Perioperative Area Research Articles

The Impact of Soundscapes on Healthcare Teams: A Literature Review

Healthcare teams often work in complex systems where soundscapes include numerous noise sources and levels which could impact teamwork. While studies have analyzed the impact of sound on patients, articles describing clinician and clinical team experience are relatively sparse. The purpose of this literature review was to determine what is currently known about soundscapes and their impact on teamwork and team performance in hospital-based healthcare settings. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. The Input-Process-Output framework and SEIPS 2.0 model guided our review and categorization of the included studies. The work environments studied included the operating room (OR), perioperative area, and a simulation. Noise input was grouped by existing noise, music or controlled sound conditions, and communication wearables during clinical or simulated tasks. Nine of the 11 articles studied the impact sound environment on team communication and three articles measured other team processes. The findings from this review assessed both existing and experimental noise conditions discovering associations with team performance processes and outcomes. Overall, previous studies have found that noise can impact individuals and elements of teamwork, especially communication. Future research is needed to develop best practices and innovative solutions supporting a positive soundscape for teamwork.

Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes about Adult Post-Operative Pain Assessment and Management: Cross Sectional Study in Qatar.

Pain is a complex and challenging phenomenon. People have different pain experiences, but everyone has the right to effective pain management. Pain assessment and management are integral components of a nurse's role. To assess the knowledge and attitudes of nurses in Qatar about adult post-operative patients' pain assessment and management, and the factors that may be associated with such knowledge and attitudes. Post-operative registered nurses from all peri-operative areas at Hamad Medical Corporation participated in a cross-sectional online survey using a self-administered questionnaire. A knowledge and attitudes (K&A) score was calculated. Associations between K&A and potential explanatory variables were assessed using t-tests and one-way ANOVA. A total of 151 post-operative nurses participated in the study. The mean knowledge and attitudes (K&A) score was 19.6 ± 4.5 out of 41 (48%), indicating a large deficit in nurses' knowledge and attitudes about adult post-operative pain. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean K&A scores of participants based on gender, nationality, education level, marital status, workplace facility, current job designation, or hours of pain education. There is a significant deficit in post-operative nurses' knowledge and attitudes about pain across the nursing workforce in post-operative care. Implications for nursing education and policy: Evidence-based, innovative nursing education courses are needed to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes about pain assessment and management. Health service policy is required to ensure that evidence-based in-service education on pain management is compulsory for all nurses. This study was not registered.

Pyxis Proximity Improves Narcotic Waste Compliance Among Anesthesia Personnel.

Introduction Controlled substance waste processes in perioperative areas can be cumbersome. Streamlining this process is a critical component of improving operating room efficiency. At our institution, unused controlled substances require a two-person waste prior to disposal. We hypothesized that access to a centrally located automated medication dispensing system to conduct medication waste would decrease the amount of time required to perform a two-person waste and dispose of unused medications after the completion of a case. We further hypothesized that a decrease in the time required to waste would improve user satisfaction with the waste process. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective, IRB-approved quality assurance analysis. Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap, Stony Brook, NY, United States) software was used to design an anonymous survey, which was distributed via email from 06/09/2021 to 09/09/2021. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare before and after paired responses for individuals. Analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 © (Cary, NC, United States) software. Results Participants reported a significant decrease in time carrying used narcotics after a surgical case. For the primary outcome, median (IQR) scores demonstrated a significant decrease from 2, representing "10-20 minutes" (IQR 1-3), to 1, indicating "<10 minutes" (IQR 1-2) spent carrying used narcotics (p < 0.0001). Reported satisfaction with the process significantly increased from 2 to 3 points, on a scale of 5, after using the new centrally located Pyxis (p < 0.0001). Participants reported the wasting process as less time-consuming, carried fewer used controlled substances, and were less likely to wait until the end of the shift to waste. Conclusions By improving the ergonomics of the waste process after adding a Pyxis system in a more central location, the time anesthesia clinicians spent carrying used controlled substances decreased. Additionally, provider satisfaction increased, likely related to the ease of finding a partner to witness wasted medications.

Multifaceted Implementation Strategy to Improve the Comprehensive Assessment of Penicillin Allergies in Perioperative Patient

Background: The CDC recommends that nurses improve the evaluation of penicillin allergies as part of antimicrobial stewardship programs. We evaluated the feasibility of a multifaceted implementation strategy to improve nurses’ documentation of penicillin allergy histories and to encourage nurses to notify prescribers of patients with low-risk symptoms of reported penicillin allergy. The implementation strategy was guided by the COM-B model of behavior change and addressed nurses’ capability, opportunity, and motivation to implement practices (Figure 1). The implementation strategy included education on the STORY mnemonic that details the questions of a penicillin allergy history, education on low-risk symptoms of penicillin allergy, dot phrases in EPIC to facilitate nurses’ documentation of STORY and communication of patients with low-risk penicillin allergy symptoms, and educational pocket cards and flyers. We define feasibility as the implementation and acceptability of practices. Methods: This was a six-month feasibility study conducted in an outpatient perioperative area. We compared penicillin allergy documentation pre- and post- implementation strategy and report on nurses’ notification of prescribers regarding patients with low-risk penicillin allergies in the post-implementation period. We engaged nurses in a focus group to assess factors that facilitated or hindered practice adoption. Results: A total of 426 unique patients with 482 penicillin allergy records were included in our study (n= 207 records pre-implementation, n = 275 records post-implementation). We found little to no change in the percentage of records that included symptom information post vs. pre-implementation (88.36% vs 88.41%). A greater percentage of allergy records in the post vs. pre-implementation periods included information on: timing/years since reaction (25.6% vs. 8.2%), onset of reaction (20.7% vs. 0%), resolution of symptoms (20.4% vs. 0%), and penicillin re-exposure (21.1% vs. 2.4%). There were 24 documented instances of nurses’ notifying prescribers of patients with a low-risk penicillin allergy. Focus group data revealed nurses perceived their comprehensive documentation of penicillin allergies highly acceptable and likely to improve patient care and outcomes. Whereas nurses’ notification of prescribers concerning patients meeting low-risk penicillin allergy criteria had little appeal. Nurses described the STORY mnemonic, pocket cards describing the penicillin allergy assessment mnemonic, and the associated dot phrase in EPIC as particularly helpful. Conclusions: A multifaceted implementation strategy showed promise in improving the comprehensive documentation of penicillin allergy histories. Future studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the multifaceted implementation strategy on penicillin allergy documentation, the selection of antibiotic prophylactic treatment, and clinical outcomes among surgical patients.

Roadmap for integrating the AACN essentials with perioperative nursing

Faculty members teaching in pre-licensure nursing programs are entrusted with revising nursing education to meet the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's The Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education. Colleges of nursing faculty experience difficulty establishing enough clinical sites as healthcare facilities continue to overcome staffing challenges since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Perioperative nursing is an underutilized area despite the potential for students to attain valuable nursing competencies and experiences in perioperative areas. An opportunity exists for faculty, regardless of having perioperative nursing experience or not, to use perioperative environments for clinical experiences in didactic and simulation courses. Our aim is to provide a roadmap for nursing faculty to include perioperative nursing in the pre-licensure nursing curriculum. Perioperative education exemplars aligned with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's The Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education domains are included for adoption in any college of nursing.

Creating a Just Culture in the Perioperative Setting.

There has been an increased perioperative focus on avoiding adverse events and providing safe patient care since To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System published in 2000. Adverse events continue to occur in perioperative areas and are likely underreported. The interdisciplinary nature and high cost of perioperative care may discourage personnel from speaking up for fear of retribution and punishment when reporting. Organization leaders can implement a just culture that focuses on improving patient care processes and safety rather than placing blame after an adverse event. A tenet of just culture is achieving balanced accountability between systems and individuals. Strategies for just culture implementation include leader support, policies and procedures for reporting, accessibility of reporting systems, provision of information for staff members, identification of support champions, and creation of a good catch program. Leaders also should measure and track progress associated with the just culture in their facility.

Perceptions of Use of Names, Recognition of Roles, and Teamwork After Labeling Surgical Caps

Communication failures in perioperative areas are common and have negative outcomes for both patients and clinicians. Names and roles of teammates are difficult to remember or discern contributing to suboptimal communication, yet the utility of labeled surgical caps with names and roles for enhancing perceived teamwork and connection is not well studied. To evaluate the use of labeled surgical caps in name use and role recognition, as well as teamwork and connection, among interprofessional perioperative teammates. In this quality improvement study, caps labeled with names and roles were distributed to 967 interprofessional perioperative clinicians, along with preimplementation and 6-month postimplementation surveys. Conducted between July 8, 2021, and June 25, 2022, at a single large, academic, quaternary health care center in the US, the study comprised surgeons, anesthesiologists, trainees, and all interprofessional hospital staff who work in adult general surgery perioperative areas. Labeled surgical caps were offered cost-free, although not mandatory, to each interested clinician. Quantitative survey of self-reported frequency for name use and role recognition as well as postimplementation sense of teamwork and connection. The surveys also elicited free response comments. Of the 1483 eligible perioperative clinicians, 967 (65%; 387 physicians and 580 nonphysician staff; 58% female) completed preimplementation surveys and received labeled caps, and 243 of these individuals (51% of physicians and 8% of staff) completed postimplementation surveys. Pre-post results were limited to physicians, due to the low postsurvey staff response rate. The odds of participants reporting that they were often called by their name increased after receiving a labeled cap (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 13.37; 95% CI, 8.18-21.86). On postsurveys, participants reported that caps with names and roles substantially improved teamwork (80%) and connection (79%) with teammates. Participants who reported an increased frequency of being called by their name had higher odds for reporting improved teamwork (AOR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.91-6.26) and connection with teammates (AOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.76-5.84). Free response comments supported the quantitative data that labeled caps facilitated knowing teammates' names and roles and fostered a climate of wellness, teamwork, inclusion, and patient safety. The findings of this quality improvement study performed with interprofessional teammates suggest that organizationally sponsored labeled surgical caps was associated with improved teamwork, indicated by increased name use and role recognition in perioperative areas.

Guidelines in Practice: Hand Hygiene.

Effective hand hygiene is an important part of infection prevention, especially in perioperative areas. The revised AORN "Guideline for hand hygiene" provides perioperative personnel with evidence-based practice recommendations for hand hygiene. This article presents an overview of the guideline and discusses specific recommendations for maintaining appropriate fingernail and hand condition; wearing or removing hand and wrist jewelry; performing general hand hygiene; performing surgical hand antisepsis with a traditional hand scrub or surgical hand rub; selecting sinks, faucets, and drains to avoid hand contamination; and implementing quality activities to enhance hand hygiene compliance. It also includes a scenario illustrating how nurses can use the guideline to mitigate hand dermatitis associated with surgical hand antisepsis. Perioperative nurses should review the revised guideline in its entirety and apply the recommendations as applicable for their practice.

Clinical Issues - February 2023.

Frequency of OR wall and ceiling cleaning Key words: environmental surfaces, high-touch surfaces, contamination, cleaning frequency, hand contact. Waterborne pathogen development and associated risks Key words: Legionella, premise plumbing system, opportunistic pathogens, biofilm, electronic sensor faucet. Water management program teams and perioperative services Key words: water supply safety, facility water system, waterborne pathogen prevention plan, faucets, drains. Minimizing waterborne pathogens in perioperative areas Key words: waterborne pathogen dispersal, cross contamination, splash guards, high-risk hardware, sinks.

Thrombophilia in a patient with short bowel syndrome

This article presents a clinical case of thrombophilia in a patient with short bowel syndrome. Thrombophilia is characterized by a disorder of the blood clotting system, in which the risk of thrombosis increases. Thrombophilia, local vascular insufficiency, intestinal obstruction with fistula formation requiring intestinal resection play a significant role in the pathogenesis of short bowel syndrome. The patient was admitted with the diagnosis “thrombophilia, resection of the small intestine (residual small intestine 17 cm), ileostoma”. Condition after multiple surgical interventions on the abdominal cavity. Surgeries performed: atypical gastric resection, resection of the greater omentum, jejunostomy, resection of the cardial and antral parts of the stomach, derivation of duodenostomy, esophagostomy, derivation of loop jejunostomy, Braun enteroanastomosis, perforation of the colon, suturing, derivation of colostomy, cholecystectomy, GI reconstruction, Roux esophagoenteroanastomosis, resection of the sigmoid colon, small intestine, bearing intestinal fistulas, removal of double-barrel ileostomy, abdominal cavity drainage, relaparotomy, closure of ileal perforation, retrograde intubation of the small intestine, determination of indications for intestinal transplantation. The following tests were performed: CT-enterography, colonoscopy with subsequent morphological examination, abdominal ultrasound, enterogastroscopy, clinical and biochemical blood tests, PCR, coagulogram, urinalysis, percussion and auscultation of the chest. Morphological examination showed fragments of the wall of the colon – with erosion, fragments of fatty tissue – with immature granulation tissue, fragment of stroma covered with multilayer flat keratinized epithelium with the focus of epithelized slit-like ulcer. Clexane was administered as part of the treatment complex, nutritional support additionally included Micrazyme capsules 25000 units, teduglutide, remabipid. Rebamipid and Teduglutide allowed to stabilize the patient's condition and improve the condition of the perioperative area tissues. In case of ineffectiveness of the therapy used the indications for liver transplantation are determined.

The perioperative utility of 3D printed models in complex surgical care: feedback from 106 cases.

3D models are an emerging tool for surgical planning, providing an augmented method for the visualisation of a patient's anatomy. As their use increases, more data about the utility of these models is critical to inform budget allocation. This study provides the most comprehensive analysis to date for the use of 3D models in perioperative management. 3D models for complex surgical cases in NHS hospitals were delivered alongside a surgeon feedback survey. The survey on the model's utility had been designed alongside the university data analytical team and focused on five areas: surgical planning and diagnosis, economic impact, impact on intraoperative and preoperative time, effect on communication and direct impact on the patient. There were 106 models used by 63 surgeons for complex surgical cases between May 2020 and March 2021, across multiple surgical specialties. The models were reported to have benefits in all perioperative areas, with 92.5% of responses agreeing that the 3D model was a better method for diagnosis and planning than traditional 2D techniques. Benefits were reported on preoperative planning (92.4%), economic savings due to equipment selection (54.4%), reduction in surgical time (41.5%) and surgeon-to-surgeon communication (92.6%). 3D models were shown to have a wide range of benefits in a surgical setting. The reduction in surgical time could have the potential to help alleviate surgical backlogs. With more widespread use and optimisation of costs the use of 3D models could become the standard for unusual and complex surgical cases.

Perioperative pressure injury prevention: National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel root cause analysis toolkit 3.0

Operating room-related pressure injuries (ORPI) are particularly challenging to examine for several reasons. Time in the OR is often a distinct event within the hospitalisation, and discovery of an ORPI may occur between several hours and up to 5 days postoperatively. The National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) first developed a root cause analysis (RCA) toolkit in 2017 as a systematic strategy for investigating the root causes of facility-acquired pressure injury (PI). The purpose of this 2021 RCA toolkit update was to address an expanded investigation of medical device-related PIs (MDRPIs), both inside and outside the OR, as well as the specific PI prevention issues of the perioperative area. Clinicians have been using the 2017 toolkit as a basis for ongoing quality improvement tracking, since it provides more accurate information than data extractions from patient health records. A small working group consisting of NPIAP board and panel members developed investigative questions to identify the ORPI root causes and compliance with best practices for the entire perioperative experience. Action items are linked to evidence-based recommendations from the NPIAP/European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel/Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance 2019 International Guideline and the Association of PeriOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) Guidelines for Perioperative Practice. A multidisciplinary clinician guide was also developed to identify practice gaps and to compile the information into an action plan for staff education and/or process improvement. The updated NPIAP RCA toolkit provides mechanisms for investigating, compiling and trending data as a basis for data-driven quality improvement. Using the enhanced investigative tools, the root causes of both MDRPIs and ORPIs can be better understood to target efforts to reduce their occurrence.

A high-fidelity prototype of a sterile information system for the perioperative area: OR-Pad

PurposeSupporting the surgeon during surgery is one of the main goals of intelligent ORs. The OR-Pad project aims to optimize the information flow within the perioperative area. A shared information space should enable appropriate preparation and provision of relevant information at any time before, during, and after surgery.MethodsBased on previous work on an interaction concept and system architecture for the sterile OR-Pad system, we designed a user interface for mobile and intraoperative (stationary) use, focusing on the most important functionalities like clear information provision to reduce information overload. The concepts were transferred into a high-fidelity prototype for demonstration purposes. The prototype was evaluated from different perspectives, including a usability study.ResultsThe prototype’s central element is a timeline displaying all available case information chronologically, like radiological images, labor findings, or notes. This information space can be adapted for individual purposes (e.g., highlighting a tumor, filtering for own material). With the mobile and intraoperative mode of the system, relevant information can be added, preselected, viewed, and extended during the perioperative process. Overall, the evaluation showed good results and confirmed the vision of the information system.ConclusionThe high-fidelity prototype of the information system OR-Pad focuses on supporting the surgeon via a timeline making all available case information accessible before, during, and after surgery. The information space can be personalized to enable targeted support. Further development is reasonable to optimize the approach and address missing or insufficient aspects, like the holding arm and sterility concept or new desired features.

Medication safety in the perioperative setting: A comparison of methods for detecting medication errors and adverse medication events.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative medication-related incidents (medication errors (MEs) and/or adverse medication events (AMEs)) identified by 2 different reporting methods (self-report and direct observation), and to compare the types and severity of incidents identified by each method. We compared perioperative medication-related incidents identified by direct observation in Nanji et al's 2016 study[1] to those identified by self-report via a facilitated incident reporting system at the same 1046-bed tertiary care academic medical center during the same 8-month period. Incidents, including MEs and AMEs were classified by type and severity. In 277 operations involving 3671 medication administrations, 193 MEs and/or AMEs were observed (5.3% incident rate). While none of the observed incidents were self-reported, 10 separate medication-related incidents were self-reported from different (unobserved) operations that occurred during the same time period, which involved a total of 21,576 operations and approximately 280,488 medication administrations (0.004% self-reported incident rate). The distribution of incidents (ME, AME, or both) did not differ by direct observation versus self-report methodology. The types of MEs identified by direct observation differed from those identified by self-report (P = .005). Specifically, the most frequent types of MEs identified by direct observation were labeling errors (N = 37; 24.2%), wrong dose errors (N = 35; 22.9%) and errors of omission (N = 27; 17.6%). The most frequent types of MEs identified by self-report were wrong dose (N = 5; 50%) and wrong medication (N = 4; 40%). The severity of incidents identified by direct observation and self-report differed, with self-reported incidents having a higher average severity (P < .001). The procedure types associated with medication-related incidents did not differ by direct observation versus self-report methodology. Direct observation captured many more perioperative medication-related incidents than self-report. The ME types identified and their severity differed between the 2 methods, with a higher average incident severity in the self-reported data.

Influenza Vaccination in Perioperative Settings: A Teachable Moment.

Influenza Vaccination in Perioperative Settings: A Teachable Moment.

How to pivot and make any Magnet® site visit successful.

How to pivot and make any Magnet® site visit successful.

Knowledge translation for nursing care for patients with Risk of perioperative positioning injury: A case report.

The aim was to apply the Advanced Nursing Process and demonstrating procedures of surgical positioning, as well as to show the participating the Nursing Outcomes Classificationfindings in order to translate the knowledge on specific preventive perioperative positioning into practice, the review of clinical protocols and nursing care plan. The methods used include case report about knowledge translation by applying training modalities, review and adaptation of clinical protocols and examination of nursing care plans. One hundred and nine healthcare providers attended the training, including nurses and nursing technicians working in the surgical center and the outpatient surgical center of the hospital chosen for this study. The surgical positioning protocols were revised based on the evidence described in the literature and the main surgical guidelines. The review of care registered in the institution's electronic system for the nursing prescription stage of the diagnosis Risk of perioperative positioning injury was based on the review on evidence on risk factors, the main guidelines in the area and the interventions suggested by Nursing Intervention Classification. The electronic system had registered 14 cares for this diagnosis, and after the review, one care was excluded and eight new cares were included, totaling 21 cares. Nursing teams play a prominent role in positioning patients for surgery, protecting them in a moment of extreme vulnerability, thus making knowledge about the fundamental elements of surgical positioning essential. This emphasizes the importance of training, and of reviewing protocols and records of procedures that promote safety to patients and care teams. The translation of knowledge about the Advanced Nursing Process in the perioperative area contributes to the refinement of classifications and standardization of language in this scenario, subsidizing an evidence-based clinical practice.

Planning and Designing Perioperative Areas.

Planning and Designing Perioperative Areas.

It's Complicated! Needlesticks in the Perioperative Area: How We Standardized the Process

<h3>Background Information</h3> Our needlestick process was confusing and outdated. Often when needlesticks occurred in the perioperative area, no one knew what forms to fill out, who to notify and what labs needed to be drawn. A simpler standardized process was needed to disseminate within our department. <h3>Objectives of Project</h3> Standardize the needlestick process to reduce miscommunication and confusion among the perioperative nurses. <h3>Process of Implementation</h3> The operating room (OR) and post anesthesia care unit (PACU) educators met with perioperative leadership, the nurse practitioner from employee health services (EHS) and a charge nurse from PACU to discuss a plan for standardizing the process. It was decided to develop a needlestick kit that had everything the nurse would need if an event happened. The outdated binder with multiple confusing steps was replaced with a one-page infographic to list step by step the process when a needlestick occurs. A Microsoft Teams in-service and multiple unit in-services were held prior to the roll out. An email was sent to all the perioperative staff attaching the infographic and informing them of the new process. The infographic was placed in each needlestick kit and delivered to each OR and PACU. <h3>Statement of Successful Practice</h3> After implementation of the needlestick kits and infographic, it has been noted that there has been less confusion among the staff and more collaboration between OR and PACU. We have seen less emails and phone calls on what to do in an event of a needlestick. EHS has noted there has been a decrease in missing documents since the implementation. <h3>Implications for Advancing the Practice of Perianesthesia Nursing</h3> By collaborating with OR and EHS and developing this needlestick kit and infographic, it has resulted in a more effective process with a positive impact within the department. The next step would be to have the paperwork digitized.

Cysview Instillation in the Preoperative Setting

<h3>Introduction</h3> Cysview is a pharmaceutical product that helps illuminate non-muscle matter specific to bladder cancer tumors, making it easier to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous matter. Cysview is administered in the preoperative area the day of the patient's surgery. It is vital that perioperative nurses be aware of implications regarding cysview, as well as the importance of proper timing instillation. Correct cysview instillation will aid in obtaining a more accurate diagnosis and develop a treatment plan for the patients <h3>Identification of the problem</h3> Knowledge deficit among nurses in the preoperative area of the proper technique to perform cysview instillation. <h3>Purpose of the Study</h3> The nurses in the preoperative area will obtain an ample knowledge of proper preparation as well as instillation of the Cysview, ideally one hour before the surgical procedure. All nurses in the perioperative area will have a standard approach regarding cysview instillation and the resources available for future references. <h3>Methods</h3> A pre and post audit were collected to assess nurse's knowledge regarding cysview instillation. All preoperative nurses completed a one to one in-service and educational program was developed that included a power point presentation as well as a "hands on" experience. The method of data collection also included a direct pre and post audit observation of instillation process in the preoperative setting. <h3>Outcomes/Results</h3> To effectively evaluate the knowledge of nurses regarding Cysview insertion, a pre-audit was conducted indicating a 71 % knowledge deficit and the post audit demonstrated an 89 % increased knowledge regarding Cysview instillation. <h3>Discussion</h3> This abstract seeks to expand the knowledge and implement a standardized process that will enable nurses to properly complete the instillation of Cysview in the preoperative area. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The data collected illustrated the importance and significance of proper training enhancing the knowledge among nurses and the effectiveness of a standardized approach during Cysview instillation. <h3>Implications for PeriAnesthesia nurses and future research</h3> The nurses in the preoperative have become more knowledgeable and acquired new skills that have had a positive impact on our oncology population. The preoperative area will have yearly competencies to ensure proper Cysview instillation. This project aid in the development of institutional guidelines for Cysview instillation at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.