Period Of Economic Reform Research Articles

The Specifics of the Relationship between the State and Business in Modern India

India, a member of the BRICS and the SCO, can play an important role in deepening Eurasian integration. However, in order to make possible the use of its integration potential, it is necessary to fully understand the specifics of this country, the nature of its existing political and economic system, which, in particular, is determined by the established model of relations between the state and business.Aim. To identify the features of the system of relations between the state and business, which has developed in India during the period of economic reforms and determines the potential and specifics of its political and economic development.Tasks. To trace the main stages of the evolution of relations between the state and business in the Republic of India, to assess government policy in relation to the main types of business and various business structures, to identify the degree of influence of private business on the policy and dynamics of economic development of the country.Methods. Systematic and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments. Results. The article provides a scientific generalization of the evolution of models and methods of interaction between the state and business of the Republic of India, an assessment of their effectiveness from the point of view of socio-economic development of the country.Conclusions. The formation of the system of relations between the state and business in modern India was determined by the needs of the economic and social development of the country, the essence and forms of which were determined by the dominance of the relevant political forces and ideologies. At the initial stage, the use of repressive and coercive regulatory methods led to the establishment of a patron — client relationship between the state and business in all industrial sectors, focused on obtaining rent. However, subsequently, the growing inefficiency of the Indian economy and the growth of corruption forced the country’s ruling elites to reconsider their political and economic views and switch to a policy of economic liberalization, as a result of which India began to acquire the characteristic features of a “development state”. Currently, in a regulated market economy, the state, on the one hand, seeks to ensure greater freedom of the market, private entrepreneurship, promote greater openness and internationalization of the economy, on the other hand, weaken and limit large capital to protect small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, the relations between the state and business continue to be largely clientelistic, which, according to many experts, hinders further economic liberalization and increasing the global competitiveness of the Indian economy.

The use of the joint simultaneous integration methodology to measure the impact of certain macroeconomic variables on the GDP: ARDL model

Purpose. The objective of this study is to analyse the evolution of public expenditure, exports, imports, and gross domestic product (GDP) in Algeria over the past four decades (1980–2022). It aims to measure the impact of each of these macroeconomic variables (public expenditure, imports, and exports) on GDP during the study period, in the long and short term. Additionally, the study intends to identify the most significant economic variables influencing GDP in Algeria by constructing an econometric model (autoregressive model) based on economic theory and previous studies. These variables are considered the driving force and effective activator for improving GDP. Results. The findings obtained using the ARDL bounds testing approach for cointegrated time series revealed the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the independent variables (public expenditure, imports, exports) and the dependent variable (GDP). In the short run, most of the model variables were statistically significant, indicating their influence in explaining GDP. This allows us to conclude that there is a dynamic relationship between the model variables in Algeria during the study period. Additionally, the error correction coefficient was statistically significant at the 5 % level, while the speed of adjustment to equilibrium was 0.8828. Scientific novelty. Research in this field continues to provide new insights into the dynamic relationship between these important economic factors. While this topic has been explored in previous studies, our research distinguishes itself by examining the collective impact of public expenditure, imports, and exports on GDP. This study establishes a direct link between these variables and GDP. Modern studies emphasise the significance of the composition of public expenditure in determining its impact on GDP. Additionally, several studies have demonstrated the influence of exports and imports on GDP. Imports play a crucial role in enhancing production efficiency and reducing costs within the economy. The current study addresses the gap in previous research by simultaneously examining public expenditure, imports, and exports as independent variables, considering both the pre- and post-Algerian economic reforms period. Practical value. This study contributes to understanding economic growth trajectories and how various economic components impact GDP. By analysing the influence of public expenditure, exports, and imports on economic growth, the study offers significant added value. It empowers policymakers at the macroeconomic level to leverage these findings in formulating and implementing effective economic policies that can enhance GDP, thereby promoting economic growth and improving living standards through the management of the study variables such as public expenditure, export values, and imports.

Short-term gains versus long-term strains: productivist policies and family resilience in China

This article studies the intricate dynamics of family resilience within the Chinese productivist regime over the course of seven decades, emphasizing the instrumental role of public policy in shaping this resilience. Drawing on a dynamic approach, the research demonstrates how, across distinct periods of central planning and economic reform, policies have persistently harnessed families to advance economic objectives. Showing that the productivist regime’s double-edged role on family resilience emerged while public policies bolstered short-term family resilience in times of sustained economic growth and favorable demographics, and signs of family sector downturn—declining fertility rates, family dysfunctions—became evident, the current article underscores the challenges of a model that primarily perceives families as economic instruments. Advocating for a policy paradigm shift that harmonizes economic ambitions with family well-being, this study offers valuable insights for policy-makers and lays the groundwork for future research in comparative welfare systems.

Study of the efficiency of using a machine in the automation of agricultural production

The past period of economic and agrarian reforms has shown that actively applied measures to radically change production relations have not yet yielded positive results, since the mechanism for creating the appropriate productive forces, and especially from the active technical part, has not been developed. The need to improve management methods in the field of equipment operation is dictated by the deepening contradictions of an economic, technical and environmental nature. They can only be resolved through a systematic approach. The article provides an analysis of the development of interrelated complex and differentiated standards for the need for material, labor and other resources for various levels and modes of planning.

Социально-экономическое развитие регионов Российской Федерации: проблемы и тенденции

The article examines the process of dynamics of differentiation in the socio-economic regional development of the economy, which intensified during the period of economic reforms in the post-Soviet period. Regional economies in the period under review from 2011 to 2020 demonstrated high sensitivity and a sharp decline after the introduction of the first wave of economic sanctions and the slowdown in economic processes against the backdrop of the new coronavirus infection pandemic. Conducted analysis of statistical indicators of socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation 2011–2020 allows us to talk about the presence of a high level of asymmetry in the development of regions. As a result, the differentiation of GRP per capita values in the regions of the Russian Federation for 2011–2020 was revealed, as was the emerging trend of a slight reduction in regional disparities. A study of the main socio-economic indicators of 2020 was carried out for federal districts (in % compared to 2011), and groups of regions were identified that in 2020 showed the best and worst results by type of economic activity. The results indicate that, despite the decline in economic indicators of the Russian Federation in 2014–2015, the economies of many regions have demonstrated rapid recovery from external shocks. Despite this, there remains a significant imbalance of development between different regions, which is based on the economy’s orientation toward the export of resources. The level of GRP per capita in regions rich in natural resources is 17 times higher than the level of other subjects, and the number of those lagging behind is 3 times higher than prosperous regions in Russia. Throughout the entire period under review, fluctuations in these ratios remain virtually unchanged. All this is a source of tension in society, increasing social discontent and, as a consequence, narrowing the range of means of state regulation.

Trends In The Valuation Of Indian Currency Since 1991

This paper aims to explore the dynamics of trends in currency valuation by studying the relationship between inflation and exchange rates after the period of Economic Reforms in India. The scope of the paper also explores the interconnection of exchange rates and inflow of FDI in the country and the balance of trade. We examine trends in inflation through the Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index, over the sample period. We aim to use statistical tools, namely correlation, the standard deviation to indicate the relationship between the variables in addition to the tools of data analysis, to extricate the desired results.

The Specifics of the State-Business Relations in Modern China

For the further development of Russian-Chinese cooperation, it is fundamentally important to understand fully the specific characteristics of the political, economic and social system of this country, which, in particular, is determined by the established system of the state — business relations.Aim. To identify the specifics of the model of relations between government and business, which has developed in the PRC during the period of economic reforms and is one of the most important aspects of the “Chinese miracle”.Tasks. To determine the applicability of Western models of state and business relations to Chinese realities, to characterize the main basic principles and approaches to the regulation of relations between the state and business, to identify problems, contradictions and prospects for their resolution in the conditions of modern China.Methods. System and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments.Results. The specific characteristics of the state-business relations model in the country are determined, on the one hand, by the polymorphous nature of the Chinese state, on the other — by the formation of business as a hybrid actor. In this regard, it is, in our opinion, incorrect to see the state-business relations in China as uniform or dominated by a specific form of interaction. In reality, these relations are heterogeneous and vary not only depending on regions and sectors, but also “uneven” across different types of business actors within the same sector and/or region, as a result of which different types of businesses have different degrees of closeness to the state and subnational authorities.Conclusion. The system, historically formed under the influence of decisions and actions of the ruling party at various stages of the development of modern Chinese statehood, despite its complexity and often confusion, nevertheless allows the government to maneuver flexibly in the situations of serious economic and financial shocks caused by both economic and socio-political factors.

Этносоциальные процессы в северокавказском социуме в постсоветский период: концепту-альные аспекты

The authors of this article have undertaken the task of examining the primary trajectories of eth-nosocial phenomena in the North Caucasus during the post-Soviet era and their interaction with the Federal Center and the broader Russian region. The objective of the study is to explore the correla-tion between ethnosocial developments within the regional society and Russia’s socio-economic strategy. The emergence of a new path for regional development has exacerbated the challenges sur-rounding ethnosocial self-determination in the North Caucasus, particularly during a period of eco-nomic reforms. Esteemed scholars, alongside the article itself, have shed light on this issue. It is worth noting that an exploration of transformational processes within the regional context during the post-Soviet period will serve as a crucial step towards comprehending the intricacies of ethno-social interaction between the central and regional authorities in the forthcoming decades. In light of this, the article focalizes on various aspects of disintegration within the realms of social, economic, and cultural interaction between these two tiers of governance. Drawing from data collected during a study conducted in 2015-2016 in the North Caucasus region, which was subsequently published in a collaborative work by Dzutsev, Atabieva, and Khubiev, the analysis hones in on the extent to which the population of the North Caucasian republics are oriented towards key material and spir-itual values, as well as their assessments of essential considerations, such as material security and value orientation. Through expert evaluations, a comprehensive framework illuminating public opin-ion and mass consciousness has been developed, outlining the ongoing ethnosocial processes influ-enced by the dimensions of time and space.

Capitalism Effects through Asian Crisis: An Analysis of South Korea's Economic Policy in the Welfare State Perspective

The Asian financial crisis with a marked fall in the value of the Thai currency (Bath), initially a currency crisis was followed by a financial crisis in non-bank financial institutions which had to be closed due to bankruptcy. The economic crisis was followed and spread to South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore and other Asian countries. International institutions reacted to help with the Asian crisis, initially The International Monetary Fund (IMF) after being asked for assistance by Asian countries provided assistance. Many analyzes have been given by financial, economic and political experts, one of which is Weiss and Hobson who analyzed that the Asian economic crisis appeared to have two faces namely; the external face is in the Deep Crisis area and the external face is in the ordinary crisis area, while the crisis occurs from the role of international actors, both state and non-state actors. The social policy approach that is applied takes welfare state steps, with welfare programs implemented by South Korea including reforms in the fields of labor, market and finance, BUMN and active social policies to provide social security for the unemployed or for those who become poor in the period of national economic reform. Weiss and Hobson concluded that state guided capitalism was one of the causes of the Asian crisis.

On the issue of reforming the system of law enforcement bodies of Ukraine

During the entire period of Ukrainian independence, economic, political, judicial, and administrative reforms are constantly taking place in it. Taking into account the fact that law enforcement agencies are called to ensure the protection of citizen’s rights and freedoms, public law and order and security, protection of the interests of society and the state, accordingly, they could not affect the reform of the entire system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. It is emphasized that many scientific works of domestic legal scientists are devoted to the issue of researching the formation and development of the law enforcement system, as well as the activities of law enforcement agencies.However, changes in the political Olympus constantly affect the issue of the reform of the state’s law enforcement agencies. During the period of independence, from the day of the proclamation of the Act of Independence of Ukraine in 1991, until today, the reform of law enforcement agencies has undergone several stages of its reformation. The Decree of the President of Ukraine on the Approval of the Comprehensive Strategic Plan for the Reform of Law Enforcement Bodies as Part of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine for 2023–2027, issued on May 11 of this year, essentially initiated a new (modern) stage of reforming the country’s law enforcement agencies.It was concluded that the initiated reform of the system of law enforcement agencies will largely depend on the effectiveness of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, because it is the Government of Ukraine, being the highest body in the system of executive authorities, that together with the relevant state bodies must develop and approve a plan of measures aimed at the implementation of the Comprehensive Strategic the plan for the reform of law enforcement agencies as part of the security and defense sector of Ukraine for 2023-2027, approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine. Attention is drawn to certain shortcomings of the Comprehensive Strategic Plan for reforming law enforcement agencies.

Wealth inequality: the Indian case

ABSTRACT Three decades have passed since India implemented market-oriented economic reforms. While levels of and trends in consumption and income inequality have been studied extensively, wealth inequality has not received the same level of attention. In this paper, we use nationally representative household surveys to show that the period of economic reforms has witnessed a sharp rise in interpersonal wealth inequality. A decomposition of this rising wealth inequality shows that wealth is increasingly concentrated in urban areas, among a few privileged social groups, and in the top decile of the Indian population.

Power and knowledge: The birth of museums in China

AbstractDrawing insight from various museological concepts, such as “disciplinary museum” and “exhibition complex,” I sketch a brief history of museums that first emerged in China during the mid‐nineteenth century. In this paper, the museums in China—from the late Qing dynasty (1850–1912) to the early Chinese economic reform period of the late 1970s and early 1980s—will be studied through a Foucauldian lens to further illuminate the nation's museum history. By studying four types of museums—China's first foreign museums, private museums, the Kuomintang museums, and the Chinese Communist Party museums—I explore how these institutions provided the public with different modes of consciousness and civil identity and how individuals respond to the cultural effects of museums. Whereas museums had been utilized as an instrument for different political parties, I aim to show how discourse has been radically transformed while these institutions represent the administrative mechanisms throughout different periods. I hope to initiate a discussion for future studies on how the contemporary museological phenomenon might be linked to the reminiscence of museums in the past.

An institutional framework for energy transitions: Lessons from the Nigerian electricity industry history

Reducing the dominance of fossil-based electricity generation is a crucial strategy to address climate change. However, drivers impacting sustainable energy transitions, such as the high costs associated with the petroleum industry and other socio-political influences, such as cartels and subsidies, can delay, halt, or even revert decisions favoring renewable energy sources. Most traditional economic models often fail to consider the social, institutional, and historical interrelated and recursive relationships in energy systems decisions and planning. In this paper, we explored the historical institutions' dynamics in the Nigerian electricity industry to ascertain how they have impacted energy infrastructure and governance choices. Using the Multidimensional Institutional Dynamics Analysis (MIDA), we built a historical narrative of the Nigerian electricity industry dynamics covering the: imperial period (1896–1960); early independence period (1961–1970); military regime period (1971–1985); first economic reforms period (1986–1999); and intensive privatization period (2000−2020). The MIDA presents the complex cross-scale interactions and the broad set of drivers influencing energy transitions over time in Nigeria. We identified the leading environmental, social, and economic variables and proposed a framework, considering the agent's interests, which point to critical aspects of institutional change in Nigeria for each period: Imperial dominance and coal, military dominance, public governance and hydroelectricity, and hybrid governance focused on natural gas expansion. The framework highlights the broader conditions that influence Nigerian electricity infrastructures and governance choices for each period and might be suitable for policymakers identifying favorable contexts for renewable deployment.

The PRC Economy: Prospects of its Development in the Period of the 14-th Five Year Plan (2021-2025)

The article analyses problems of China’s social and economic development in the period of the 14-th Five Year Plan (2021-2025) by the materials, which were published in October, 2022 at the XX Congress of the CPC and in March, 2023 at the First Session of the National People’s Congress (NPC) of the 14-th Convocation. This article sums up the social and economic results of 2022, when economic growth rates were much less than in the period of economic reforms at the end of the XX century and in the beginning of the XXI century because the COVID-19 epidemic and evident decrease of the world economic development. Never the less a lot of economic indices of China proved to be higher than all over the world, and now China is one of the world economic leaders. The First Session of the NPC planned quite realistic goals of social and economic development of China for 2023. The author considers, if China fulfills its tasks by the end of the 14-th Five Year Plan, it will strengthen its economic potential and promote living standards of the Chinese population.

Modeling China's Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the Initial Period of Economic Reforms

Modeling China's Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the Initial Period of Economic Reforms

State economic security as criminal law protection object

The existence of any state is connected with socio-economic and political-legal processes in the world. During the period of global social transformations and major economic and political re-forms, Russia finds itself in a socio-political situation of necessity to protect its interests, includ-ing economic ones. Therefore, the legislator solves the most important task of legal provision of economic security by criminal legal means. This text aims to examine the theoretical foundations of economic security, analyze the current state of the Russian economy with its level of functional security and identify ways to improve security and criminal law provisions. The methodology of this research is a set of methods, techniques and tools of cognition used in research, both theoreti-cal, empirical and applied. The authors concluded that the main threat to the economic security of the country is economic crimes, the fight against which is impossible without criminal legislation. Therefore, the modernization of criminal policy should be carried out by improving legislation and introducing a well-thought-out system of law enforcement, which includes a similar valuation of all subjects of economic relations.

Identifying Inflation Dynamics in India in the Post Reform Period

The present study aims at examining the inflation dynamics in Indian context with a particular focus on its determinants from 1991–1992Q1 to 2017–2018Q4. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of monetary, fiscal, structural and external variables in explaining inflationary tendencies in India in the post economic reform period. To identify the determinants fuelling the inflationary tendencies, the study employs ARDL bounds testing procedure followed by the VECM Granger causality test. The findings indicate that interest rate shock and output growth mitigates inflation while rupee depreciation, money supply generate inflationary pressures in the economy. Moreover, fiscal deficit has inflationary impact only in the short run. The positive link between inflation and openness refutes the applicability of Romer’s hypothesis in the Indian context. VECM based Granger causality indicates that money supply and interest rate causes both output and inflation, which suggests monetary policy in India has an important role to play in the process of economic growth and price stability. JEL Classification: E3, E4, F6, E620

The Dynamic Effects of Urban–Rural Income Inequality on Sustainable Economic Growth under Urbanization and Monetary Policy in China

Income inequality in China has become increasingly serious since the beginning of the economic reform period in the 1970s, with urban–rural income inequality playing a large role. Urbanization policy and monetary policy are currently important economic policy tools for the Chinese government. In order to investigate the influence of inequality on the economy and to provide recommendations for ensuring the sustainability of growth, we study the effect of urban–rural income inequality on economic growth in the context of urbanization and monetary policy in China between 2002 and 2021. Using a flexible time-varying parametric structural vector auto-regression (TVP-VAR) model and a robust Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, our empirical results show that the effect is time-varying, with inequality promoting growth in the early years but affecting it adversely at later stages. Currently, urbanization mitigates inequality and promotes growth simultaneously, while easy monetary policy worsens inequality and affects growth adversely in the long term. We suggest that the authorities need to consider the implementation of policy rebalancing to ensure that the sustainability of economic development is not jeopardized because of worsening income disparity. Proactive urbanization policy and prudent monetary policy are viable rebalancing options.

Reform and Innovation of Higher Education in Economic Reform Period

The birth of economic reform marks the arrival of a new era. As the superstructure of society, higher education is inevitably affected by the social and economic development. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, the school has clearly stated that talent training is the fundamental work of the school, and higher education is regarded as the foundation of all work of the school. The development level of higher education is not only the main symbol of a country's development strength and potential, but also an important support for promoting economic reform and upgrading. Since the reform and opening up, China has initially formed a multi category, multi-level, multi form and multi specification higher education school running system, and trained tens of millions of management cadres and professional and technical personnel from all walks of life. After introducing the economic challenges of higher education abroad and the current situation of higher education in my country, the article focuses on the interaction between economic reform and higher education, and further proposes how to reform and innovate higher education in my country under the environment of economic reform.

Predicting the Use of Land Resources and Planning Issues

Prognostication and planning of proper using of soil resources is essential for any country especially for developing country like Georgia. Economic development of the country totally depends on rational and effective organization and use of soil resources potential. It significantly determines the role and functions of prognostication and planning of land ownership and pluralistic forms conditions. The author on basis of her scientific research suggests her own proposals for prognostication and planning of soil resources of Georgia. Forecasting and planning process is complex and includes various types of forecasting, such as: social, economic, environmental, demographic, etc. Predicting the use of land resources is based on scientific calculations on the possibility of using the resources. As for planning, it reflects the prospects for the use of land resources. Land is a national treasure and its rational and efficient use is of strategic importance. Predicting and planning the use of land resources during the transition to market relations in the country was not given due attention. Accounting and registration of land resources is still unregulated. Production of the State Land Fund balance has been suspended since 2005. Therefore, changes in the structure of the land fund, including structural transformational changes in agricultural land, are not specified. During the period of economic reforms, the tendency of misuse of land was revealed. The severe social background in the country has contributed to the deteriorating demographic situation. In fact, the system of training qualified personnel has collapsed. The socio-economic situation of the country should be taken into account when planning the use of land resources. In particular, the reasons that led to the existing acute socio-economic problems, including the sharp reduction of agricultural land areas, should be studied. Rational and efficient use of agricultural lands should always be a priority for the development of the country. It depends not only on the food security of the population of the country, but also on the formation of the sectoral structure of the national economy (development of adjacent sectors of agricultural production, etc.). The article offers suggestions (recommendations) on improving the forecasting and planning of land use in Georgia. Keywords: Prognosis; Planning; Complexity; Consolidation; General scheme; State soil fund.