Periodontal Disease In Children Research Articles

LOCAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of gingivitis associated with dental biofilm and to investigate the influence of local risk factors on the development of inflammatory process in the gums in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: 117 children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years at the Dental Medical Centre of the Bogomolets National Medical University were examined. All participants were examined for periodontal status, state of oral hygiene, and local risk factors for periodontal diseases. Results: A high prevalence of gingivitis associated with dental plaque (89.7%) was found in children and adolescents aged 12-17 years. The overwhelming majority of them (71.4%) had gingivitis caused by dental biofilm and local risk factors. The prevalence of malocclusions and anomalies of individual teeth was 60%. Carious tooth lesions and poor-quality proximal restorations were detected in 37.1% of participants. Violations of the rules of individual hygienic care of the oral cavity were observed in 54.3% of patients. Conclusion: Local risk factors lead to a significant deterioration in periodontal health in childhood and adolescence, especially in the case of their combined adverse effects. Significant predictors of gingivitis include the accumulation of microbial biofilm and tartar due to poor oral hygiene, dentoalveolar anomalies, carious cavities and proximal restorations, irregular toothbrushing and poor interdental hygiene. The high prevalence of gingivitis necessitates the priority development of primary prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.

РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ КАРИЕСА ЗУБОВ И ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА У ДЕТЕЙ С НАРУШЕНИЕМ СЛУХА (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

Subject. Deafness, hearing loss are one of the most common sensory pathologies in children. It negatively affects the formation of personality and quality of life. Children with hearing and speech impairments require special medical supervision. It is necessary to develop programs to prevent major dental diseases for deaf children. This requires a comprehensive assessment of the dental status, taking into account age, the severity of the main pathology, and socio-psychological factors that contribute to the development of the formation characteristics of the child’s body.
 Purpose. To analyze the prevalence and intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases in children with hearing impairment according to various literature data.
 Methodology. An analysis of publications was carried out using scientific search library databases: PubMed Central, Google, Medline, eLibrary. The selection of materials was based on using keywords. The search included full-text articles. 36 sources were analyzed.
 Results. Analysis of the prevalence of dental diseases in children with hearing impairment has not been sufficiently published in Russian-language literary sources.
 According to various literature data, there is a high prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases in children with hearing impairment. Some authors compared these indicators with a group of healthy children. Children with hearing and speech impairments have higher rates of prevalence and intensity of caries and periodontal diseases.
 Conclusions. The high prevalence of dental diseases in children with hearing impairment is an additional medical and social problem. For this category of the population, it is of great importance for the development of prevention programs.

Prevalence of periodontal diseases in children under 6 years old in the Republic of Tatarstan: impact of age and family structure

Relevance. This article addresses the prevalence of periodontal diseases in infants and preschool-aged children, considering factors such as the child's age and family structure within the region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Periodontal diseases, in conjunction with dental caries and dental abnormalities, represent the most frequently observed oral health conditions among children and adolescents.Materials and methods. The research involved 2429 families and 2556 preschool-aged children representing diverse family structures within Kazan, Arsk, and Pestrechinsky districts in the Republic of Tatarstan. During the survey, five primary family classifications emerged: complete, incomplete, extended, reconstituted, and foster families. The research methodology involved conducting interviews with parents, close relatives, or guardians, coupled with comprehensive examinations of the children, documenting both systemic disease and general health information using specifically tailored charts. Data analysis included determining mean values (M), mean error of the score (m), and Student's t-test criterion (t). Significance among group disparities was established at a probability of error less than 5% (p < 0.05). The gathered data underwent interpretation, considering both family structure and the spectrum of periodontal diseases.Results. Periodontal diseases were found to affect children from foster and incomplete families most significantly, with prevalence rates exceeding 90% in certain age groups. Children from complete and extended families exhibited lower prevalence rates of periodontal diseases, at 9.8% and 22.2%, respectively. Notably, within all age brackets, the highest occurrence of periodontal diseases was observed among children aged 4.6-6 years, constituting 57.0% of cases. Infants under one year old displayed the lowest susceptibility, with only 16.3% affected. Upon analyzing disease prevalence among children in the Republic of Tatarstan, a significant disparity emerged: children residing in rural areas demonstrated a higher susceptibility to periodontal diseases in comparison to their urban counterparts.Conclusion. The findings reveal a clear correlation between a child's family structure and the occurrence of periodontal diseases. Establishing the family structure and implementing tailored preventive measures specific to periodontal diseases, while considering both the child's family structure and age, plays a significant role in averting the onset and progression of this condition.

Periodontal disease in down syndrome: Predisposing factors and potential non-surgical therapeutic approaches.

Periodontal diseases (PDs) have been documented to be significantly more prevalent and severe in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Different immunological and microbiological factors contributed to predisposing these patients to progressive and recurrent PDs. The aim of this review was to investigate the altered immunological responses and oral microbiota disorders as well as focus on adjunctive non-surgical methods for the treatment of PDs and its applicability in patients with DS. A literature review was conducted addressing the following topics: (1) the altered immunological responses, (2) orofacial disorders related to DS patients, (3) oral microbiota changing, and (4) adjunctive non-surgical treatment and its efficacy in patients with DS. Due to the early onset of PDs in children with DS, the need for prompt and effective treatment in these patients is essential. So, investigating underlying factors may open a new window to better understand the pathology of PDs in DS people and thus, find better strategies for treatment in such group. Although non-surgical treatments such as photodynamic therapy and probiotic consumption represented acceptable outcomes in different examined patients without DS, data about the application of these convenience and no need for local anesthesia methods in patients with DS is limited.

Сучасний науковий підхід до лікування гінгівіту, асоційованого з біоплівкою, у дитячому і підлітковому віці

Summary. The article covers the modern scientifically based treatment concept of gingivitis, associated with biofilm, in childhood and adolescence. It is emphasized that the priority direction of combating microbial biofilm is regular individual and professional hygiene of the oral cavity. Mechanisms of action and age criteria for choosing antibacterial and antiinflammatory drugs for treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents are described. The need for supportive therapy to ensure periodontal health in children and adults is substantiated. Key words: children, gingivitis, biofilm, professional hygiene, treatment.

Matrix metalloproteinases system profile analysis and their endogenous inhibitors in children with periodontal diseases and various dysplasia phenotypes

Relevance. The search and development of modern non-invasive methods for early periodontal disease detection are of scientific and practical value for a personalized approach to disease course prognosis and explaining the choice of treatment tactics. Morphological immaturity, high intensity of anabolic processes, functional failure of neurohumoral, endocrine and immunological defence systems combined with an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components in children with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) significantly increases the risk of developing periodontal diseases. The available data on the activity of salivary matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play a leading role in regulating connective tissue protein metabolism and bone remodelling mechanisms in children with UCTD of various degrees, are scarce and require further study.Purpose. The study aimed to explain the clinical, diagnostic and prognostic value of MMPs as markers of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children with UC TD and dysplastic disorders of various se verity.Material and methods. The study included 67 children with UCTD (main group) and 34 children of health groups I and II (comparison group) aged 12-17. The UCTD severity was established according to the diagnostic criteria by L. N. Abbakumova (2006) and a scale for assessing the significance of phenotypic and visceral signs. The main group was divided into two subgroups: Subgroup 1 (n = 38) – children with mild and moderate UCTD; Subgroup 2 (n=29) – children with severe UCTD. The studied groups had their periodontal status assessed, as well as the concentration of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) in the oral fluid identified using the enzyme immunoassay, along with calculation done for the MMP ⁄ TIMP coefficients that set a balance between the degradation and synthesis of collagen.Results. The children with phenotypic signs of UCTD in the oral fluid appeared to show a statistically significant increase in the MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels and an imbalanced ratio in MMP-1⁄TIMP-1, MMP- 2⁄TIMP-2, MMP-8⁄TIMP-1, MMP-9⁄TIMP-1, compared with health groups I, II. An increase in the MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-8 concentrations, along with dominating expression of MMP-9 over TIMP-1 in the oral fluid of children of Subgroup 2, causes an increase in intensity and prevalence of periodontal diseases compared to the patients in Sub-group 1 and comparison group.Conclusion. Thus, when children with UCTD don’t demonstrate an increase in specific tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in their oral fluid, along with an increase in the levels of the respective matrixins is the key pathogenetic factor in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, which causes a depressing impact on the proliferative activity in the periodontal set of tissues.

The impact of metabolic disorders on management of periodontal health in children.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by plaque biofilm which shares risk factors with systemic chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Many studies have found increased prevalence and rate of progression of periodontal disease in children with common metabolic disorders. Although the causal relationship and specific mechanism between them has not been determined yet. The aim of this paper is to progress on the impact of metabolic disorders on periodontal health in children and the underlying mechanisms, which provides new evidences for the prevention and intervention of metabolic disorders and periodontitis in children.

Clinical and immunological parameters of dental status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Destructive processes in the pancreas in type 1 diabetes mellitus alter oral homeostasis. The first signs of a change in dental health in type 1 diabetes mellitus are pastosity of the oral mucosa and hyposalivation, which causes dental plaque formation. Many researchers note the high prevalence of periodontal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
 AIM: To examine the dental status, cytokine profile, and specific factors of oral immunological protection in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of children aged 617 years were examined. The main group (n=53) included patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, whereas the comparison group (n=30) included children without somatic pathologies. The study analyzed the results of a clinical examination of patients, including an assessment of the intensity of caries, oral hygiene, and periodontal status, and results of an immunological examination of the oral fluid, including the level of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor-, IL-4, and IL-10) and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM).
 RESULTS: Both groups had satisfactory levels of oral hygiene, and the extent of plaque formation on the proximal surfaces of the teeth was unacceptable. The prevalence of chronic catarrhal gingivitis was higher in the main group. An immunological study showed that both groups had pro-inflammatory cytokine imbalance in the oral fluid, and the levels of these cytokines are higher in the main group. The levels of immunoglobulins in the oral fluid were also different: the levels of IgA and IgM in the saliva of the main group were 1.1 and 1.2 times higher, and the IgG level was 1.25 times lower.
 CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of periodontal disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus was associated with poor oral hygiene and carbohydrate metabolism. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed a pronounced imbalance of oral immunological protection factors. With worsening compensation of carbohydrate metabolism, immunological changes in the oral cavity became more pronounced.

Gingival and periodontal diseases in children

Periodontal diseases, one of the most important health problems in societies, affect children as well as adults. Gingivitis is more common in childhood than periodontitis. Bone and attachment loss in children is not common, but may be associated with a systemic disease or an isolated dental condition. Early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases in childhood and identification of patients at risk are very important in terms of preventing diseases that may occur in the future.

THE EFFECT OF THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION COMPLEX ON THE CONDITION OF PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND LOCAL IMMUNITY IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC

Introduction.Chronic catarrhal gingivitis remains a prevalent dental condition in children, which may subsequently lead to the development of periodontitis and tooth loss. The issue of selecting appropriate medications for the comprehensive treatment and prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children with chronic gastroduodenitis remains relevant. Objective.To study the effectiveness of the proposed treatment and prevention complex for chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children with gastroduodenitis. Materials and Methods.Three groups of children were formed for the study: the first group comprised 10 somatically healthy children without signs of periodontal tissue inflammation, the second group included 20 somatically healthy children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis, and the third, main group, consisted of 20 children diagnosed with chronic gastroduodenitis and chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Results.Before treatment, all children were instructed in oral hygiene and underwent controlled tooth cleaning. Children in the third group were prescribed the treatment and prevention complex developed by our research team. The complex included brushing teeth twice a day after meals with Splat "Medicinal Herbs" toothpaste, mouth rinsing with Decasan solution, application of Cholisal on the gums, and Euro-Biotic Germina – 1 capsule twice a day after meals. Treatment of children in the second group was conducted according to protocols for 14 days. The dynamic observation was conducted before treatment and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months by assessing Silness-Loe and Fedorova-Volodkina indices, PMA (papillary-marginal-alveolar), and PBI (papilla bleeding index) bleeding. Following the course of treatment and prevention complexes, children in the second and third groups exhibited improved oral cavity hygiene and periodontal indices; PBI (papilla bleeding index) and PMA (papillary-marginal-alveolar). Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that the treatment and prevention complex has a consistently positive impact on oral hygiene and the degree of periodontal inflammation, and after a year, the indicators remain better than the initial ones. We recommend prescribing the treatment and prevention complex developed by our research team for children with chronic gastroduodenitis once every six months.

Reductive Factors for Preventing the Development of Caries and Periodontal Diseases in Children with ASD Aged 3 to 18 in Tbilisi

Reductive Factors for Preventing the Development of Caries and Periodontal Diseases in Children with ASD Aged 3 to 18 in Tbilisi

Dental Caries, Dental Erosion and Periodontal Disease in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: There is reportedly a higher prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in healthy adults. Similar data for children are lacking in the literature. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental erosion, dental caries, and periodontal disease in children with IBD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study. Using the established criteria of the World Health Organization, oral investigations and detailed questionnaires that covered nutritional habits were completed by the same pediatric dentist for 32 patients with IBD, aged 11 to 18 years (15.53 ± 2.00), and 32 healthy controls. Results: The decayed, missing, and filled tooth index showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.072). The frequency of consumption of salad, lemon gum, candy and sweetened milk was significantly higher in the control group (p = 0.041, 0.012, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively) than in the IBD group. No dental erosion was observed in the IBD group. Oral mucosal history determined that 20/32 patients with IBD (62.5%) had at least one oral extraintestinal manifestation. Despite no significant differences in plaque scores between the two groups, the gingival evaluation showed a much higher mean value of gingival index scores in the IBD group than in the control group (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Although the number of patients included in the study is small, we can conclude that oral extraintestinal manifestations and periodontal disease are more prevalent in paediatric patients with IBD than in healthy populations.

THE IMPACT OF ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL MUCOSAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

BACKGROUND: Dental treatment plays a big role in improving the health and quality of life of children with Down syndrome. These children need rationally organized additional dental treatment by different specialists and systematic medical observation. The high incidence and prevalence of periodontal disease in children with Down syndrome are caused by anatomical features of cranial development. OBJECTIVE: pattern identification between anatomical characteristics and development of oral mucosal diseases in children with Down syndrome. METHODS: The study included 24 patients with Down syndrome. They were registered at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the Tver Dental Polyclinic (Russia). The age of the patients was from 2 to 13 years old. RESULTS: 59.5% of patients had a missing nasal bone. 58% of children had an arched palate. 65% of children had oral breathing type due to macroglossia and weak temporomandibular joint muscles. It can be the reason for the development of inflammatory oral mucosal diseases. The children with Down syndrome often have stomatitis and gingivitis, which develops into chronic periodontal diseases. 62% of children had the creased tongue at the age of 4 years. Down syndrome has a high prevalence of maxillofacial anomalies of up to 76%. It contributes to the formation of plaque on the teeth and caries. It often leads to damage to the rudiments of permanent teeth. The prevalence of periodontal disease in children with Down syndrome is associated with severe hypotonia of the masticatory muscles up to 87%. CONCLUSION: Pediatric dentists focus on the features of the dental status of children with Down syndrome, taking into account the relationship of pathological processes in the maxillofacial area and somatic pathology. Specialists in pediatric dentistry must understand the importance of early prevention, which can reduce the risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease in children.

Periodontology Part 4: Periodontal disease in children and adolescents.

Periodontology Part 4: Periodontal disease in children and adolescents.

Сучасні аспекти захворюваності гінгівітом та пародонтитом дітей та підлітків України, ефективність лікування та профілактики

The purpose of the work was to study modern aspects of the incidence of gingivitis and periodontitis in children and adolescents in Ukraine and to create an algorithm for treatment and prevention tactics in this pathology. It has been established that the high prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis among children and adolescents makes this problem one of the most important problems of modern dentistry. The problem of periodontal pathology in children and adolescents is due to both the prevalence of diseases and the fact that poor-quality treatment of diseases in childhood and adolescence will lead to severe irreversible damage to periodontal tissues in adults. Modern prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents should be carried out on the basis of an algorithm of therapeutic and preventive measures: elimination of local traumatic factors, restoration of the anatomical shape of the teeth, high-quality treatment of the root system, replacement of defective restorations, professional oral hygiene, selection and correction of means and methods of individual hygiene. Results and discussion. The results of the study of oral hygiene and periodontal condition in patients with chronic limited catarrhal gingivitis and chronic localized periodontitis showed that the average value of most of the studied parameters in patients had significant differences when compared with healthy individuals in the control group, as well as between groups of patients. Index evaluation of the functional state of the peripheral circulation in the periodontal tissues of young patients revealed a significant decrease in capillary resistance. Based on literature data and the results of our own research and an objective method for predicting the localization of inflammatory diseases of periodontitis, a therapeutic and prophylactic tactic was developed in young patients with indications of diseases and risk factors for their development. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed method of treatment and prevention of localized periodontal tissue damage in patients of the main group was carried out on the basis of the results of clinical, physicochemical and functional research methods in comparison with groups of patients who underwent therapeutic and preventive measures in the traditional way. The results of treatment of localized inflammatory periodontal diseases were analyzed in 34 patients of the main group with chronic limited catarrhal gingivitis, 26 patients with chronic localized periodontitis of degree I and in a similar number of patients in the comparison group with an identical diagnosis. Conclusion. The results of treatment of 60 patients of the main group showed the high efficiency of the developed method. At the same time, a significant improvement in the subjective and objective symptoms of diseases was found. Complete clinical recovery with the elimination of the inflammatory process in the gums was found in 94.1% of patients with chronic limited catarrhal gingivitis of degree I. The obtained positive results of treatment of the main group of young patients with localized inflammatory lesions of periodontal tissues in terms of hygienic and periodontal indices and the state of peripheral circulation confirm the high efficiency of the developed algorithm for the treatment and prevention of these diseases

Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Glycemic Control in Pediatric Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

IntroductionType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a disease of heterogeneous etiology, in which the patient presents alterations in metabolism, which are associated with a total or relative deficiency in insulin production and variable degrees of resistance to it1,2.T2DM and periodontal disease are chronic diseases, the evidence suggests an association between the two. Studies report that T2DM worsens the periodontal disease and glycemic control plays a fundamental role in this3.4.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between periodontal disease and glycemic control in pediatric patients with T2DM.MethodologyAn observational, descriptive, cross‐sectional, prospective, homodemic and single‐center study was carried out in the pediatric stomatology service of the “Hospital para el Niño Poblano” (Puebla city, Mexico) in the period January‐July 2019 with 20 patients (between 6 to 18 years old) diagnosed with T2DM and were under treatment for their glycemic control.ResultsThe population was classified into patients with glycemic control based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) and patients without glycemic control (HbA1c> 7.5%).The prevalence of periodontal disease for patients diagnosed with T2DM was higher in uncontrolled patients who were classified within high Community Periodontal Index (CPI) codes between 3 (71.4%) and 4 (28.6%)5(Table 1).Similarly, it was observed that in the group of patients without glycemic control presented averages of Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‐S) cataloged between fair (57.1%) and poor (42.9%) (Table 2).DiscussionSimilar results were obtained by Janket (2005)6and Carneiro (2015)7, who relate a higher rate of periodontal disease in patients with higher HbA1c values.ConclusionIt was determined a relationship between glycemic control and periodontal disease in children, because patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c> 7.5%) presented CPI with degrees of inflammation and presence of periodontal pockets and poor OHI‐S.References Islas S, Revilla MC. Diabetes Mellitus: Actualizaciones. IMSS. México, D.F.: Editorial Alfil. 2013. Menon S, Francis J, Zdraveska N, Dusabimana A & Bhattacharyya S. La epidemiología de la hiperglucemia inducida por TB intransitoria en individuos con diabetes mellitus 2 no diagnosticada previamente: un protocolo para una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis. Revisiones sistemáticas. 2019; 8 (1): 1‐5. Britos MR, Sin CS, & Ortega SM. Enfermedad periodontal y su implicancia en la diabetes mellitus: revisión de la literatura. Rev. Ateneo Argent. Odontol. 2019: 33‐40. Pérez I. Diabetes Mellitus. Gac Med Mex. 2016;152(1):50‐55. IPC. OMS (online, July 2019). URL available at: https://es.scribd.com/doc/84956710/Indice‐Periodontal‐de‐Russell‐forma‐OMS Janket S, Wightman A, Baird AE, Van Dyke T, Jones J. Does periodontal treatment improve glycemic control in diabetic patients? A meta‐analysis of intervention studies. J Dent Res. 2005;84(12):1154‐1159. Carneiro V, Calixto F, Morais F, Pegoretti T, Borges AC, da Silva M. The influence of glycemic control on the oral health of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(6):535‐540.

Salivary levels of hBDs in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and gingivitis.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency, is related to periodontal diseases in children and adolescents. Our aim was to profile salivary human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 and hBD-3 concentrations in relation to periodontal and T1DM status in children and adolescent populations. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 66 participants including periodontally healthy T1DM patients (T1DM + C; n = 18), T1DM patients with gingivitis (T1DM + G; n = 20), systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (SH + C: n = 15), and systemically healthy gingivitis patients (SH + G; n = 13). Full mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Salivary hBD-2 and hBD-3 concentrations were evaluated by sandwich ELISA method. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Salivary hBD-3 concentrations were lower in T1DM groups in comparison to systemically healthy counterparts (SH + G vs. T1DM + G; p < 0.001 and SH + C vs. T1DM + C; p < 0.001). Salivary hBD-2 levels did not differ between related groups. The difference in hBD-3 concentrations between T1DM and control groups was still significant (p = 0.008) after being adjusted for PI%, BOP%, and age. In the limits of study, T1DM patients were found to have decreased salivary hBD-3 concentrations, regardless of their gingival inflammatory status. Altered salivary hBD-3 concentration can partly explain why diabetic children are more prone to periodontal diseases.

National survey of periodontal diseases in adolescents and young adults in Morocco.

National surveys of periodontal diseases in children are rare. This study describes the first national survey of oral health of adolescents attending public schools in Morocco. We report the prevalence and demographic determinants of periodontal diseases, and generate population estimates for this young population. This study used a multi-stage probability sample comprising 14,667 students in 87 schools and 520 classrooms, representative of students attending grades 6-12 (age 12-18 years) in Morocco. The students were interviewed and then examined clinically to assess their periodontal status, which was classified according to the 2017 World Workshop. In addition, the diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) was assessed. Of approximately 3million students in this age cohort, 12.3% (or approximately 360,894 subjects) had periodontitis and 46.9% (1.4million) had gingivitis. They comprised 10.8%, 2.9%, and 6.1% subjects with periodontitis stage I, II, and III/IV, respectively; 5.0%, or 148,336 subjects, had AgP. The prevalence rates were not significantly different by gender or urban status. However, the prevalence of AgP was particularly high in certain regions of Morocco. The prevalence of staged periodontitis and AgP in this young population is among the highest reported in national surveys worldwide.

The dental use by pediatric patients in the National Health Insurance of Taiwan in 2020

Background/PurposeAlthough the penetration rate of National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan is as high as 99%, our children still face the impact of oral diseases. This study investigated the profile of dental use by pediatric patients in the NHI of Taiwan in 2020. Materials and methodsData on the population and medical records of NHI were obtained from the websites of Ministry of the Interior and the NHI Administration. The pediatric dental patient data were divided into 3 age groups (0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years) to investigate and analyze dental treatment records claimed in 2020. ResultsIn Taiwan, the two most common oral diseases in children were dental caries and gingivitis & periodontal diseases. The dental use rate for treatment of dental caries in children was 16.84% for the 0-4-year, 55.69% for the 5-9-year, and 34.29% for the 10-14-year age groups. Moreover, in all 3 age groups of children, dental caries needed the highest NHI expenses, followed in a descending order by gingivitis & periodontal diseases and diseases of pulp & periapical tissues. Among them, dental caries needed more than half (51.15%) of all dental NHI expenses in the 5-9-year age group. ConclusionDue to the long-term lack of awareness and behavior for oral health care among Taiwanese people, the dental caries rate of the children remains high. From a cost-effectiveness viewpoint, Taiwan government should develop a better oral health care policy to prevent dental caries and gingivitis & periodontal diseases in children.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ТКАНЕЙ ПАРОДОНТА У ДЕТЕЙ С ВРОЖДЕННОЙ РАСЩЕЛИНОЙ НЕБА И ДЕФЕКТОМ ПОСЛЕ УРАНОПЛАСТИКИ

The article is devoted to the study of the state of periodontal tissues in children with congenital cleft palate and defects remaining after uranoplasty.&#x0D; Objectives. To determine the characteristics of the state of periodontal tissues in children with defects remaining after uranoplasty in congenital cleft palate and to compare the obtained clinical data with a group of apparently healthy children.&#x0D; Methodology. The article presents the results of a clinical dental examination of 109 children aged 6-12 years with congenital cleft palate after uranoplasty and residual defects. In the examined children, the hygienic state of the oral cavity was assessed, the severity of gingivitis and the condition of the periodontal tissues were determined. The hygienic state of the oral cavity was assessed by the Fedorov-Volodkina index (1964), the Green-Vermillion IGR-U (C. Green, JR Vermillion, OHI-S), the periodontal condition using the complex periodontal index KPI (Leus P.A., 1988) and papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA, C. Parma, 1960).&#x0D; Results. In children with remaining postoperative defects with severe congenital cleft palate, the level of hygiene is more often characterized as "poor" and "unsatisfactory" than in healthy children; the highest incidence of periodontal diseases in childhood was revealed. In most cases, children with postoperative palate defects were found to have mild and moderate severity of gingivitis according to the PMA index.&#x0D; Conclusions. The results of the study made it possible to obtain clinical and dental data on periodontal diseases in children with congenital cleft palate and defects remaining after uranoplasty. To prepare a patient for a reconstructive plastic surgery to eliminate the remaining palate defect, it is necessary to introduce a set of measures to treat periodontal diseases and improve the health of the oral cavity into the rehabilitation algorithm for children with congenital cleft palate.