Period Of Rapid Social Change Research Articles

Social Entrepreneurship, Employment, and Financial Performance: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach

The social value created by organizations has been in the spotlight during periods of rapid social change, such as COVID-19. However, the existing literature has been limited by the inability to demonstrate the cumulative effects of social value over time, which has led to academic and practical limitations. Drawing on stakeholder theory, socially responsible customer behavior, and institutional theory, the author collected data from 208 social enterprises in South Korea over 3 years, from 2017 to 2019, and tested hypotheses using latent growth modeling. This analytical technique, which uses structural equation modeling, estimates the latent growth rate of each data measure by year and analyzes the causal relationship between the growth rate of each variable. The results show that higher levels of social entrepreneurship are associated with higher growth rates of total employment and vulnerable worker employment, followed by higher growth rates of financial performance. The implications of this paper are as follows. First, this study reports that social entrepreneurship can help social enterprises develop sustainably by increasing financial performance. Second, this study overcomes the methodological limitations of the existing literature by reporting the relationship between growth rates. Third, this study reports that social enterprises can help solve employment problems for vulnerable populations, who are often the first to be affected by the economic crisis. Fourth, this study contributes to resolving the conflicting and contradictory perspectives of practitioners and academics on the relationship between social and economic value. Fifth, it offers suggestions for the future direction of the academic field.

‘Beware of dalals’: a moral world of health market brokerage in Bangladesh

AbstractAnthropological enquiry into brokers and brokerage practice provides a prime entry point for making sense of social change. This article tends to the ways in which the trope of the broker and the everyday practice of those identified as enacting brokerage act as linchpins in broader moral grappling during a period of rapid social change. It draws from the ethnographic context of brokerage discursively constituted and enacted within maternal health markets in Bangladesh, focusing on the trope and actual practice of those identified as morally compromised dalals: brokers bringing women and families from public to private health institutions. It argues that the trope of the dalal operates as a metaphor for immorality ascribed to morally ambiguous spaces of the private health sector, a way for people to contend with a moral discomfort integral to applying market logics to health services enacted largely outside the jurisdiction of formal regulatory mechanisms. The practice of those identified as embodying dalals, in contrast, while flourishing in these conditions, is rooted in economic precarity, primarily of young men with limited power waiting for better opportunities, who negotiate and balance moral and economic imperatives in their line of work.

Reframing educational governance and its crisis through the ‘totally pedagogised society’

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the critical policy studies of educational governance and its crisis, through canvassing Basil Bernstein’s concept of the ‘totally pedagogised society’ (TPS). The TPS witnesses not only the growth of transnational private actors, but also the disjuncture between global and national agendas of reform, on the governance of knowledge and subjectivity. This argument is illustrated through a court case surrounding the invalidation of a history exam question in Hong Kong, which occurred after the 2019 social unrest. At the heart of this crisis is a dislocation of pedagogic discourse. The history exam can be considered as an indirect outcome of recontextualising the global policy imaginary of producing subjects of ‘critical thinking’ and ‘knowledge economy’, but it is incommensurate with China’s regulative discourse, that is, to govern the political consciousness of its postcolonial subjects and legitimise its rule through pedagogic means. The concept of TPS considers the other side of a high-performing regime in Asia: the crisis of reform, the return of a strong state, the evolving power and control relations inside/outside the education system, and the rising tensions between pedagogic agents/agencies, in a period of rapid social change as revealed in Hong Kong today.

A study on salt produce system in the late choson dynasty

조선 후기에 있어서 소금은 바닷물을 농축하여 끓이는 자염(煮鹽)을 위주로 하여 생산하였다. 자염을 하기 위해서는먼저 염전을 포함한 염장(鹽場)을 설치하여야 한다. 그런데 염장을 설치하자면 우선 근처에 연료가 풍부하여야 유리하였다. 아울러 주변에 넓고 평탄한 갯벌이 있어야 하고, 굴과 같은 조개류가 많으면 더욱 좋았다. 여기에 더하여 수륙 교통이 편리하다면 염장의 생산성은 보다 높아졌던 것이다. 염장에는 몇 가지 시설을 갖추어야 생산이 제대로 이루어질 수 있었다. 그것은 부옥과 함수고, 그리고 염부 및 염창등이다. 아울러 염전 주변으로 수로와 도로가 정비되어 진다면 더욱 유리하였다. 자염을 생산하는 주요한 과정은 먼저염전 갈기이다. 이것은 염전 위에 산포한 토사를 몇 차례 갈아엎어 염분 함량이 높은 함수(鹹水)를 만드는데 필요하였다. 이렇게 생산된 함수를 함수고에 저장하면서 염부에 넣고 달이면, 자염 즉 소금이 만들어졌던 것이다. 부산 명지도 염전의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 염전까지 수로를 연결하여 현대 염전의 증발지에 바닷물을 공급하듯이 급수가 용이하게 되었다. 둘째, 증발지 형태의 염전으로, 염전 내부에 작은 저수지를 규칙적으로 많이 만들어 해수가 많이 증발하도록 하였다. 이 방법은 조선후기 전통 염전방식과는 판이하게 다르다. 이 방식은 ‘쇄염법(曬鹽法)’의 한방법으로 보다 발전된 형태이다. 셋째, 증발지의 신설로 섯(간수통)이 소멸되었다. 넷째, 함수고가 염전 주위에 많이 설치되었다. 염전의 함수를 1차로 모으고, 이를 인력으로 다시 소금가마 옆의 함수고로 운반하였다.Salt production was very important place in the economy of traditional korea. it is generally produced by boiling sea water, in the late Choson dynasty, that is from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. This was period of rapid social change and economic development, and the metamorphosis of korean economy and society stimulated salt industry. sea water was kept in salt fields for evaporation, it helped keep the hours of boiling and hence the amount of fuel. other factors included the convenience transportation and salt pot with salt store house and so forth. but the crucial factor in deciding the locality of salt fields was the availability of fuel. this study attempts to delineate the main features of salt industry in the late choson period. the raw material of salt was brine obtained from the sea. the government encouraged the salt production. the shortage of the fuel for salt was filled up by the government. the availability of fuel was the crucial factor in deciding the locality of salt fields. other factors included the convenience of transportation and the adequacy of soil type. Consequently, the salt fields heavily concentrated along the southwestern coast of Korea.

Social Estrangement and Psychological Distress before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Patterns of Change in Canadian Workers.

This article argues that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing measures intended to slow the rate of transmission of the virus resulted in greater subjective isolation and community distrust, in turn adversely impacting psychological distress. To support this argument, we examine data from the Canadian Quality of Work and Economic Life Study, two national surveys of Canadian workers-one from late September 2019 (N = 2,477) and the second from mid-March 2020 (N = 2,446). Analyses show that subjective isolation and community distrust increased between the two surveys, which led to a substantial rise in psychological distress. Increases in subjective isolation were stronger in older respondents, resulting in a greater escalation in psychological distress. These findings support a Durkheimian perspective on the harm to social integration and mental health caused by periods of rapid social change but also illustrate how a life course context can differentiate individual vulnerability to disintegrative social forces.

All jumbled up: authenticity in American culinary history

This paper explores the history of jumbles, a type of cookies, through the duration of American history from the colonial period through today. The evolution of jumbles illustrates the ways that recipes have been continually adapted and put to a variety of political and social uses. In particular, this essay seeks to further debates in food studies over the nature of authenticity by exploring the constant recreation of a single recipe (the jumble) alongside the cultural factors that shaped a particular iteration of the cookie at a given moment in time (including but not limited to the American Revolution, the partisan political battles in the early 1800 s, post-Civil War anxieties over heritage and identity, or periods of rapid social change brought about by industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th century). Contextualizing recipes in a particular historical moment suggests that there is no true “historical authenticity” when it comes to cookery. Modern cooks who engage in historical cookery are instead creating dishes that are authentic to their own moment in time, not some essentialized version of the dish rooted in a mythic past. Nor, as the study of jumbles suggests, is this a new process. Exploring the relationship between social, economic, and political trends at key moments in the history of the jumble demonstrates that Americans have long engaged in the process of recreating nostalgic dishes in search of historical authenticity that says more about the taste preferences, political agendas, and social geographies of those cooks than those to whom they pay homage.

Polski kryzys na forum Bundestagu w 1980 roku

The Polish crisis on the Bundestag forum in the 1980sIn the summer of 1980 a period of rapid social changes began in Poland, which became the subject of observation, analysis and discussion in many European countries. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the subject of Poland and the emerging economic crisis was discussed in the Bundestag. The aim of this article is to answer the question about the subject matter and intensity of Polish issues at the forum of German parliaments. How was the situation on the Vistula River reported? Who spoke most often and what demands did he make? Was the democratization of political life in Poland believed in? The author examined documents from the plenary sittings of the Bundestag held from midsummer until the end of December 1980.

Teachers in the Movement: Pedagogy, Activism, and Freedom

In this year's Presidential Address, historian Derrick P. Alridge discusses his current research project, Teachers in the Movement: Pedagogy, Activism, and Freedom. The project builds on recent literature about teachers as activists between 1950 and 1980 and explores how and what secondary and postsecondary teachers taught. Focusing on teachers in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, the project investigates teachers’ roles as agents of social change through teaching the ideals of freedom during the most significant social movement in the United States in the twentieth century. Drawing on oral history and archival research, the project plans to produce five hundred videotaped interviews that will generate extensive firsthand knowledge and fresh perspectives about teachers in the civil rights movement. By examining teachers’ pedagogical activism during this period of rapid social change, Alridge hopes to inspire and inform educators teaching in the midst of today's freedom and social justice movements.

‘Even the dead will not be safe’: the long war over school English

ABSTRACTOver the past two decades in England, those intent on the transformation of schooling have sought to win support for their neoliberal project by emphasising the difference between, on the one hand, their vision of what education is, and what it is for, and, on the other, the practices and forms of education that preceded the era of standards-based reforms. Different strategies have been adopted to enforce this message: while New Labour was largely content to ignore the past, to treat it as irrelevant to the needs and possibilities of new times, prominent figures within more recent Conservative-led administrations have re-written the history of schooling, traducing the progressive traditions that their project is designed to eradicate.We attempt to sketch out a different version of this history, one that speaks back to such reductive misrepresentations (the ‘discourses of derision’, as Stephen Ball has called them). We focus particularly on developments within the teaching of English in London schools, on the challenges that confronted teachers in successive periods of rapid social change, how they responded to these conditions and the resources that enabled them to explore different curricular and pedagogic possibilities.We argue that this history provides the means to confront contradictions in the neoliberal project, to explore continuities in practice that are effaced and ignored in the dominant paradigm of objective-led teaching, a paradigm that reduces what happens in classrooms to the attainment of pre-specified goals. We conclude with an instance of classroom dialogue that might suggest the continuing need for teachers to be attentive to diversity: to the complexities of culture and history, of language and identity.

Paula Brown Glick: A Retrospective

Paula Brown Glick: A Retrospective

Kim jestem? Tożsamość jako zadanie w czasach gwałtownej zmiany społecznej

<p>Pytanie „kim jestem?” należy do najczęściej formułowanych pytań o charakterze<br />egzystencjalnym. Nasuwa się coraz bardziej natarczywie w okresie gwałtownej zmiany społecznej. W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach zmiany w różnych dziedzinach życia przybrały wręcz charakter rewolucyjny. Do szczególnie widocznych należy globalizacja. Gwałtowna zmiana społeczna zmusza człowieka do ciągłego kształtowania własnego „ja”. Nie jest to zadanie łatwe, toteż wiele osób odczuwa dylematy tożsamościowe. Pogłębiają je różne, często niespójne, a nawet przeciwstawne standardy i oczekiwania instytucji i grup społecznych, w których funkcjonowaniu uczestniczą. Charakterystyczne dla nowoczesności i czasów ponowoczesnych wyzwolenie indywidualizmu zwiększa poczucie podmiotowości jednostek, a jednocześnie naraża je na stany niepewności i kryzysów. Anthony Giddens sądzi, że są one wyrażane przez takie opozycyjne wymiary współczesnej rzeczywistości, jak: unifikacja vs fragmentaryzacja, bezsilność vs kontrola, autorytet vs niepewność, doświadczenie osobiste vs doświadczenie urynkowione. Dlatego konstruowanie tożsamości staje się ważnym zadaniem jednostki i wymaga pedagogicznego wspomagania.</p>

Dressing for the Culture Wars: Style and the Politics of Self-Presentation in the 1960s and 1970s

Often regarded as frivolous and superficial, fashion under certain circumstances performs an important social role by providing symbols that represent social tensions and conflicts. Betty Luther Hillman argues that fashion and style create a nonverbal discourse based on individual choices. During the 1960s, a period of rapid social change in American society, dress and hairstyles embodied these changes, and television disseminated them to the entire population. Social activists used personal appearance as a way of expressing “their disagreement with and alienation from American culture” (p. xviii). Other Americans interpreted this behavior as “signs of the demise of the gender, sexual, racial and middle-class traditions of ‘respectability’ they held dear” (p. xx). Based on documentary sources such as newspapers, magazine articles and advertisements, periodicals, papers of social movement organizations, court cases, photographs, and memoirs, the book shows how shifting styles of self-presentation played an important role in politics in the 1960s and 1970s. Hillman focuses her analysis on several social groups whose members changed their dress and hairstyles in the 1960s. Young, white, middle-class American men developed hair and clothing styles that led to generational conflicts. Black power activists adopted hair styles and African-heritage clothing which, in turn, influenced New Left and hippie countercultural activists protesting the Vietnam War. These movements produced a conservative backlash. Feminist and gay liberation movements used dress and hairstyles to challenge male and female gender distinctions. Hillman explores the social significance of unisex styles in the 1970s and changing media reactions to them.

Predictors of Marital Dissolution During a Period of Rapid Social Change: Evidence From South Asia.

Few studies have examined the causes and consequences of marital dissolution in non-Western settings. This article explores the fundamental factors that may predict marital dissolution in a mainly agrarian setting in South Asia, where collectivism has historically been valued over individualism and where life is centered on the family. Using event history analyses with retrospective life history data from the Chitwan Valley Family Study conducted in rural Nepal, I explore the possible predictors of marital dissolution. Results suggest that couples in which wives married at older ages and chose their spouse in conjunction with their parents face lower risk of marital dissolution, while wives' work increases the risk. Moreover, couples married for longer durations and couples who have more children face lower risks of marital dissolution. The influences of many of these factors have changed over the last few decades, pointing toward the important role of changing social context on marital trajectories.

Imigranci a przemiany społeczno-kulturowe w społeczeństwie współczesnej Szwajcarii niemieckojęzycznej

The author analyses the problems of socio-cultural changes in the German-speaking population of Switzerland. In particular, he focuses on the processes that result from the presence of numerous immigrant communities. The analysis relates mainly to the period a er the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. At the same time, the transformations in the German-speaking population of Switzerland are shown on the background of historical processes that have shaped the Swiss multiculturalism and multilingualism. The analysis takes into account the complex interactions between different multilingual areas of the country and external impacts resulting from socio-cultural processes outside its borders, especially in Germany. The German-speaking part of the multicultural Swiss Confederation is currently experiencing a period of rapid social changes. These changes relate to the sphere of culture, language, economy and politics. The German-speaking Swiss are trying to redefine their identity and role in the world, full of different challenges and threats. One of them is the approach to immigrants and the culture they represent. It can be assumed that in the next few years, the Swiss – in fear of the inflow of other cultures – will seek to limit immigration processes, while strengthening the processes for the effective integration of newcomers in the multicultural society.

The Causes and Consequences of Anomie

Relying on a range of demographic and survey data and a mixture of personal anecdotes, Jack Levin, the Irving and Betty Brudnick Professor in the Sociology Department at Northeastern University, has written a book that looks at the intersection of age, birth cohort, and history. The book’s strength lies in its effort to examine anomie (or normlessness) in America (cf. Emile Durkheim’s classic work on French society) and to explore the causes and consequences of upward shifts in the degree of anomie in various social domains— shifts that can be traced to the turbulent times of the 1960s and 1970s and that have continued, if not accelerated, in recent years. More specifically and in the author’s own words, Blurring the Boundaries “is about the norms of everyday life and how they have changed over the decades, not only in their substance but also in their declining rigidity” (p. 2). Although much of the book is devoted to “explaining changes in age-related norms” (hence the book’s subtitle), a larger message is intended as well. For, as Levin writes, “[i]t is not just age norms that have changed or become blurred; informal norms generally have diminished in their influence” (p. 2). As evidence for the changes, Levin points to a number of trends: a blurring of age boundaries (with “informal age norms for education, work, and family transitions” [p. 53] loosening and becoming more flexible, and “stage theories” of aging and the life course tending to “break down” [p. 66]), an erosion of childhood (“[n]ot only have the boundaries separating middle age from the elderly and adolescence from young adulthood blurred, but so too have the boundaries between teenagers and children” [p. 80]), and a relaxation of rules governing gender and sexual scripts (“either gender, as children, [can] play with trucks and dolls, join a hockey or basketball team, or engage in wrestling or boxing” [p. 28] and the “double standard by gender at work and in the bedroom . . . [has] slipp[ed] away in favor of a more egalitarian way of thinking” [p. 28]). To these, Levin adds: a rise in the popularity of open-classroom philosophies (with instruction becoming “more informally structured and flexible” [p. 14] and with grades becoming “less attached to academic performance” and subject to “inflation” [p. 13]); more incidents of cheating not just in schools but also in politics, sports, business, and entertainment (cheating and lying “have apparently infected almost every segment of our society” [p. 18]); a lessening of rules prohibiting cursing, swearing, and obscenity (profanity norms have become “increasingly vague” [p. 7]); and the flourishing practice of free-style dancing (which involves “little if any coordination with a partner” [p. 12]). There is much to admire about the book. I liked the fact that Levin introduced early theoretical notions about anomie (e.g., his reference to Durkheim’s [1893] assertion that “during periods of rapid social change, disruption, or dislocation, social norms tend to lose their ability to control the everyday activities of society’s members” [p. 9]) and that he sought to demonstrate the applicability of these notions to understanding certain segments of society today. I appreciated, too, the historical perspective, with trend lines in various graphs depicting transformations long in the making. Readers who have an abiding interest in the social revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s (which I, along with many others, have) will be captivated

Having It All in the Belle Epoque: How French Women's Magazines Invented the Modern Woman

Having It All is a study of two successful, glossy, middle-market women's magazines of the belle époque: Femina (launched February 1901) and La Vie heureuse (October 1902). These two publications, widely sold up to the First World War and finally merged in 1916, represent an important context for work on belle-époque women novelists, many of whom wrote for them and featured extensively in their pages. They have also elicited some interest in their own right, including Colette Cosnier's Les Dames de ‘Femina’: un féminisme mystifié (Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2009). As her title suggests, Cosnier read Femina as a reactionary publication that peddled a very conventional view of female identity dressed up in fashionably ‘modern’ style. Rachel Mesch, on the other hand, sees both magazines as emancipatory, as offering readers, through the pleasures of copiously illustrated celebrity news, fashion spreads, and serialized fiction, a vision of women in the modern world that was subtly progressive. Mesch argues that, despite their explicit rejection of ‘feminism’ as a campaigning movement and their insistence on the traditionally feminine spheres of homemaking, maternity, and beauty, both magazines expanded their readers' horizons towards a more empowering vision of female identity. These were commercially driven publications owned by mainstream publishing houses: if their conservatism ensured that they did not scandalize the average reader, their embrace of modernity as offering women new roles and freedoms also appealed to many women at a period of rapid social change. In a non-polemical, taken-for-granted tone, the magazines featured women who were both ‘feminine’ and exemplified prowess in traditionally ‘masculine’ fields: mountain climbing, exploring, sport, studying, and, above all, writing. Like the middlebrow fiction of the women authors published and featured in their pages, Femina and Vie heureuse performed ‘imaginative work’ by offering an ‘airbrushed view of the present’ that expanded what the ‘chères lectrices’ might expect of themselves (p. 29). Without contesting the orthodox view of women as essentially wives and mothers, the magazines represented modern marriage as grounded in social equality, through their glamorous portrayal of celebrity literary couples, and through published debates that demonstrated a broad consensus affirming a woman's right and capacity to combine homemaking with a career. What is so worthy of attention in these publications is the fact that they brought a quietly radical vision of what a woman could do and be into the households and mentalities of women who may have shuddered at the very word ‘feminist’. The book could be accused of a slightly narrow focus, since it emphasizes the role of women writers — as contributors and role models — to the virtual exclusion of the magazines' other concerns. It also seems to overplay the distinction between the magazines' idealized model of the femme moderne, and the more familiar figure of the (feminine but feminist) femme nouvelle. However, with its rich array of reproduced pages to illustrate points, and nice attention to the magazines' visual as well as verbal discourse, this is a highly readable, enjoyable book that adds an important dimension to the study of how the vibrant feminist contestation of those years was mediated for and experienced by the majority of women.

Health and contemporary change in the Arab world

Health and contemporary change in the Arab world

Practising leadership in newly multi-ethnic schools: tensions in the field?

This paper explores the leadership practices of three principals following a period of intensive immigration in Ireland. Drawing on the work of Bourdieu, it conceptualises schools as structured social spaces and of their leadership work as a form of practising. This practising is an outcome of the intersection between deeply embedded subjectivities operating in diverse fields of action that shape, constrain and transform each principal’s practices. Presenting an analytical model that highlights the circular and capillary-like dimension to such practising, the paper explores how principals’ recognition of immigrant children (their recognitive practices) as well as investment in supporting their learning (distributive practices) are shaped by the logics of practice across different fields, as well as by their own evolving habitus and struggle to be authentic in a period of rapid social change. Practising effective leadership in newly multi-ethnic schools must be conceived as layered and multiple but must be underpinned by an ethic of justice, if the minoritised status of ‘ethnic’ others is to be challenged and overcome.

Transition to First Marriage in Reform-Era Urban China: The Persistent Effect of Education in a Period of Rapid Social Change

The negative association between education and marriage timing is often explained by an economic independence theory: education provides women with independent economic resources to reject the caregiver role in marriage. However, cross-national evidence shows the importance of cultural and historical continuity in marriage formation. This article examines the relationship between educational attainment and the timing of first marriage in reform-era urban China since the 1980s. Reform-era urban China provides a strong case to examine both theories: it has a strong marriage norm, but it has also experienced a rapid increase in gender inequality in the labor market during the economic reform. Using detailed education and work histories of 3,808 respondents from two waves of the Chinese General Social Survey, this article uses discrete-time hazard regressions to contrast the marriage experience between two cohorts that faced different labor market constraints. The evidence fits better with a path dependence theory. Specifically, the effect of education on marriage timing, for both women and men, is not significantly different between these two cohorts. The results encourage attention to local institutions and local culture in understanding the relationship between conditions in the labor market and marriage formation.

Introduction to the Current Issue

Some periods of rapid social change become transforming, watershed moments for reassessing the basic mission and purposes of student affairs work. The old forms and structures cannot carry the new realities and require new paradigms of meaning and purpose. In selected articles of this issue of the JCC, authors explore the question of whether student affairs work today has an enduring purpose, and they examine the implications of this question for the contemporary work of student affairs.