Perioperative COVID-19 Infection Research Articles

Impact of perioperative COVID-19 infection on postoperative complication in cesarean section using Korean National Health insurance data

The vulnerability during pregnancy has raised concerns about the potential impact of COVID-19 on obstetric anesthesia, an essential aspect of maternal care during cesarean section procedures. To evaluate the influence of COVID-19 infection on obstetric anesthesia during cesarean section, we analyzed the data from Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS). This retrospective study utilized data from Korean NHIS. We included patients admitted with operation codes specific to cesarean section between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. We classified patients into a COVID (+) group with a diagnosis code (U071) 30 days around surgery and a COVID (−) group without the code in the same period. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality that was defined as death within 30 days of admission due to any causes. Secondary outcomes were pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary thromboembolism [PTE], or unexpected postoperative mechanical ventilation), ICU admission, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction [MI], other thromboembolic events, surgical site infection, sepsis, acute renal failure [ARF], and hepatic failure. Among 75,268 patients who underwent cesarean section, 107 had a COVID-19 diagnosis code, while 75,161 did not. After 1:4 propensity score matching (PSM), 535 patients were included in each group. 30-day mortality showed no significant differences between the two groups both before and after PSM. The COVID (+) group demonstrated significantly elevated rates of pneumonia, ARDS, PTE, and surgical site infection both before and after PSM. Hospital length of stay and admission costs were also significantly longer and higher, respectively, in the COVID (+) group before and after PSM. In subgroup analysis, no differences were observed in mortality and postoperative complications based on the anesthesia method after matching. COVID-19 infection is associated with increased rates of postoperative complications, including pneumonia, ARDS, PTE, surgical site infection, longer hospital stays, and increased admission costs, in patients who underwent cesarean section.

RATE OF COVID-19 INFECTION AND 30-DAY MORTALITY BETWEEN BLUE AND GREEN (DEDICATED COVID-19 FREE) PATHWAYS: RESULTS FROM UK-FALCON AUDIT

ObjectivesThe primary aim was to determine the differences in COVID-19 infection rate and 30 day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery between different treatment pathways over the two phases of the UK-FALCON audit, spanning the first and second national lockdowns.DesignMulticentre retrospective national audit.SettingThis was a combined retrospective (Phase 1) and prospective (Phase 2) national audit of foot and ankle procedures in the UK in 2020.ParticipantsAll adult patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre during the study period included from 46 participating centres in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Patients were categorised as either a green pathway (designated COVID-19 free) or blue pathway.Results10,846 patients were included, 6,644 from phase 1 and 4,202 from phase 2. Over the 2 phases the infection rate on a blue pathway was 1.07% (69/6,470) and 0.21% on a green pathway (9/4,280). In phase 1, there was no significant difference in the COVID-19 perioperative infection rate between the blue and green pathways in any element of the first phase (pre-lockdown (p = .109), lockdown (p = .923) or post-lockdown (p = .577)). However, in phase 2 there was a significant reduction in perioperative infection rate when using the green pathway in both the pre-lockdown (p < .001) and lockdown periods (p < .001). There was no significant difference in COVID-19 related mortality between pathways.ConclusionsThere was a five-fold reduction in the perioperative COVID-19 infection rate when using designated COVID-19 green pathways; however the success of the pathways only became significant in phase 2 of the study. The study shows a developing success in using green pathways in reducing the risk to patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery.

Is perioperative COVID-19 really associated with worse surgical outcomes among vaccinated patients?

During the surge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, studies revealed high complication and morbidity rates following surgical procedures in COVID-19 positive patients. Anesthetic and surgical societies swiftly developed strategies to mitigate these risks, including a recommended postponement of elective surgeries for a minimum of 7weeks post-COVID infection. Nowadays, with a predominantly vaccinated population, it has become crucial to discern the influencing factors on post-COVID morbidity and mortality and a reevaluation of the existing recommendations pertaining to elective surgery. A single-center case-control study was conducted, including patients who underwent surgery between November 2021 and March 2022 and met the inclusion criteria. Eighty COVID-19 positive patients were matched 1:1 with 80 controls, each undergoing an identical intervention within a 2-week time frame. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality and secondary outcome postoperative complications (respiratory and thromboembolic). At the time of surgery, 88.8% of patients in the case group and 92.5% in the control group had received at least one vaccine dose. Mortality and morbidity did not show a significant difference when comparing the case and control groups (7.5% vs 6.2%, p = 0.755; 11.3% vs 8.9%, p = 0.541 respectively). In the COVID-positive group, mortality was significantly associated with age over 70years, ASA score over III, RCRI over 1, emergency procedures, and absence of thromboembolic prophylaxis. In contrast to previously reported findings, we did not observe an increased morbi-mortality in patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection. It may not be necessary to delay elective interventions, except in cases with a high-risk.

Postoperative morbidity and mortality of patients with COVID-19 undergoing cardiovascular surgery: an inverse propensity-weighted study

BackgroundTo evaluate the postoperative morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery during the 2022 nationwide Omicron variant infection wave in China.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 403 patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery for the first time during the 2022 wave of the pandemic within 1 month. Among them, 328 patients were preoperatively diagnosed with COVID-19 Omicron variant infection during the pandemic, and 75 patients were negative. The association between Omicron variant exposure and postoperative prognosis was explored by comparing patients with and without COVID-19 exposure. The primary outcome was in-hospital death after cardiovascular surgery. The secondary outcomes were major postoperative morbidity, including myocardial infarction (MI), acute kidney injury (AKI), postoperative mechanical ventilation hours, ICU stay hours, and postoperative length of stay. The data were analyzed using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to minimize bias.ResultsWe identified 403 patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery, 328 (81.39%) had Omicron variant infections. In total, 10 patients died in the hospital. Omicron variant infection was associated with a much greater risk of death during cardiovascular surgery after adjustment for IPTW (2.8% vs. 1.3%, adjusted OR 2.185, 95%CI = 1.193 to 10.251, P = 0.041). For major postoperative morbidity, there were no significant differences in terms of myocardial infarction between the two groups (adjusted OR = 0.861, 95%CI = 0.444 to 1.657, P = 0.653), acute kidney injury (adjusted OR = 1.157, 95%CI = 0.287 to 5.155, P = 0.820), postoperative mechanical ventilation hours (B -0.375, 95%CI=-8.438 to 7.808, P = 0.939), ICU stay hours (B 2.452, 95%CI=-13.269 to 8.419, P = 0.660) or postoperative stay (B -1.118, 95%CI=-2.237 to 1.154, P = 0.259) between the two groups.ConclusionPerioperative COVID-19 infection was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death among patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery during the Omicron variant wave of the pandemic.

Postoperative outcomes of pediatric patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

To quantify the risk of adverse postoperative outcomes in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library from December 2019 to 21 April 2023. Observational cohort studies that reported postoperative early mortality and pulmonary complications of pediatric patients with confirmed COVID-19-positive compared with COVID-19-negative were eligible for inclusion. We excluded pediatric patients underwent organ transplantation or cardiac surgery. Reviews, case reports, letters, and editorials were also excluded. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias for each included study. The primary outcome was postoperative early mortality, defined as mortality within 30days after surgery or during hospitalization. The random-effects model was performed to assess the pooled estimates, which were expressed as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). 9 studies involving 23,031 pediatric patients were included, and all studies were rated as high quality. Compared with pediatric patients without COVID-19, pediatric patients with COVID-19 showed a significantly increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) (RR = 4.24; 95% CI 2.08-8.64). No clear evidence was found for differences in postoperative early mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.34-2.06), postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission (RR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.39-1.68), and length of hospital stay (MD = 0.35, 95% CI -1.81-2.51) between pediatric patients with and without COVID-19. Perioperative COVID-19 infection was strongly associated with increased risk of PPCs, but it did not increase the risk of postoperative early mortality, the rate of postoperative ICU admission, and the length of hospital stay in pediatric patients. Our preplanned sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our study findings.

Clinical Characteristics and Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Surgery with Perioperative COVID-19 Infection.

With the emergence of novel variants, there have been widespread COVID-19 infections in the Chinese mainland recently. Compared to ancestral COVID-19 variants, Omicron variants become more infectious, but less virulent. Previous studies have recommended postponing non-emergency surgery for at least 4-8 weeks after COVID-19 infection. However, delayed surgery has been shown to be associated with tumor progression and worse overall survival for cancer patients. Here, we examined surgery risk and optimal timing for colorectal cancer patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection. A total of 211 patients who underwent colorectal cancer surgery from 1 October 2022 to 20 January 2023 at Xinhua Hospital were included. In addition, COVID-19-infected patients were further categorized into three groups based on infected time (early post-COVID-19 group, late post-COVID-19 group and postoperative COVID-19 group). The complication rate in patients with COVID-19 infection was 26.3%, which was significantly higher than in control patients (8.4%). The most common complications in COVID-19-infected patients were pneumonia, ileus and sepsis. Patients who underwent surgery close to the time of infection had increased surgery risks, whereas surgery performed over 1 week after recovery from COVID-19 did not increase the risk of postoperative complications. In conclusion, surgery performed during or near the time of COVID-19 infection is associated with an increased risk of developing postoperative complications. We recommend that the safe period for patients with recent COVID-19 infection in colorectal cancer surgery be at least 1 week after recovery from COVID-19.

Effect of Paxlovid on Tacrolimus Concentration in Perioperative Kidney Transplant Patients Infected With COVID-19: A Case Report

Paxlovid, as a new drug, received emergency approval for the treatment of COVID-19 in China; there is very little experience with kidney transplantation patients taking tacrolimus with perioperative COVID-19 infection. We discontinued tacrolimus on the day of using Paxlovid, and we chose to frequently monitor the concentration of tacrolimus and creatinine early in the course of treatment by enzymemultipliedimmunoassaytechnique (EMIT) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results show varying degrees of elevation of creatinine levels in 3 patients, and EMIT may overestimate the true concentration of tacrolimus metabolites compared with LC-MS/MS. All the data comply with the Helsinki Congress and the Declaration of Istanbul.

COVID-associated complications after reconstructive breast surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

The COVID pandemic significantly influenced reconstructive breast surgery regimens. Many surgeries were cancelled or postponed. COVID entails not only respiratory, but also coagulative symptoms. It, therefore, potentially increases the risk of postoperative complications. The incidence of perioperative COVID infection and its influence on postoperative recovery after reconstructive breast surgery is still unknown. This dual center retrospective cohort study included patients that underwent reconstructive breast surgery between March 2020 and July 2021. Post-mastectomy autologous or implant-based breast reconstruction (ABR; IBR), as well as post-lumpectomy oncoplastic partial breast reconstruction (PBR) were eligible. Patient data were extracted from electronic medical records. Data regarding COVID-19 infection was collected through a questionnaire. The primary outcome was complication rate. The ABR, IBR and PBR groups consisted of 113 (12 COVID-positive), 41 (2 COVID-positive) and 113 (10 COVID-positive) patients. In the ABR and PBR groups, postoperative complications occurred significantly more often in patients with perioperative COVID-infection. Especially impaired wound healing occurred significantly more often in the ABR and PBR breasts, but also at the donor site of ABR patients with perioperative COVID. Perioperative COVID-infection increases susceptibility to complicated wound healing after reconstructive breast surgery. A possible explanation lies in the dysregulation of haemostasis by the virus, and its direct effects on microvasculature. A hypercoagulable state results. We recommend to postpone elective breast surgery for 4-6weeks after COVID-19 infection. Also, precautionary measures remain important to minimize the risk of perioperative COVID-19 infection.

A037 Does perioperative COVID-19 infection increase risk of 30-day mortality and adverse outcomes following metabolic and bariatric surgery?

A037 Does perioperative COVID-19 infection increase risk of 30-day mortality and adverse outcomes following metabolic and bariatric surgery?

Outcomes of Gynecologic Cancer Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Prospective CovidSurg–Gynecologic Oncology Cancer Study

ABSTRACT The logistic strain on the health care system during the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionally affected women with gynecologic cancers and surgical care delivery. Surgeries were being delayed or replaced by systemic or palliative care options with less favorable outcomes. The true impact of pandemic-related modifications to clinical management of surgical gynecologic cancer patients remains unknown. This international prospective cohort study aimed to analyze the clinical and surgical outcomes of patients with gynecologic cancer who had or were planned to have first-line treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was part of an umbrella study exploring the impact of COVID-19 in surgical patients across all solid cancer types and multiple specialties (GlobalSurg-CovidSurg Consortium). All hospitals that included patients discussed for surgery regardless of whether they were operated on or not were included in this study. Patients who were planned for curative or life-prolonging surgery or underwent surgery for gynecologic cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. Patients were followed up from the time of multidisciplinary team decision for surgery for the next 3 months, representing the first peak period of the pandemic. The primary outcome was the incidence in pandemic-related changes in care, whereas secondary outcomes included perioperative morbidity and mortality, wait time before surgery, postoperative hospital stay time, proportion of patients not operated on with progression to incurable disease or death, and a composite adverse outcome to measure the potential impact of any treatment delays or adjustment. A total of 3973 patients from 227 centers across 52 countries were included, of whom 3784 (95.2%) ultimately underwent surgery. The majority of patients had uterine or ovarian cancer (n = 3270 [82%]) and were from high-income countries (n = 2906 [73%]). A total of 189 operations (7.9%) were canceled. Although the median time from multidisciplinary team decision to surgery was 3 weeks, 11.2% (424/3784) of patients underwent surgery more than 8 weeks later. Among ovarian cancer patients with stage III/IV disease and a significant delay (>8 weeks) of surgery, 83.6% had neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with 21% for those who did not experience a delay (P < 0.0001). The overall 30-day postoperative complication rate was 19.3%, and the postoperative COVID-19 infection rate was 0.6%. The length of stay was significantly longer for COVID-19–infected patients (median, 8.5 vs 4 days; P = 0.0001). When evaluating the entire cohort, a total of 20.7% (823/3973) had their standard of care adjusted because of the pandemic. Patients in low- and middle-income countries (P < 0.0001), areas under full lockdown (P < 0.0001), with worse performance status (P < 0.0001), more comorbidities (P = 0.0242), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (P = 0.010), ovarian cancer (P < 0.001), and stage 3 or 4 diseases (P < 0.0001) were more likely to have their operations more than 8 weeks after the MTD decision. There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality among those with delayed operations; however, a significant difference was observed for the adverse composite outcome owing to delay including unresectable disease or disease progression, emergency surgery, and death (95/424 [22.4%] vs 601/3360 [17.9%]; P = 0.024). The results of this study demonstrate that despite a very low risk of perioperative COVID-19 infection, a significant portion of gynecologic cancer surgical patients had treatment plan modifications associated with early negative impact.

The impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the delivery of lower limb arthroplasty

Hip and knee arthroplasty is an extremely successful and cost-effective procedure that is widely performed to restore function and alleviate pain. The arrival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) brought significant disruptions to delivery of surgery worldwide, including lower limb arthroplasty. Three years on from the start of the pandemic the effects of the virus are still present. This literature review aims to explore current data published from our single specialty orthopaedic centre and data collected nationally and internationally, on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lower limb arthroplasty. Elective hip and knee arthroplasty in the UK fell by approximately 40% and 50% respectively (2020 vs 2019) and by the end of 2021 the number of procedures completed still remained below pre-pandemic levels. As a result, elective waiting times are longer than ever before, with more patients suffering worse health states and a significant impact on quality of life. The UK National Hip Fracture Database showed an active COVID-19 infection was associated with a three-fold greater risk of 30-day mortality post lower limb arthroplasty. Several reports have also correlated peri-operative COVID-19 infection with increased risk of systemic complications with the virus such as pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolisms, acute kidney injury and myocardial infarction to name a few. NHS England provided guidelines for safe recommencement for elective operating. Upon adoption of these recommendations, several orthopaedic units found similar rates of post-operative complications and mortality to pre-pandemic levels, demonstrating that safe elective care can be delivered even during an emergency pandemic setting. The development of rapid testing, use of personal protective equipment and introduction of pre- and post-operative isolation protocols were effective measures to allow elective surgery to restart. For infected individuals awaiting surgery, delays of at least seven weeks are recommended to reduce complication rates. There is limited literature discussing the impact of the vaccine on post-operative complications and mortality. Early reports however have suggested vaccinated individuals benefit from a reduced mortality risk in emergency cases of hip fracture surgery, but this is an area which would benefit from further research.

Routine pre-operative Covid testing in elective surgeries: Is it worth it?

BackgroundPre-procedural COVID-19 testing in patients scheduled for elective cases have become routine to reduce the risk of COVID-19 exposure and pulmonary complications related to perioperative COVID-19 infection, and to reduce the use of specific hospital resources among other reasons. This study evaluates the efficacy of universal COVID-19 testing for elective procedures. MethodsSingle institution retrospective observational study from July 2020 through August 2021. ResultsThere were a total of 499 unique patients who were scheduled for 581 surgeries or procedures. A total of 569 anterior nares reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests were completed before scheduled procedure. There were 2 (0.35%) positive COVID tests, both of whom were asymptomatic and unvaccinated at time of testing, and 13 (2.2%) cancelled cases overall. The total cost for labor and materials during this period was $19,738, with each RT-PCR test costing $34.69 and each true positive test costing $9,869. ConclusionsGiven the low COVID-19 positivity in the elective procedural patient population, testing protocols for elective procedures should be re-evaluated as the pandemic evolves.

Association of major postoperative wound and anastomotic complications in thoracic surgery with COVID-19 infection

BackgroundOne of the most uncommon manifestations of perioperative Covid-19 infection is impaired wound healing. The aim of this study is to present previously unreported observation of thoracotomy and esophageal anastomosis dehiscence in the course of Covid-19 infection after uncomplicated thoracic surgeries. MethodsThis is a single-center study describing unusual wound and anastomosis complications in COVID-19 patients after uncomplicated thoracic surgeries. Medical data was prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. All patients admitted to the hospital were symptom free and tested negative for COVID-19 infection preoperatively. Clinical courses were compared to a non-infected control group from historical data. ResultsThe total of 14 patients were included. Study group involved 7 patients with major wound and anastomosis complications concurrent with COVID-19 infection. Control group was composed of 7 patients matched with the type of surgeries and treated before Coronavirus pandemic. Surgeries included lung transplantations, lung cancer surgeries and esophagectomies. The mean age of the study group was 65.7 years. Major wound and anastomosis complications occurred 13.6 days postoperatively while the mean time of Covid-19 detection was 21 days. The course of infection varied from mild to very severe which resulted in 3 deaths due to COVID-19 induced ARDS. The mean time of hospital stay was 40,9 days. There were no differences between both groups in baseline characteristics while hospitalization time was significantly longer in the study group. ConclusionsCOVID-19 infection should be included in differential diagnosis in postoperative patients with major wound or anastomosis complications.

Rate of COVID-19 Infection and 30 Day Mortality Between Blue and Green (Dedicated COVID-19 Safe) Pathways: Results From the UK Foot and Ankle COVID-19 National-Audit

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Objectives: The primary aim was to determine the differences in COVID-19 infection rate and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery between different treatment pathways over the two phases of the UK- FALCON audit, spanning the first and second national lockdowns. Methods: Setting: This was an ambispective (retrospective Phase 1 and prospective Phase 2) national audit of foot and ankle procedures in the UK in 2020 completed between 13th January 2020 and 30th November 2020.Participants: All adult patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre during the study period were included from 46 participating centres in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Patients were categorised as either a green pathway (designated COVID-19 free) or blue pathway (no protocols to prevent COVID-19 infection). Results: 10,846 patients were included, 6,644 from phase 1 and 4,202 from phase 2. Over the 2 phases the infection rate on a blue pathway was 1.07% (69/6,470) and 0.21% on a green pathway (9/4,280). In phase 1, there was no significant difference in the COVID-19 perioperative infection rate between the blue and green pathways in any element of the first phase (pre-lockdown (p=.109), lockdown (p=.923) or post-lockdown (p=.577)). However, in phase 2 there was a significant reduction in perioperative infection rate when using the green pathway in both the pre-lockdown (p<.001) and lockdown periods (Odd's Ratio 0.077, p<.001). There was no significant difference in COVID-19 related mortality between pathways. Conclusion: There was a five-fold reduction in the perioperative COVID-19 infection rate when using designated COVID-19 green pathways over the whole study period; however the success of the pathways only became significant in phase 2 of the study, where there was a 13-fold reduction in infection rate. The study shows a developing success to using green pathways in reducing the risk to patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery.

Safety of maintaining elective and emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic with the introduction of a Protected Elective Surgical Unit (PESU): A cross-specialty evaluation of 30-day outcomes in 9,925 patients undergoing surgery in a University Health Board

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented health care challenges mandating surgical service reconfiguration. Within our hospital, emergency and elective streams were separated and self-contained Protected Elective Surgical Units were developed to mitigate against infection-related morbidity. Aims of this study were to determine the risk of COVID-19 transmission and mortality and whether the development of Protected Elective Surgical Units can result in significant reduction in risk. MethodsA retrospective observational study of consecutive patients from 18 specialties undergoing elective or emergency surgery under general, spinal, or epidural anaesthetic over a 12-month study period was undertaken. Primary outcome measures were 30-day postoperative COVID-19 transmission rate and mortality. Secondary adjusted analyses were performed to ascertain hospital and Protected Elective Surgical Unit transmission rates. ResultsBetween 15 March 2020 and 14 March 2021, 9,925 patients underwent surgery: 6,464 (65.1%) elective, 5,116 (51.5%) female, and median age 57 (39–70). A total of 69.5% of all procedures were performed in Protected Elective Surgical Units. Overall, 30-day postoperative COVID-19 transmission was 2.8% (3.4% emergency vs 1.2% elective P < .001). Protected Elective Surgical Unit postoperative transmission was significantly lower than non–Protected Elective Surgical Unit (0.42% vs 3.2% P < .001), with an adjusted likely in-hospital Protected Elective Surgical Unit transmission of 0.04%. The 30-day all-cause mortality was 1.7% and was 14.6% in COVID-19–positive patients. COVID-19 infection, age > 70, male sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade >2, and emergency surgery were all independently associated with mortality. ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that Protected Elective Surgical Units can facilitate high-volume elective surgical services throughout peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic while minimising viral transmission and mortality. However, mortality risk associated with perioperative COVID-19 infection remains high.

Mitigation of Perioperative COVID-19 Infection

Mitigation of Perioperative COVID-19 Infection

SURG-15. A Case Series of Pediatric Patients with Brain Tumors and Perioperative COVID-19 Infection

INTRODUCTION: Surgery in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, especially within 6 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, most studies have focused on adults, and little is known about perioperative outcomes in children with COVID-19. METHODS: We reviewed the operative census of the Division of Neurosurgery of Philippine General Hospital from March 2020 until December 2021. We identified all pediatric patients with brain tumors and confirmed COVID-19 infection within two weeks of their neuro-oncologic surgery. Their clinical course and outcomes are described herein. RESULTS: Four patients were included in this case series: three had tumors in the cerebellum, one in the pineal region. All of them were boys, with ages ranging from 4 months to 13 years. All tumors were malignant, and two were confirmed to be medulloblastoma after tumor resection. COVID-19 infection was diagnosed by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through a nasopharyngeal swab. Three patients acquired the virus post-operatively, likely from nosocomial transmission. In the remaining patient, it was community-acquired. All the patients had chest radiographs consistent with pneumonia but none had marked elevation of serum inflammatory markers. No patient received remdesivir or tocilizumab. At the time of their presentation, either the COVID-19 vaccine was not yet available in the country, or the patient was not yet eligible for vaccination. One patient died because of brain herniation from tumor progression, two were discharged and eventually underwent adjuvant therapy, and one remained in-hospital as of this writing. DISCUSSION: COVID-19 infection resulted in delays in the management of patients with pediatric CNS tumors. Given the high risk of these patients for potential complications, consensus guidelines must be established to achieve good outcomes and prolong survival.

Rate of COVID-19 infection and 30 day mortality between blue and green (dedicated COVID-19 safe) pathways: Results from phase 1 and 2 of the UK foot and ankle COVID-19 national (UK-FAlCoN) audit

ObjectivesThe primary aim was to determine the differences in COVID-19 infection rate and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery between different treatment pathways over the two phases of the UK-FALCON audit, spanning the first and second UK national lockdowns. SettingThis was an ambispective (retrospective Phase 1 and prospective Phase 2) national audit of foot and ankle procedures in the UK in 2020 completed between 13th January 2020 and 30th November 2020. ParticipantsAll adult patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre during the study period were included from 46 participating centres in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Patients were categorised as either a green pathway (designated COVID-19 free) or blue pathway (no protocols to prevent COVID-19 infection). Results10,846 patients were included, 6644 from phase 1 and 4202 from phase 2. Over the 2 phases the infection rate on a blue pathway was 1.07% (69/6470) and 0.21% on a green pathway (9/4280). In phase 1, there was no significant difference in the COVID-19 perioperative infection rate between the blue and green pathways in any element of the first phase (pre-lockdown (p = .109), lockdown (p = .923) or post-lockdown (p = .577)). However, in phase 2 there was a significant reduction in perioperative infection rate when using the green pathway in both the pre-lockdown (p < .001) and lockdown periods (Odd’s Ratio 0.077, p < .001). There was no significant difference in COVID-19 related mortality between pathways. ConclusionsThere was a five-fold reduction in the perioperative COVID-19 infection rate when using designated COVID-19 green pathways over the whole study period; however the success of the pathways only became significant in phase 2 of the study, where there was a 13-fold reduction in infection rate. The study shows a developing success to using green pathways in reducing the risk to patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urological cancers: The surgical experience of two cancer hubs in London and Milan.

ObjectiveTo report on the outcomes of urological cancer patients undergoing radical surgery between March–September 2020 (compared with 2019) in the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan and the South East London Cancer Alliance (SELCA).Materials and MethodsSince March 2020, both institutions implemented a COVID‐19 minimal ‘green’ pathway, whereby patients were required to isolate for 14 days prior to admission and report a negative COVID‐19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test within 3 days of surgery. COVID‐19 positive patients had surgery deferred until a negative swab. Surgical outcomes assessed were: American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade; surgery time; theatre time; intensive care unit (ICU) stay >24 h; pneumonia; length of stay (LOS); re‐admission. Postoperative COVID‐19 infection rates and associated mortality were also recorded.ResultsAt IEO, uro‐oncological surgery increased by 4%, as compared with the same period in 2019 (n = 515 vs. 534). The main increase was observed for renal (16%, n = 98 vs. 114), bladder (24%, n = 45 vs. 56) and testicular (27%, n = 26 vs. 33). Patient demographics were all comparable between 2019 and 2020. Only one bladder cancer patient developed COVID‐19, reporting mild/moderate disease. There was no COVID‐19 associated mortality. In the SELCA cohort, uro‐oncological surgery declined by 23% (n = 403 vs. 312) compared with the previous year. The biggest decrease was seen for prostate (−42%, n = 156 vs. 91), penile (−100%, n = 4 vs. 0) and testicular cancers (−46%, n = 35 vs. 24). Various patient demographic characteristics were notably different when comparing 2020 versus 2019. This likely reflects the clinical decision of deferring COVID‐19 vulnerable patients. One patient developed COVID‐19, with no COVID‐19 related mortality.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 minimal ‘green’ pathways that were put in place have shown to be safe for uro‐oncological patients requiring radical surgery. There were limited complications, almost no peri‐operative COVID‐19 infection and no COVID‐19‐related mortality in either cohort.

Impact of COVID-19 on vascular patients worldwide: analysis of the COVIDSurg data.

The COVIDSurg collaborative was an international multicenter prospective analysis of perioperative data from 235 hospitals in 24 countries. It found that perioperative COVID-19 infection was associated with a mortality rate of 24%. At the same time, the COVER study demonstrated similarly high perioperative mortality rates in vascular surgical patients undergoing vascular interventions even without COVID-19, likely associated with the high burden of comorbidity associated with vascular patients. This is a vascular subgroup analysis of the COVIDSurg cohort. All patients with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 in the 7 days prior to, or in the 30 days following a vascular procedure were included. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were pulmonary complications (adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia and respiratory failure). Logistic regression was undertaken for dichotomous outcomes. Overall, 602 patients were included in this subgroup analysis, of which 88.4% were emergencies. The most common operations performed were for vascular-related dialysis access procedures (20.1%, N.=121). The combined 30-day mortality rate was 27.2%. Composite secondary pulmonary outcomes occurred in half of the vascular patients (N.=275, 45.7%). Mortality following vascular surgery in COVID positive patients was significantly higher than levels reported pre-pandemic, and similar to that seen in other specialties in the COVIDSurg cohort. Initiatives and surgical pathways that ensure vascular patients are protected from exposure to COVID-19 in the peri-operative period are vital to protect against excess mortality.