 38-year-old pregnant woman presented to the retina clinic with complaints of sudden vision loss in her right eye for 1 week. The clinical examination of the right eye revealed a macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with multiple retinal breaks in different meridians, posterior retinal breaks, inferior peripheral retinal degeneration, and the patient's inability to maintain a prone position due to her pregnancy. She was advised to undergo pneumatic retinopexy, transscleral cryopexy, and the steam-roller technique for post-operative positioning for her right eye. Her retina was well-attached on postoperative day 1, and her findings remained stable at her last follow-up appointment. The patient's visual acuity improved from 6/75 to 6/12 at the final follow-up visit. In a patient with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, it is essential to accurately identify and treat primarily the causative retinal break.

Выяснение взаимосвязи между формированием регматогенной отслойки сетчатки и проведенной ИАГ-дисцизией вторичной катаракты

Aim. Retrospective analysis of case histories of patients operated at Khabarovsk branch of S. N. Fedorov “NMRC “MNTK “Eye microsurgery” for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in 2013–2016, who had previously undergone Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Methods. Method of continuous sampling was used. During the study period, 19 cases of retinal detachment were identified in patients who had previously undergone Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. There were 5 women (26 %), 14 men (74 %). Mean age of patients was 63±0.5 years (from 59 to 65 years). Probable causes of retinal detachment development were analyzed. Results. It was revealed that in the early postoperative period development of retinal detachment is caused by formation of retinal horseshoe tears and more often in patients with hyperopia, emmetropia and myopia of low degree. In the late postoperative period, development of retinal detachment is associated with progression of predictively dangerous forms of peripheral retinal degeneration and more often in patients with high myopia. Conclusion. Thorough examination of periphery of the retina in early and late postoperative periods and carrying out barreer laser coagulation of the retina are measures of prevention of retinal detachment after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Key words: secondary cataract; Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy; retinal detachment.

Bilateral macular hole in a patient with CAPN5-related neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy.

To characterize the genotype and phenotype of a patient with CAPN5-related neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (NIV) who have undergone surgery for macular holes. We observed a patient presenting with retinitis pigmentosa and posterior uveitis who later developed vitreoretinal macular traction and a macular hole. Genetic testing was performed using a targeted gene panel. Fundus photography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were also performed. In a targeted gene panel, a monoallelic pathogenic variant, c.750G > T, p.Lys250Asn, in the CAPN5 gene was identified, and CAPN5-NIV was diagnosed. At the first visit, peripheral retinal degeneration and mild posterior uveitis were observed. At that time, neovascularization, epiretinal or fibrous membranes were not observed. After 5 years, vitreomacular traction developed and progressed to a full-thickness macular hole in both eyes. After pars plana vitrectomy, the macular hole was successfully closed without aggravation of uveitis. In this case, a pathogenic variant of CAPN5 lead to a distinct phenotype of retinitis pigmentosa, posterior uveitis, vitreomacular traction, and macular hole without typical inflammatory neovascularization or tractional membranes. Therefore, the clinical variability of CAPN5-NIV and genetic diagnosis should be considered in cases of atypical retinitis pigmentosa with bilateral macular hole.

Peripheral Retinal Involvement in Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen-Like Deposits

To describe the alterations of the peripheral retina in extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like deposits (EMAP) by means of ultrawidefield fundus photography (UWFFP) and ultrawidefield fundus autofluorescence (UWF-FAF). Prospective, observational case series. Twenty-three patients affected by EMAP. Each patient underwent best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, UWFFP, and UWF-FAF. The area of macular atrophy, as well as the pseudodrusen-like deposits and peripheral degeneration, were assessed using UWF images, at baseline and over the follow-up. The assessment of the clinical patterns of both pseudodrusen-like deposits and peripheral retinal degeneration. Secondary outcomes included assessing macular atrophy by means of UWFFP and UWF-FAF, and tracking progression over the follow-up. Twenty-three patients (46 eyes) were included, of whom 14 (60%) were female. Mean age was 59.0 ± 5 years. Mean BCVA at baseline was 0.4 ± 0.4, declining at a mean rate of 0.13 ± 0.21 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution/year. Macular atrophy at baseline was 18.8 ± 14.2 mm2 on UWF-FAF, enlarging at a rate of 0.46 ± 0.28 mm/year, after the square root transformation. Pseudodrusen-like deposits were present in all cases at baseline, and their detection decreased over the follow-up. Three main types of peripheral degeneration were identified: retinal pigment epithelium alterations, pavingstone-like changes, and pigmented chorioretinal atrophy. Peripheral degeneration progressed in 29 eyes (63.0%), at a median rate of 0.7 (interquartile range, 0.4-1.2) sectors/year. Extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like deposits is a complex disease involving not only the macula, but also the midperiphery and the periphery of the retina. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Prevalence of Spontaneous Delivery and Cesarean Section in Pregnant Patients with Myopia at Pregnancy Clinic Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya

Highlights:1. The selection of delivery methods in pregnant patients with myopia is needed to prevent blindness.2. Although there was no report of retinal detachment either in spontaneous delivery or in cesarean section in this study, all pregnant patients with pathologic myopia or peripheral retinal degeneration should be consulted by Ophthalmologist. AbstractIntroduction: The selection of delivery methods in pregnant patients with myopia is needed to prevent blindness. This study aimed to calculate spontaneous delivery and cesarean section prevalence in pregnant patients with myopia.Methods: This was a descriptive epidemiology study using medical records of Maternity Outpatients Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, from September 2012 to September 2014. Age, stage of myopia, and delivery method data were taken. The sample in this study was all pregnant patients with myopia, as many as 30 patients.Results: Forty percent of pregnant patients with myopia were in the 21-25 age group. There were three patients with low myopia (10%), seven patients with moderate myopia (23.33%), and 20 patients with high myopia (66.66%). More than half of the pregnant patients with myopia had a cesarean section (66.66%), and ten had a vaginal delivery (33.33%). The most indications of cesarean sections were non-myopia in 14 patients (70%), and only six indicated myopia (30%). Myopia was not a primary indication for cesarean sections in Maternity Outpatients Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya.Conclusion: Although there was no report of retinal detachment either in spontaneous delivery or in cesarean section in this study, all pregnant patients with pathologic myopia or peripheral retinal degeneration should be consulted by an Ophthalmologist.

Higher Circulating Levels of Neutrophils and Basophils Are Linked to Myopic Retinopathy

This retrospective study investigated circulating immune cell alteration in patients with myopic retinopathy. Blood test results and demographic and ocular information of 392 myopic patients and 129 emmetropia controls who attended Changsha Aier Eye Hospital from May 2017 to April 2022 were used in this study. Compared with emmetropia, the percentages of neutrophils and basophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in myopic patients, whereas the percentages of monocytes and lymphocytes and the counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils were significantly lower in myopic patients. After adjusting for age and hypertension/diabetes, the difference remained. Interestingly, the platelet counts were significantly lower in myopic patients after the adjustments. Further subgroup analysis using multivariable linear regression showed that higher levels of neutrophils, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and platelet/lymphocyte ratio, lower levels of monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and platelets, were related to myopic peripheral retinal degeneration (mPRD) and posterior staphyloma (PS). A higher level of basophils was linked to myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Our results suggest that higher levels of circulating neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, lower monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and platelets are related to mild myopic retinopathy. A higher level of circulating basophils is related to the severe form of myopic retinopathy, such as mCNV.

Еще раз о клинике и лечении детей с периферической дистрофией сетчатки

Purpose. Improving the effectiveness of examination and treatment of children with peripheral retinal degeneration (PRD). Material and methods. 411 patients (496 eyes) with PRD aged 6 to 18 years were examined for the period from 2016 to 2021. All children underwent visometry, refractometry in conditions of cycloplegia, ophthalmoscopy with a 60.0 dptr. lens, biomicroscopy with a Goldman lens or panfundus lenses «Mainster». All of them underwent barrier laser coagulation of the retina. Results. Clinical material related to laser treatment of children with PRD is represented by regmatogenic (406 eyes) retinal dystrophy and its tears (65 eyes). Postoperative dynamic observation revealed signs of progression – an increase in the area of retinal dystrophy (95 eyes) and their dislocation around the created barriers (67 eyes). We managed to block them due to targeted laser coagulation. Conclusion. In general, the diagnosis, examination, and treatment of children with PRD is a complex, thorny and long-lasting process. In our patients, it turned out to be generally clinically favorable, but the frequent progression of dystrophic changes against the background of the progression of myopia requires constant monitoring. Keywords: peripheral retinal dystrophy; laser coagulation in children

Genetic and clinical landscape of ARR3-associated MYP26: the most common cause of Mendelian early-onset high myopia with a unique inheritance

AimsTo elucidate genetic background of early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and characteristics of ARR3-associated MYP26.MethodsVariants in 14 genes reported to contribute to eoHM, including ARR3, were selected from exome sequencing data...

Recommendations for management of peripheral retinal degenerations.

Some degenerations involving the peripheral retina can result in a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Currently, there are no clear guidelines for retinal screening and/or management of these peripheral retinal degenerations in patients with or without recent onset posterior vitreous detachment or in those prior to refractive surgery or intraocular procedures. This article aims to provide a set of recommendations for the screening and management of peripheral retinal degenerations based on a common consensus obtained from an expert panel of retinal specialists.