Periodontal Disease In Man Research Articles

Distinct Microbial Signatures between Periodontal Profile Classes

Precise classification of periodontal disease has been the objective of concerted efforts and has led to the introduction of new consensus-based and data-driven classifications. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbiological signatures of a latent class analysis (LCA)–derived periodontal stratification system, the Periodontal Profile Class (PPC) taxonomy. We used demographic, microbial (subgingival biofilm composition), and immunological data (serum IgG antibody levels, obtained with checkerboard immunoblotting technique) for 1,450 adult participants of the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, with already generated PPC classifications. Analyses relied on t tests and generalized linear models with Bonferroni correction. Men and African Americans had higher systemic antibody levels against most microorganisms compared to women and Caucasians (P < 0.05). Healthy individuals (PPC-I) had low levels of biofilm bacteria and serum IgG levels against most periodontal pathogens (P < 0.05). Subjects with mild to moderate disease (PPC-II to PPC-III) showed mild/moderate colonization of multiple biofilm pathogens. Individuals with severe disease (PPC-IV) had moderate/high levels of biofilm pathogens and antibody levels for orange/red complexes. High gingival index individuals (PPC-V) showed moderate/high levels of biofilm Campylobacter rectus and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Biofilm composition in individuals with reduced periodontium (PPC-VI) was similar to health but showed moderate to high antibody responses. Those with severe tooth loss (PPC-VII) had significantly high levels of multiple biofilm pathogens, while the systemic antibody response to these microorganisms was comparable to health. The results support a biologic basis for elevated risk for periodontal disease in men and African Americans. Periodontally healthy individuals showed a low biofilm pathogen and low systemic antibody burden. In the presence of PPC disease, a microbial-host imbalance characterized by higher microbial biofilm colonization and/or systemic IgG responses was identified. These results support the notion that subgroups identified by the PPC system present distinct microbial profiles and may be useful in designing future precise biological treatment interventions.

Study of microflora of oral cavity in men and women with gastroesophageal reflux disease

The number of men and women with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing every year, in addition this disease tends to rejuvenation. Due to the fact that the oral cavity is the initial part of the digestive system, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the corresponding changes in the oral cavity are closely interrelated. Objective: to determine the qualitative composition of the oral microflora in men and women with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Materials and methods. 20 patients (10 men and 10 women) aged 18 to 74 years with gastroesophageal reflux disease were examined. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was used for the study, saliva pH and periodontal index PI were measured. Research result. A study of the microflora of the oral cavity showed a high prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms Porpheromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermidia, 65% of patients (45% men and 20% women), Actinobaccilus actinomecetemcomitans in 45% of patients (15% of men and 30% women), Treponema denticola in 80% of patients with GERD. It was dominated by the acidic environment. The data obtained indicate the relationship between the qualitative composition of the oral microflora and the progression of periodontal disease in men and women with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Periodontal Disease in Women and Men

This manuscript will present a narrative review of the distribution of periodontitis in women and men based on recent epidemiological studies. Large, global, population-based surveys provide continued evidence that a sexual dimorphism in prevalence of periodontitis exists between women and men. Based on included studies, the prevalence of severe periodontitis is greater in men compared to women by between 4.6 to 12.7%. Environmental or behavioral factors that exhibit a sex differential between women and men do not adequately account for the aforementioned observation. A sex dimorphism in host immune response remains a plausible explanation and requires further investigation. There is a sexual dimorphism in susceptibility to periodontitis, reflecting a higher prevalence of destructive periodontal disease in men than women.

Periodontal status in crack and cocaine addicted men: a cross-sectional study

This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between crack/cocaine addiction and periodontal disease in men. Periodontal examination (probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index) and interviews were performed in 160 patients (≥18years) from the Federal University of Bahia. Crack and cocaine dependence was defined according to the medical records and interviews of each patient; all drug addicted volunteers used both crack and cocaine. T test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression were used to assess the associations between destructive periodontal disease and crack/cocaine dependence (p≤0.05). Probing depth was significantly greater in crack/cocaine addicted individuals (2.84±0.76mm) compared with non-addicted individuals (2.55±0.73mm, p=0.04). After adjusting for covariates, periodontitis was not significantly associated with crack/cocaine addiction (OR=2.31, 95% CI=0.82-6.46, p=0.11), which was only associated with age ≥35years (OR=4.16, 95% CI=1.65-10.50, p=0.003) and higher dental plaque index (OR=6.46, 95% CI=1.95-21.42, p=0.002). In conclusion, although probing depth was greater in crack/cocaine addicted individuals, destructive periodontal disease was not associated with crack and cocaine addiction in the present population. Destructive periodontal disease was associated with age and dental plaque. Further studies in a larger sample size are required to confirm the results.

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome Components and Periodontal Disease in a Japanese General Population: the Suita Study

Aim: A positive association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and periodontal status has recently been noted. However, no study has evaluated the relationship by sex and in a general urban population using the uniform definition proposed in the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between MetS and periodontal status using the uniform definition in a general urban Japanese population.Methods: A total of 1,856 Japanese men and women (mean age: 66.4 years) were studied using data from the Suita study. Periodontal status was evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). MetS was defined using the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. The associations of the MetS and its components with periodontal disease were investigated using multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, drinking, and smoking.Results: Among the components of the MetS, low HDL cholesterol level was significantly associated with periodontal disease in men and women [odds ratios (OR) = 2.39 and 1.53; 95% confidence intervals = 1.36–4.19 and 1.06–2.19]. Furthermore, the risk of periodontal disease showed 1.43-, 1.42-, and 1.89-fold increases in those with 2, 3, and ≥ 4 components, respectively, compared with those having no components (Ptrend < 0.001). For the analysis by sex, the risk of periodontal disease was increased 2.27- and 1.76-fold in those with ≥ 4 components in men and women, respectively (both Ptrend = 0.001).Conclusion: These findings suggest that MetS and lower HDL cholesterol are associated with periodontal disease. Subjects with two or more MetS components had a significantly higher prevalence of periodontal disease.

Coffee consumption and periodontal disease in men

Coffee consumption and periodontal disease in men

Isolation ofTreponemaandTannerellaspp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease

Red complex bacteria, i.e. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, are involved in the onset and progression of periodontal disease in man, yet seldom inhabit the oral cavity of healthy individuals. Periodontal disease is also encountered in horses, with equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) constituting a particular form of disease. However, only little is known about the oral microbiome of healthy and periodontitis-affected equids. We aimed to test the hypothesis that red complex bacteria are also associated with EOTRH-related periodontal disease. Controlled cross-sectional study. We screened DNA purified from crevicular fluid derived from 23 EOTRH-affected and 21 disease-free horses for the presence of Treponema spp., Tannerella spp. and Porphyromonas gingivalis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, amplified DNA was bidirectionally sequenced and identified via BLAST analysis. Treponema and/or Tannerella DNA was detected in 100% of periodontitis-related samples and in 52.2% of DNA derived from healthy horses. Twenty-six amplicon sequences were 98-100% homologous to published bacterial sequences, which mostly corresponded to Treponema pectinovorum, oral Treponema clones JU025 and OMZ 840, and Tannerella forsythia. P. gingivalis DNA was only found in 3 EOTRH-related samples. Forty-three amplicon sequences revealed weaker homologies ranging between 80% and 97% to known Treponema or Tannerella strains, partly because of their heterogeneity, partly because they obviously represented so far unknown types. This is the first report in which known and novel Treponema and Tannerella spp. were isolated in association with EOTRH-related periodontal disease.

Morphometric Assessment of Periodontal Tissues in Relation to Periodontal Disease in Dogs

Dimensions of periodontal tissues are thought to predispose to the development of periodontal disease in man and dogs. Several studies have suggested that thin gingiva correlates with an increased incidence of periodontal disease. In this study, we hypothesized that the dimensions of periodontal tissues will vary in different breeds of dogs and could possibly correlate with the incidence of periodontal disease. Forty-two jaws of dogs aged up to 5-years were examined post-mortem and gingival and alveolar bone thickness were measured using methods of transgingival probing and digital calipers, respectively. Dogs were divided into three groups based on their body weight. Group I (< 5.0 kg; n=21), group II (5 to 10 kg; n=11), and group III (10 to 15 kg; n=10). Thickness of gingiva ranged from 0.30-mm to 3.2-mm and was relatively thinner in group I than in group II and III based on the means of ratios comparison. Alveolar bone thickness ranged from 0.27-mm to 4.1-mm and was relatively thinner in group I compared with groups II and III. Our study showed significantly thinner gingiva and alveolar bone in toy breed dogs compared with small and medium-sized breed dogs. Both gingival and alveolar bone dimensions may be predictors for severity of periodontal disease and influence clinical outcome in certain periodontal surgical procedures.

Periodontal disease in men

In relation to periodontal diseases associated with sex-steroid hormones, men have been the forgotten sex. It is not surprising that there has been less scrutiny of the effects of sex-steroid hormones in men considering the more striking changes that occur in women during different periods of their life. Despite the gingival inflammatory changes reported in women, men have been reported to have a higher prevalence of destructive periodontal diseases. The information presented in this review will provide a contemporary evaluation of male susceptibility to periodontal diseases.

Overweight and obesity predict time to periodontal disease progression in men.

To examine whether overweight and obesity indicators - body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and WC-to-height ratio - predict progression of periodontal disease in men. Participants were 1038 medically healthy, non-Hispanic, white males in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study who were monitored with triennial oral and medical examinations between 1969 and 1996. Periodontal disease progression in an individual was defined as having two or more teeth advance to levels of alveolar bone loss ≥40%, probing pocket depth ≥5 mm, or clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm after baseline. Extended Cox regression analyses estimated hazards of experiencing periodontal disease progression events due to overweight/obesity status, controlling for age, smoking, education, diabetes, recent periodontal treatment, recent prophylaxis, and number of filled/decayed surfaces. Body mass index and WC-to-height ratio were significantly associated with hazards of experiencing periodontal disease progression events regardless of periodontal disease indicator. Adjusted hazard ratios for periodontal disease progression were 41-72% higher in obese men (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) relative to men with both normal weight and WC-to-height ratio (≤50%). Both overall obesity and central adiposity are associated with an increased hazards of periodontal disease progression events in men.

Recreational Physical Activity and Periodontal Disease in Men and Women

Recreational Physical Activity and Periodontal Disease in Men and Women

Temporal Association of Elevated C‐Reactive Protein and Periodontal Disease in Men

Most studies on the relationship between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and periodontal disease have been cross-sectional. In this study, we investigated the temporal association between CRP and periodontal disease by following a large number of subjects for 1 year. We studied 11,162 men in Nagoya, Japan, who had an initial dental examination as part of a complete physical examination and then underwent the same examination 1 year later. For the 4,997 men without periodontal disease at baseline, logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between baseline CRP and periodontal disease 1 year later, adjusting for age, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level, and smoking status. Similarly, logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between periodontal disease at baseline and CRP 1 year later for the 10,376 men with normal baseline CRP, adjusting for the same confounding factors. Among men without high CRP at baseline, periodontal disease at baseline correlated to CRP 1 year later. The odds ratio was 1.336 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.115 to 1.674). However, in the men without periodontal disease, no significant correlations were seen with baseline CRP or periodontal disease 1 year later. The odds ratio was 1.163 (95% CI: 0.894 to 1.513). Periodontal disease increased the risk for high serum CRP levels in men after 1 year of follow-up.

The Relationship between Periodontal Status and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Men with Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

PurposeThe aim of this preliminary study was to determine the possible relationship between alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal disease in men with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH).Materials and MethodsA total of 41 patients were divided into four groups. 9 with HH and periodontitis (P/HH), 11 with HH and gingivitis (G/HH), 12 with systemically healthy and periodontally healthy (H/C) and 9 with systemically healthy and periodontitis (P/C). The clinical evaluation of patients was based on the following parameters; the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depths (PD) and attachment level (AL). The levels of ALP in the GCF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsNo significant difference could be detected in the mean clinical parameter data between the P/HH and P/C groups (p > 0.05). The periodontitis patients in both groups (P/C and P/HH) had higher mean probing depths than the H/C and G/HH patients (p < 0.001). The concentrations and total amounts of ALP in the GCF were significantly higher in both periodontitis groups compared to healthy and gingivitis groups (p < 0.01). The serum ALP levels were significantly higher in the P/HH group when compared to the other groups (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe findings of this study suggested that HH could be implicated as a contributing factor to the progress of periodontal disease.

The Effect of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Periodontal Disease in Men With Prostate Cancer

We tested the hypothesis that men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy as treatment for prostate cancer are at greater risk for periodontitis and tooth loss. A total of 81 men with a mean age of 68.5 years who had prostate cancer were consecutively recruited among 325 enrolled in an academic osteoporosis study. Of these men 68 were eligible to participate in the research. The prevalence of periodontal disease in 41 men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation for a mean of 1.5 years was compared to that in 27 with prostate cancer not undergoing androgen deprivation, who served as controls. The prevalence of periodontal disease was examined in relation to bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer with and without androgen deprivation therapy. A periodontist (PF) blinded to androgen deprivation status recorded probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding, plaque scores, gingival recession, missing teeth and calculus. Logistic regression models were used to test the association between androgen deprivation therapy and periodontal disease. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between periodontal disease and bone mineral density in the 2 groups with prostate cancer (treated/untreated). We adjusted for variables known to influence periodontal disease, including patient age, race, smoking and periodontal disease history. The prevalence of periodontal disease was 80.5% in men on androgen deprivation therapy compared with 3.7% in those not on androgen deprivation therapy (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.07-10.35). Men on androgen deprivation therapy had significantly greater probing depth and higher plaque scores (p<0.001 and <0.09, respectively). A total of 81 men (76.9%) completed bone mineral density examinations. There was no relationship between bone mineral density and periodontal disease. Men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy were more likely to have periodontal disease than men not on androgen deprivation therapy. If confirmed in larger studies, this observation could have important public health implications, given the increasing use of androgen deprivation therapy to treat prostate cancer.

Periodontal Status in Men With Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism: Effects of Testosterone Deficiency

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the possible influence of testosterone hormone on common clinical measurements of periodontal disease in men with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Twenty-four hypergonadotropic hypogonadal men (H) and 24 systemically healthy men (S) were divided into two groups as chronic periodontitis and clinically healthy controls after clinical examinations and radiographs. The H group consisted of 12 control (H/C) and 12 chronic periodontitis (H/P) patients, and the S group consisted of 12 control (S/C) and 12 chronic periodontitis (S/P) patients. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) scores were recorded. The mean of all clinical parameters (PI, GI, BOP, PD, and CAL) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in periodontitis groups (H/P and S/P) than controls (H/C and S/C). There were no significant differences in the PD and CAL scores between periodontitis groups (S/P and H/P). The mean of GI and BOP scores were statistically higher in the H/P group than the S/P group (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between GI and free testosterone levels (r=-0.794; P<0.05). According to these results, serum testosterone levels may possibly influence periodontal disease in men, and testosterone may have an inhibitory effect on gingival inflammation.

Fc γR genetic polymorphisms of periodontal disease in Korean population

Recent estimates indicates that the human genome contains about 25,000 to 35,000 genes1. Genes involved in complex multifactorial diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease, are often referred to as susceptibility genes (or more correctly susceptibility alleles). For these diseases, individuals who inherit susceptibility alleles will not develop disease unless they are exposed to deleterious environments. As for the periodontal disease, gram-negative anaerobic microorganisms, cigarette smoking, and poor oral hygiene are considered to be an important environmental risk factors2. After a 15-year longitudinal study of natural history of periodontal disease in man, Loe et al.3 were able to identify 3 different groups in individuals with poor oral hygiene and no access to dental care. Only 8% of subjects showed periodontal disease with a rapid progression and the majority of subjects (81%) showed moderate progression. However, 11% of subjects exhibited no progression at all even they did not perform any conventional oral hygiene measures, and consequently, displayed large aggregates of plaque, calculus and stain on their teeth. This variation is thought to be attributed to either unrecognized components of the environment or different susceptibility among individuals. This susceptibility could be considered as genetic factors. It has been recognized for years that aggressive periodontitis (formerly called juvenile periodontitis) aggregates in families4,5. In the aggregation study conducted in the US, the autosomal dominant mode was favored in AfricanAmerican and Caucasian families6. The estimated frequency of the disease allele, however, was significantly higher in AfricanAmericans and it reflects the higher prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in this group. Very few investigations have been performed

The natural history of periodontal disease in man. Risk factors for progression of attachment loss in individuals receiving no oral health care.

Few investigations have reported on risk factors for periodontal attachment loss over time in subjects with no home or professional dental care. The purpose of this report was to identify potential risk factors for progression of periodontal attachment loss among male Sri Lankan tea laborers who participated in a 20-year investigation of the natural history of periodontal disease. Data for this report were obtained from the 154 subjects who participated in the 1970 baseline and the final 1990 examinations and included data from their interim examinations performed in 1971, 1973, 1977, 1982, and 1985. Oral health assessments included: 1) attachment levels in millimeters on mesial and mesio-buccal surfaces of all but third molar teeth; 2) plaque index (PI); 3) gingival index (GI); 4) calculus index (CI); 5) caries index (DMFS); and 6) presence or absence of teeth. Other variables included age, history of smoking, and/or use of betel nut. Statistical analyses used multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The final adjusted model indicated that attachment loss increased significantly with age (X2 = 74.0; df = 1), GI (X2 = 45.5; df = 1), CI (X2 = 52.7; df = 1) and follow-up time (X2 = 219.8; df = 6, P<0.0001 for all variables). Age, GI, CI, and time were significantly associated with mean attachment loss over 20 years. Neither PI, history of smoking, or history of betel nut use were significantly associated with attachment loss over time.

Periodontitis in sheep: a model for human periodontal disease.

The use of sheep as a suitable animal model of destructive forms of human periodontal disease has been assessed from comparative radiological, histological, and serological investigations of sheep with and without periodontal disease. The results showed that, in sheep with periodontitis, bone resorption, collagen breakdown, degradation of blood capillary vessel walls, cellular infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and epithelial infiltration were significantly greater than in sheep without periodontitis, and the features are similar to those in rapidly destructive forms of periodontal disease in man. The levels of serum IgG antibody reactive against B. gingivalis antigens (measured by ELISA) were significantly higher in sheep with periodontitis than those without, similar to the association reported in some types of human periodontal diseases. These findings suggest that periodontitis in sheep could represent a suitable animal experimental model for certain types of rapidly destructive human periodontal diseases.

Discussion: Natural history of periodontal disease in man

Journal of Clinical PeriodontologyVolume 13, Issue 5 p. 441-444 Discussion: Natural history of periodontal disease in man John C. Greene, John C. Greene Professor and Dean, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USASearch for more papers by this author John C. Greene, John C. Greene Professor and Dean, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01488.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue5May 1986Pages 441-444 RelatedInformation

Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age.

This paper describes the initiation, rate of progress of periodontal disease and consequent tooth loss in a population never exposed to any programs or incidents relative to prevention and treatment of dental diseases. The group consisted of 480 male laborers at two tea plantations in Sri Lanka. The study design and baseline data have been published. At the initial examination in 1970, the age of the participants ranged between 14 and 31 years. Subsequent examinations occurred in 1971, 1973, 1977, 1982 and 1985. Thus, the study covers the age range 14-46 years. Throughout the study, the clinical indices were scored by the same two examiners, both well-trained and experienced periodontitis. Intra-examiner reproducibility for each index was tested at baseline and repeated periodically during the study. The data for each examination were computerized and updated on an ongoing basis. At the last examination in 1985, there were 161 individuals who had participated in the first survey. This population did not perform any conventional oral hygiene measures and consequently displayed quite uniformly large aggregates of plaque, calculus and stain on their teeth. Virtually all gingival units exhibited inflammation. Based on interproximal loss of attachment and tooth mortality rates, three subpopulations were identified: (1) individuals (approximately 8%) with rapid progression of periodontal disease (RP), those (approximately 81%) with moderate progression (MP), and a group (approximately 11%) who exhibited no progression (NP) of periodontal disease beyond gingivitis. At 35 years of age, the mean loss of attachment in the RP group was approximately 9 mm, the MP group had approximately 4 mm and the NP group had less than 1 mm loss of attachment. At the age of 45 years, the mean loss of attachment in the RP group was approximately 13 mm and the MP group approximately 7 mm. The annual rate of destruction in the RP group varied between 0.1 and 1.0 mm, in the MP group between 0.05 and 0.5 mm, and in the NP group between 0.05 and 0.09 mm. Since this population was virtually caries free, essentially all missing teeth were lost due to periodontal disease. In the RP group, tooth loss already occurred at 20 years of age and increased throughout the next 25 years. At 35 years of age, 12 teeth had been lost, at 40 years of age 20 teeth were missing and at 45 all teeth were lost. In the MP groups, tooth mortality started after 30 years of age and increased throughout the decade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)