Union Period Research Articles

Prospective study on functional outcome of distal femur fracture treated by open reduction and internal fixation using distal femur locking plate in Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital, Bahirdar, North West Ethiopia

BackgroundDistal femur fractures account for 6% of femur fractures. The treatment of distal femur fractures is challenging. Historically, nonoperative management has been the mainstay of management, which has evolved to operative management. There is no single implant used for all types of distal femur fractures. The implant evolves with time. The introduction of a distal femur locking plate (DF LCP) has had a great impact on the treatment. In developing countries like Ethiopia, there is scarcity of studies on functional outcome of operative treatment. So, this study aimed to assess the functional outcome of distal femur fractures treatment using distal femur locking plate.MethodsThis prospective cohort study was carried out among adult patients with distal femur fractures treated using distal femur locking plate at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital from august 2022 to July 2023. A total of 60 patients with AO Type A and Type C fracture were included. All patients were followed for 6 months. Functional outcomes were assessed using Neer’s scoring system. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 27. Frequency, mean and cross tabulation were used to summarize descriptive statistics. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the associations.ResultsIn our study out of 60 patients ,48.3% (29) had excellent functional outcomes, 30% (18) had good functional outcomes, 10% (6) had fair functional outcomes and 11.7% (7) had unsatisfactory functional outcomes according to Neer’s scoring system. Patients with closed distal femur fractures had 5 times higher probability of excellent functional outcome than those patients with open distal femur fractures (AOR (2.49(5.8 ,1.07)). Patients who had regular follow up had 7 times higher probability of excellent functional outcome than those who had no regular follow up (AOR 7.16(1.11,46.22)). The average union period was 4.63 months, with only 2 patients experiencing delayed union.ConclusionClosed fracture and regular follow up were determining factors for better functional outcomes. Closed fractures preserve the biological environment, which facilitates early fracture healing. The regular follow up helped patients to assess their rehabilitation status and pick any complication early.

Russia’s Central Asian Security Policy in the Putin Era: Tools for Intervention and Control “We do not want a second Afghanistan in Central Asia. Therefore, we will follow a very careful policy.” Vladimir Putin

Central Asia has been a strategically important region that Russia has dominated or always wanted to dominate throughout history. Therefore, we can see this in the Soviet Union period or in Russia’s policies after the 1990s. Especially after 2000, with Vladimir Putin becoming the President of Russia, policies on this region gained vitality in every field. One of the most important of these dimensions is the military dimension. In this context, we can cite the Collective Security Treaty Organization and Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was formed with the participation of other states related to the region within the scope of developing relations with Russia, Central Asia, and which it is trying to be effective. On the other hand, we can see that Russia is trying to extend the terms of use of the military bases left from the Soviet Union in the region and to establish new military bases. Therefore, we can evaluate all these approaches of Russia within the scope of its unwillingness to lose its influence and power in the region and its unwillingness to allow ‘foreign’ forces to intervene in the region.

Intramedullary stabilization of dislocated clavicle fractures with a compression rod

Despite the favorable prognosis of conservative treatment for clavicle fractures, unsatisfactory consequences reach 10–30 % cases. Surgical methods of treatment for dislocated clavicle fractures, such as osteosynthesis with a plate or an elastic titanium rod, are mostly used in practice. The disadvantage of the latter is the possible migration of the implant with perforation of the skin. The purpose was to study the effectiveness of an intramedullary rod, improved by us, for osteosynthesis of dislocated clavicle fractures type OTA 15A and OTA 15B according to the AO/ASIF classification. The essence of the improvement was the possibility of closed minimally invasive intramedullary osteosynthesis of the clavicle body, with a simplified technique of the surgical intervention itself, prevention of implant migration. The latter was achieved by the fact that one of the ends of the rod had a drill, which eliminated the need for predrilling the medullary cavity of the clavicle to insert the rod, and its opposite end had a thread onto which a nut is screwed to achieve compression between the clavicular fragments. Forty-two patients with closed dislocated clavicle fractures were under supervision in the clinic of traumatology and orthopedics of Kyiv City Clinical Hospital 6. They underwent intramedullary osteosynthesis for clavicle fractures with an improved compressing rod (closed in 28 cases, open in 14) under regional anesthesia. In dyna-mics of the postoperative period, a clinical and radiological examination was performed, the severity of the pain syndrome and the function of the upper limb were assessed according to the visual analog scale (VAS), Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH). As shown by the results of X-ray examinations, the average period of clavicle fracture union was 10.1 ± 1.4 weeks (range 8–12 weeks). During the observation of the patients, favorable dynamics on the VAS and DASH were noted; by the end of the study (12 months after the operation), the functional capabilities of the upper limb on the DASH corresponded to 1.54 ± 0.84 points, VAS score was 9.60 ± 2.11 points. The improved construction of the intramedullary rod for osteosynthesis of dislocated clavicle fractures of the OTA 15A and OTA 15B type can be recommended for use in practice, as it has demonstrated favorable clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes.

Emergence and development stages of informatics in Azerbaijan

The article highlights the results of studies on the emergence history and formation of informatics in Azerbaijan, and chronologically interprets the development stages of informatics. It comparatively analyzes the evolution of the fields of informatics, computer science and information and communication technology in Azerbaijan during the Soviet Union period and independence years based on archival documents. Studies are conducted on the activities of the Azerbaijani scientists who played a significant role in the emergence and development of informatics in Azerbaijan, and their central scientific achievements are presented. The measures implemented for the establishment of the national network infrastructure of the Internet in Azerbaijan and the manufacture of national products in the field of ICT are reviewed. Computer generations in Azerbaijan, state policy in the field of informatics, measures implemented for the development and application of modern technologies, personnel training in this field, leading scientific schools, higher educational institutions, as well as the provision of information sovereignty in Azerbaijan and the implementation of the IV Industrial Revolution are explored, some statistical indicators on the development of information technology are presented. The main goal of conducting the research is to comprehensively examine the history of the establishment and development of informatics in Azerbaijan, to obtain complete scientific knowledge about the role of informatics in the development of society and the country.

). The competitiveness disparity between core and peripheral EU countries: an empirical analysis with panel ARDL approach

Purpose- This study empirically investigates whether there is an asymmetry between the competitiveness of the core and peripheral EU countries in the post-monetary union period, which includes the public debt crisis. Methodology- This paper analyzes the long and short-term effects of the interest rate for public bond yields and real effective exchange rate on public debt in core (Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands) and peripheral (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) EU countries using the panel linear Autoregressive Distributive Lag model. In the study, second-generation unit root tests, Westerlund's (2007) cointegration test, and short and long-term MG, PMG, and DFE panel econometric methods are employed. Findings- According to the primary findings of the study: (i) while the interest rate for public bond yields is not effective on public debt in core EU countries, it has an increasing effect on public debt with a high positive coefficient in peripheral EU countries. (ii) The long-term coefficient of the real effective exchange rate in the peripheral EU countries is higher than in the core EU countries. According to this conclusion, the increase in the real effective exchange rate augments the public debt of the peripheral EU countries at a higher level than the core EU countries. Conclusion- Contrary to the monetarist approach that relies on the role of one last funder, these findings contribute to the literature by supporting the first two conditions of the Optimum Currency Area, the Varieties of Capitalism, Comparative Political Economy, and Fundamentalist approaches, which reveal the asymmetrical structure between the competitiveness of the core and peripheral EU countries. Keywords: EMU public debt crisis, core EU countries, peripheral EU countries, panel ARDL model, competitiveness differences JEL Codes: C45, F45, N14, N24

Effect of bone grafting on bone union in exchange nailing for the treatment of femoral shaft nonunions.

This study aims to investigate the effect of bone grafting on the bone union in exchange nailing (EN) for the treatment of femoral shaft nonunions. A total of 26 patients (16 male) were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 36.1±9.3. Bone grafts were used in 8 patients (bone graft group), and EN was performed without bone grafting (no bone graft group) in 18 patients. Etiology, fracture type, location, and classification of the fractures at the time of initial injury were evaluated. The reduction type (open or closed) and locking status of the nails were also noted. Nonunion types were recorded. In the bone grafting group, iliac bone autografts were used in seven patients and a synthetic bone graft was used in one patient. Following EN, the presence and duration of bone union, and the increase in the nails' diameter were analyzed for each group and compared. Union rates were 100% and 94.4% in bone grafting and no bone grafting groups, respectively. The mean union period was not significant between the groups (22.5 and 16.5 months, respectively). The mean increase in the nail diameter was 1.88 mm in the bone graft group and 2.00 mm in the no bone graft group (p>0.05). This study demonstrated that high union rates can be achieved with EN by means of using larger diameter nails with or without bone grafting in the management of femoral shaft nonunions, and bone grafting had no significant effect on union rates and periods.

ГАЛУЗЕВА СПЕЦИФІКА МОНОПРОФІЛЬНИХ МІСТ ДОНБАСУ В 1940–1980 ті РР.: ПОЛІТИКО-СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ ФОРМУВАННЯ

The aim of the study is to identify and characterize the main features of the political strategy, determine the formation of the sectoral specificity of the industrial base of the monotowns of Donbas in the 1940s-1980s. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, integrity and systemic character. The methods used are: retrospective, problematic-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-typological ones. The novelty of the study lies in the attempt to identify and characterize the main features of the political strategy of economic development, which led to the formation of the sectoral specificity of production of city-forming importance in Donbas in the 1940s-1980s period. Conclusions. The formation of the sectoral specificity of the Donbas mono-profile cities from the mid-1940s to the late 1980s period was the result of the low level of political and strategic thinking of the country's party and government leadership in organizing industrial and urbanization processes. As in the previous period (the years of forced industrialization in the 1920s-1930s), the country long-term economic development was based on an extensive model. The main priorities were to ensure the country's defense capability and rapidly demonstrate the benefits of socialist planned economy. This led to increasing use of raw materials from Donbas, construction of numerous city-forming enterprises in the region, mainly in the coal industry, as well as in the fire-resistant, chemical ones. During the period under study, the number of mono-profile cities in the region doubled, compared to the previous one: out of a total of eighty-seven cities in Donbas at the end of the Soviet Union period, about 80% were mono-profile. The genesis of the majority of single-industry cities in this period is associated with the "economic breakthrough" of the mid-1950s - mid-1960s period, planned to quickly reach the levels of highly developed countries. The attempts to improve the economic development strategy and move away from the extensive economic model by the party and government leadership in the second half of the 1960s and at the late stage of the USSR's existence period were not consistent and effective. There was neither diversification nor intensification of city-forming production in the mono-profile cities of Donbas. The narrow sectoral specificity determined negative scenarios for the development of these cities in the following decades. They are mainly related to the reduction of city-forming production due to the depletion of the region's resource potential, structural and economic changes. Developing new strategies for the economic development of the country and the regions, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of formation of the industrial and urban sphere of Donbas, to answer fundamental questions, connected to the reasonability of rebuilding and the possibility of re-profiling such cities.

The Duration of Bone Healing and Nonunion Ratio After Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy Using a 5-Hole Forearm Compression Plate With Transverse Osteotomy.

Ulnar shortening osteotomy using various osteotomy sites, osteotomy methods, and surgical techniques with a variety of implants has been reported, but nonunion rates and the duration of bone healing are not uniform by the authors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the duration of bone healing and nonunion ratio in patients who underwent ulnar shortening osteotomy by a 5-hole nonlocking plate with a simple transverse osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome and to determine the correlation between the gap length of the osteotomy site and the duration of bone healing. We assessed patients who underwent ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome using a 5-hole nonlocking plate fixation followed by a simple transverse osteotomy between July 2012 and October 2021. This study was a case series study, and the level of evidence was IV. A total of 80 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 46.7 years, and 46 patients were men. The average bone union period was 41.8 ± 18.7 weeks. The correlation between the gap length of the osteotomy site and the duration of bone union of the osteotomy site was not significant. The nonunion ratio of our method was 2.5%. The nonunion rate of our ulnar shortening osteotomy with a simple transverse osteotomy and a 5-hole nonlocking plate was comparable to that in previous reports, but our method required slightly longer periods for bone union. There was no correlation between the gap length of the osteotomy and the duration of bone union. Level IV (Case series).

The usefulness of bioabsorbable magnesium implants in addition to metal plates in the treatment of complex distal radius fractures

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether normal plating yields comparable outcomes to plating using additional bioabsorbable screws or wires for complex distal radial fractures.Methods: Among 80 patients with complex distal radius fractures treated between January 2018 and March 2021, 45 were studied retrospectively and divided into two groups as follows: group A (n=23) received a plate, and group B (n=22) received a plate with a bioresorbable screw or wire. Radiological studies evaluated the period of bone union, radial length, inclination, and resorption of the bioresorbable screws or wires after surgery. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score was examined for clinical evaluation, and complications were compared between the two groups.Results: The two groups showed similar distributions in sex, age, injury mechanism, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and mean follow-up period; however, there were no statistically significant differences in the period of bone union and maintenance of reduction (radial length, inclination, and volar tilt). The DASH score averaged 14.8 and 13.2 points in groups A and B, respectively, showing no significant difference in complications (nonunion, malunion, infection, and arthritis).Conclusion: Regardless of the use of additional bioresorbable screws or wires, reduction in distal radius fractures in both groups yielded good results. Plating with additional bioresorbable screws or wires may be a suitable fixation method to compensate for the shortcomings of metal implants in complex distal radius fractures.

Settling ‘Dagga’? Shifting Frontiers of Cannabis Knowledge and Governance in South Africa

After the South African War (1899–1902), state-makers’ efforts to control ‘dagga’ was controversial on several fronts. But ‘dagga’ also proved a moving target for official classification. Was it a species of Leonotis, common around the countryside? Was it ‘Indian hemp’, understood by some as a habit-forming drug that debilitated wage workers and caused insanity? This paper traces dagga as a multiple object and problematic of governance in South Africa during the years before the formation of the Union of South Africa and into the early decades of the Union period. A focus on three contested boundaries of top-down knowledge-making and policy – botanical taxonomies; colonial geographies; and political-economy – demonstrates dagga’s shifting ontologies across time and space. Together, these empirical snapshots combine as a case study, revealing how the legal reification of a substance as a ‘drug’ involved political processes that were local, dispersed and unresolved. We show how uncertainties and ambivalences about cannabis long remained productive for different brokers and gatekeepers who navigated the frontiers of competing interests. This history is important for understanding the changing politics of cannabis in South Africa, as it became legible for regulation as a ‘dangerous drug’ during the first half of the 20th century.

Regulation of the activity of judges and bailiffs during the period of the great union

The profession of judge and bailiff have been closely related since ancient times. The analysis of the regulation of these professions is of increased interest for legal specialists. In this article we propose to analyze how the professions of judge and bailiff (bailiff) were regulated in the era of the Great Union, especially the aspects related to the manner and requirements for entering the profession, the forms of disciplinary liability and remuneration for work, taking as a basis the texts of the normative acts in force at that time, applicable to the status of these professions. Also, we will compare the provisions of the mentioned period with the current ones, provided by the legislation in force.

Unfairness at the Funfair: The French Syndicate for Travelling Showpeople in the Long Nineteenth Century

ABSTRACT The article explores the historical significance and agency of itinerant showpeople, a marginalised and frequently overlooked community, in the late 19th century. Focusing on the French Chambre Syndicale Patronale des Voyageurs Forains (CSPVF) and its journal Le Voyageur Forain, this study sheds light on the struggle of showpeople to safeguard their economic interests, counter societal prejudices, and gain respectability in society. The CSPVF, Europe’s first employers’ association of this kind, played a pivotal role in supporting itinerant entrepreneurs. By analysing the CSPVF’s organisational structure, professional networks, and efforts at integration, the article underscores the socio-economic dynamics of the era and between individuals positioned at the perceived centre and periphery of society. Drawing on union periodicals, the study examines the CSPVF’s objectives and internal dynamics, the initiatives aimed at professionalising the itinerant showpeople’s trade and its influence on economic policies. Additionally, the research explores the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion encountered by showpeople within and outside their community and their strategies to combat stigmatisation while seeking respectability. By addressing these themes, the article contributes to a broader understanding of labour history, syndicalism, and the interplay of social identity and economic pressures in the itinerant entertainment industry during the late nineteenth century.

Re-Analysis of the EU Public Debt Crises with NARX

This paper estimates the public debt of Southern EU countries by adapting the public debt law of motion equation, which includes the variables that represent the competitiveness of a country such as past public debt, GDP, primary balance, real exchange rate, real interest, and inflation, to Southern EU countries. The analysis is performed with the Non-linear Autoregressive Exogenous Artificial Neural Network, which is a dynamic and robust statistical method for the post-monetary union period consisting of quarterly data between 2005Q1 and 2021Q4. The results of the analysis reveal that the public debt in the Southern EU countries is robustly explained by the public debt law of motion equation with a confidence ratio of over 95%. This result implies that the public debt problem in Southern EU countries is associated with the competitiveness of these countries. In addition, the analysis goes beyond parametric analyzes that relate it to economic growth or a few variables in the estimation of public debt and uncovers the significance of inclusive variables and non-parametric analyzes included in the public debt law of motion equation in solving the problem.

Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Between Fibula Intramedullary Nail Fixation vs Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for the Surgical Management of Unstable Ankle Fractures

Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The fundamental concept of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of unstable ankle fractures was anatomical reduction and firm fixation that allow early mobilization and rehabilitation. On the other hand, ORIF of ankle fractures is associated with complications including wound dehiscence, necrosis and infection, prominent hardware and failure. Closed reduction and intramedullary fixation (CRIF) using fibula nail was emerged as additional surgical option for unstable ankle fractures especially in elderly and medical high-risk patients. We hypothesized that fibula nailing for unstable ankle fractures would have similar functional outcomes to standard ORIF. The purpose of this study is to perform a prospective randomized study to compare clinical outcomes, bone union, and postoperative complications between ORIF and CRIF using fibula nail. Methods: A total of 59 patients (32 men, 27 women) with the mean age of 50.2 years were prospectively randomized to undergo standard ORIF or fibular nailing for unstable ankle fractures: those who underwent ORIF (31 patients 14 men, 17 women) and those who underwent CRIF using fibula nail (29 patients; 18 men and 11women). Exclusion criteria of fracture characteristics were open fracture and highly comminuted fibula fractures. Functional scoring including VAS, AOFAS and FAOS were evaluated at minimum postoperative 2 years follow up. In addition, union period, reduction status of fracture and ankle mortise at postoperative CT scan, complications including wound problem and posttraumatic arthritis were evaluated. Results: The VAS, AOFAS, and all FAOS subscales were not significantly different between two group at 2 years postoperatively (all, p>0.05). Significantly fewer infections and wound complication occurred in the fibula nail group. (p < 0.05; ORIF group (12.9%), fibula nail group (0%)). Postoperative at fracture site of fibula was high in fibula nail group (p < 0.05; ORIF group (0%), fibula nail group (13.7%)), but there were no significant differences in the status of mortise and the rate of posttraumatic arthritis (all, p>0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that the fibula nail allows acceptable reduction and secure fixation of unstable ankle fracture, with low soft tissue complication rate than ORIF. Considering the property closed reduction, the fibula nail would be an excellent treatment option for patients with unstable ankle fractures when indications is well selected

Investigating the effectiveness of anterolateral distal tibia plate in treating distal tibial fractures in adults: a prospective study

Background: “Pilon” fractures of the distal tibia are a term used usually by orthopaedic surgeons. High-energy trauma and related soft tissue injuries are the main causes. It might be challenging to treat distal one-third of tibial fractures that affect the articular process or not. The objective of this work is to analyze the result of the Anterolateral Distal Tibia Plate in distal tibial fracture treatment in adults. Methods: After receiving permission from the ethical committee, this prospective interventional analysis was conducted among 25 patients who satisfied the inclusion standards and were given anterolateral distal tibia plates. The scoring system created by “Ovadia and Beals” was used to evaluate patients at the conclusion of the follow-up period. Results: The participants in this research varied in age from 18 to 64, with a mean age of 36. 13 patients had a left tibia fracture and 12 patients had a right tibia distal end fracture. There were 4 open GA-I fractures and 21 closed GA-I fractures. 18 patients got fractures as a result of road traffic accidents (“high energy trauma”), and 7 patients sustained a fracture due to a fall (low energy trauma). The union of fracture occurred in 24(96%) patients and 1(4%) case showed delayed union. The average period of union was 18 weeks with the radiological signs of callus formation. 2 patients developed superficial and 1 patient developed deep infection. Conclusions: Distal end tibial fractures especially with intra-articular involvement may be effectively treated by anterolateral plating within a single stage, offers advantages such as adequate fracture exposure, soft tissue preservation, and reliable fracture healing.

Re-analysis of the EU public debt crises with NARX

Purpose- This paper employs the public debt equation of motion, which covers variables that represent a country's competitiveness, such as past public debt, GDP, external balance, real exchange rate, real interest, and inflation, to estimate the public debt of Southern EU countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). The paper is designed to test whether the public debt equation of motion (see Croce and Ramon, 2003; IMF, 2013; Chirwa and Odhiambo, 2018), which is characterized by significant variables representing competitiveness in macroeconomics, can statistically account for the public debt of Southern EU countries after the monetary union period including the EU public debt crisis. Consequently, based on the findings, it will be determined whether the competitiveness problems of Southern EU countries are important in the EU public debt crisis. Methodology- The analysis is performed with the nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) with quarterly data for the period from 2005Q1 to 2021Q4. In NARX, which is a dynamic non-parametric neural network used in time series analysis, the prediction performance of the model is more robust than other neural network models, as the gradient descent approaches the local minimum perfectly (see Lin et al., 1996; Gao and Er, 2005; Diaconescu, 2008). However, it is important to define the parameters correctly in NARX to obtain effective results. In the study, parameters are defined according to the minimum Mean Squared Error values. The feedback Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm, which produces fast and effective results, is used as the training algorithm. The performance of the training algorithm for robustness is compared with testing and validation. Findings- The analysis results reveal that public debt in Southern EU countries is statistically explained by the public debt equation of motion with a confidence ratio of over 95%. Conclusion- This result implies that the public debt problem in Southern EU countries is associated with their competitiveness (see also Hall and Soskice, 2001; Dallago and Guglielmetti, 2011; Hall, 2012; Lane, 2012; Gros, 2012; Iversen et al., 2016; De Ville and Vermeiven, 2016; Frieden and Walter, 2017). In addition, the analysis goes beyond parametric analyzes that relate economic growth or a few variables with public debt and reveals the importance of inclusive variables and non-parametric analyzes in the estimation of public debt. Keywords: EU public debt crises, Southern EU countries, NARX, competitiveness problems JEL Codes: C45, F35, F45, N14, N24

Protest Scenes in the Poetry of Muhammed Salih

This article examines the appearance of protest elements in the poetry of Muhammed Salih, an Uzbek poet, a representative of the «Metaphorist school» in Soviet Uzbek literature and the founder of protest and emigration poetry. In order to clarify this issue from all angles, the poet's protest poems were classified into two macrogroups: Soviet Union period (anti-Sovietism) and post-Soviet period protest (post-anti-Sovietism). The protest motif in the poet Salih's poetry can be noted as a new facet of the research work in the context of this article for the first time in the literature of Kazakhstan. In the first part of the article, the problem of nationalism (Turkism) and anti-Sovietism, which have become the main theme in M. Salih's work in the last forty years, was comprehensively analyzed. By using several literary methods, the characteristics of anti-Soviet protest, longing for independence and the achievement of sovereignty in the poet's poems were determined. The object and subject of the leitmotif «awakening» were studied in such poems as «Mother's Word», «Mouse in the Cage», «Awakening» written in this period. Focusing on the physics and metaphysics of the poems, the influence of the literature of the modernists before him was discussed. Special attention was paid to the beauty of allegory and metaphor in his poems and the peculiarity of writing, the meaning hidden in the surface of his poetry. The use of symbols and motifs characteristic of the classicist literature in the poet's poems was studied. In the second part of the article, the feature of protest poetry in the post-Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan was studied. On the basis of M. Salih's poetry, the expression of critical ideas and values such as independence, civil society, freedom of speech, and human rights were analyzed. The process of development of emigration literature in modern Uzbek literature was differentiated based on the poet's poems such as «Strange tree», «Love of the enemy of the people for the homeland», «Prayer of the exiled exile». The characteristics of Salih's poetic nature were comprehensively demonstrated. The influence of the poet's political and literary life in emigration was analyzed in a comparative and synergistic aspect. In M. Salih's protest poetry, the themes of Turkish unity and independence of Turkestan, which are of special importance, are partially connected with his nationalist (Turkish) poems. In the framework of such studies, an analytical forecast was made for the development of protest literature in modern Uzbek literature, the topics and issues raised, poetic power, and influence in the formation of civil society. The article focuses on the manifestations of protests during the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet period in M. Salih's works, and his poems are studied from several angles. His struggle for justice and his contribution to world knowledge were also taken into consideration.

KAZAKHSTAN COPY OF THE QISSA OF SULTAN HUBBİ, ONE OF THE YESEVİ SHEIKHS

Works written in Eastern Turkic in Central Asia are of great importance in the field of Islamic Turkic Literature. Some of these works were written in the type of doctrine and some of them were written in the type of legend. Hagiographies have been the subject of many researchers, especially in the fields of language, literature, theology and history, both in terms of language and content. The ṣūfī-poet Hodja Aḥmad al-Yasawī (d. 562/1166), who was the founder of the Yasawī tariqa (order), had an important place in the spread of Islam among the Central Asian Turks, who deeply affected the religious-mystical life of the society. He spread Islam in the Turkestan region with his educative and instructive poems in the style of wisdom, which he said in a way that the people and his followers could understand. By followers, the Yasawī order spread to Khorasan, Azerbaijan and Anatolia from the southwest of Turkestan through the Kipchak dervishes, first starting from the Transoxiana area. In Central Asia, there are many legends about Hodja Aḥmad al-Yasawī’s legends and miracles, and his followers and dervishes also have miracles. Although there are some differences between them, these religious, mystical characters still preserve themselves in the life and belief of the people of the region. One of them is the legend of Sultan Hubbi (Ḥubbī), the son of Süleyman Bakırgani, known as Ḥakīm Ātā, one of the first successors of Hodja Aḥmad al-Yasawī. The legends of Sultan Hubbi is mentioned in the studies of researchers such as N. Tosun, Ö. Kaya and Kazakhstani researchers S. Kondybai, F. Kamalova. Our research is based on the Chagatai manuscript of the Sultan Hubbi legend found in Kazakhstan. The life, miracles of Sultan Hubbi, the 3rd son of Ḥakīm Ātā Süleyman Bakırgani, who played an important role in the spread of the Yasawī order in Mangistau and according to some researchers, in Turkmensahra, with the underground mosque, valley and well of Sultan Hubbi in Mangistau. It is aimed to give information about the common rumours. In this direction, the methods of compiling, examining, translation and evaluation of scientific studies and articles published on the subject will be used. Our aim is to introduce the Almaty/Kazakhstan with the copy of the Kıssa-i Sultan Hubbi manuscript, which is one of the historical texts written in Eastern Turkic (Chagatai), which was not reached and unknown for a long time during the Soviet Union period, with the thought that it could contribute to the research of the Turkic world. Keywords: Hagiographies, Yasawīsm, Ḥakīm Ātā, Sultan Hubbi, Kazakhstan.

The Relationship Between Cultural Space and Power in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Rusya, Sovyetler Birliği’nden önceki Çarlık Döneminde oldukça çalkantılı bir süreç yaşamış, dönemin siyasal olayları ve sosyal yapılanmalarının izleri toplum üzerinde olduğu kadar topluma hizmet eden yapılarda da yoğun şekilde görülmüştür. Sovyetler Birliği’nin kurulmadan önceki Çarlık döneminde Feodal yönetim yaşanmış, ardından da ülkede sosyalist sisteme geçilmiş ve her iki dönemde de barınma halkın en büyük sorunlarından biri olmuştur. Bu makalede, Çar Dönemi ve Sovyetler Birliği’nde uygulanan farklı politikaların mimariyi ne şekilde etkilediği, dönemlere göre nasıl yön değiştirdiği incelenmiştir. Mutlak Monarşinin yıkılıp yerine Sovyetler Birliği’nin kurulması ile uygulanmaya başlanan sosyalizm, Sovyetler Birliği Dönemi’nde farklı politik süreçler geçirerek çeşitli değişimlere maruz kalmıştır. Farklı liderlik ve rejim süreçleri geçiren ülkenin konut ve kültürel yapıları ve yapılara yansıyan liderlik ideolojisi kültürel boyutta araştırılmıştır. Çarlık Döneminden başlayarak Lenin ve Stalin döneminin kültürel yapıları seçilmiştir. Liderlerin mekânsal biçimlenme ve politika doğrultuda konut ve kültürel mekânları üzerindeki etkisi ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır.

Treatment of Vancouver Type B Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures Using Cortical Strut Allografts.

IntroductionThe optimal surgical treatment for Vancouver B2 and B3 fractures has not been determined, and bone defects and delays in fracture healing significantly affect treatment outcomes. Some authors have argued that when a serious bone defect is present, the use of cortical strut allografts for the treatment of type B2 and B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) after hip joint replacement may be beneficial. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of cortical strut allografts based on mid-to long-term clinical radiologic results after surgical treatment of Vancouver B-type PFFs.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 48 patients with postoperative PFFs. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.7 years. The 22 patients were treated with cortical strut allograft. Each case was characterized and described in detail, including the length of allograft and the union period, and possible correlations between allograft length and strut-to-host bone union were analyzed. Clinical evaluations included Parker mobility and Harris hip scores. At the final follow-up, we assessed the radiological results using the Beals and Tower’s criteria, stem subsidence, and fracture union time.ResultsAll 48 fractures united at an average of 21.5 weeks, and strut-to-host bone union was typically observed within 32 months. No positive correlation was identified between the allograft length and incorporation period. There was one deep infection and four cases of dislocation, but there was no fracture or malunion of the cortical strut allografts. No evidence of femoral loosening was observed in any of the patients.ConclusionCortical strut allografts used to treat type B PFFs showed high rates of bone union and survival. In mid-to long-term follow-up, the cortical strut allograft length did not affect to incorporation time. The author concluded that cortical strut allografts are useful treatment for PFFs regardless subtype classification of the Vancouver type B.