Period Of Development Research Articles

Internet addiction and depressive symptoms in adolescents: joint trajectories and predictors.

Internet addiction and depressive symptoms are common mental health problems in adolescents. Due to the comorbidity of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms, their mutual relationship influences their developmental trajectories over time. Thus, this study aimed to identify the joint trajectories of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms, and examined the individual, family, and school antecedents of these trajectories among Chinese adolescents. Using a battery of self-report scales, three waves of data collection were conducted in a Chinese adolescent sample (N = 1,301). The co-developmental trajectories of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms were extracted by adopting parallel-process latent class growth modeling (PPLCGM). Multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess predictive factors. Four unique joint trajectory classes were detected: the Health Group (n = 912, 70.1%), Comorbidity-Worsening Group (n = 85, 6.5%), Asymptomatic-Comorbid Risk Group (n = 148, 11.4%), and Prominent Depressive Symptoms-Remission Group (n = 156, 12.0%). Individual, family, and school factors (e.g., gender, positive youth development, family function, academic performance) significantly predicted the membership in these distinct co-developmental trajectories. Our findings illustrate that the joint development of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms among adolescents presents a heterogeneous distribution, which could better inform prevention and intervention strategies since each co-developmental trajectory may represent unique experience for adolescents who need targeted treatment. Various individual, family, and school factors are important predictors that play different roles in distinguishing the joint trajectories of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms during this critical developmental transition period.

Similarities and differences between eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review.

The developmental age, comprising childhood and adolescence, constitutes an extremely important phase of neurodevelopment during which various psychiatric disorders can emerge. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Eating Disorders (ED) often manifest during this critical developmental period sharing similarities but also differences in psychopathology, neurobiology, and etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study is to focus on clinical, genetic and neurobiological similarities and differences in OCD and ED. This study is based on a PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trial (CENTRAL). The research adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The aforementioned search yielded an initial collection of 335 articles, published from 1968 to September 2023. Through the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 324 articles were excluded, culminating in a final selection of 10 articles. Our findings showed both differences and similarities between OCD and ED. Obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are more prevalent in ED characterized by a binge/purge profile than in those with a restrictive profile during developmental age. OC symptomatology appears to be a common dimension in both OCD and ED. When presents, OC symptomatology, exhibits transversal characteristic alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex and poorer cognitive flexibility. These correlations could be highlighted by genetic overlaps between disorders. A comprehensive definition, integrating psychopathological and neurobiological aspects could significantly aid treatment selection and thereby influence the prognosis of these patients.

Longitudinal associations between changes in peer victimization and emotion dysregulation across adolescence.

Emotion dysregulation emerges from an interaction between individual factors and environmental factors. Changes in biological, cognitive, and social systems that characterize adolescence create a complex array of environmental factors contributing to emotion dysregulation during this developmental period. In particular, peer victimization (PV) has long-term consequences for emotion dysregulation. Yet, previous research has also indicated that emotion dysregulation can be both an antecedent to and outcome of PV. The present study evaluated reciprocal associations between longitudinal changes within repeated measures of PV and emotion dysregulation across adolescence and into young adulthood. The sample included 167 adolescents (53% male, Mage = 14.07 years at Time 1) who participated in a longitudinal study across five time points, with approximately 1 year between each assessment. Latent change score modeling was used to examine reciprocal associations between PV and emotion dysregulation. Results emphasize bidirectional associations between PV and emotion dysregulation. Consistent with social information processing theory, greater emotion dysregulation predicted greater relational and overt victimization over time. Moreover, higher overt victimization predicted increases in emotion dysregulation. Our results offer insights toward developmentally informed longitudinal, transactional models linking negative social environments, and emotion dysregulation development across adolescence and into young adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Developmental hearing loss–induced perceptual deficits are rescued by genetic restoration of cortical inhibition

Even a transient period of hearing loss during the developmental critical period can induce long-lasting deficits in temporal and spectral perception. These perceptual deficits correlate with speech perception in humans. In gerbils, these hearing loss-induced perceptual deficits are correlated with a reduction of both ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition in auditory cortex, but most research on critical period plasticity has focused on GABAA receptors. Therefore, we developed viral vectors to express proteins that would upregulate gerbil postsynaptic inhibitory receptor subunits (GABAA, Gabra1; GABAB, Gabbr1b) in pyramidal neurons, and an enzyme that mediates GABA synthesis (GAD65) presynaptically in parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. A transient period of developmental hearing loss during the auditory critical period significantly impaired perceptual performance on two auditory tasks: amplitude modulation depth detection and spectral modulation depth detection. We then tested the capacity of each vector to restore perceptual performance on these auditory tasks. While both GABA receptor vectors increased the amplitude of cortical inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, only viral expression of postsynaptic GABAB receptors improved perceptual thresholds to control levels. Similarly, presynaptic GAD65 expression improved perceptual performance on spectral modulation detection. These findings suggest that recovering performance on auditory perceptual tasks depends on GABAB receptor-dependent transmission at the auditory cortex parvalbumin to pyramidal synapse and point to potential therapeutic targets for developmental sensory disorders.

Development and reproduction of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on six host plant species.

Host plants can strongly influence the population performance of insects. Here, we investigated the development, survival, and oviposition of Scirtothrips dorsalis Hoodon 6 host plants-Camellia sinensis ( L.) Kuntze (Ericales: Theaceae), Rosa chinensis Jacq. (Rosales: Rosaceae), Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), Eustoma grandiflorum (Hook.) G.Don (Gentianales: Gentianaceae), Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae), and constructed life tables for S. dorsalis on each plant. Significant differences in S. dorsalis development on the host species were observed. The mean developmental period from egg to adult was 11.45 ± 0.12 days, 11.24 ± 0.13 days, 12.08 ± 0.15 days, 12.28 ± 0.12 days, 12.67 ± 0.10 days, and 13.03 ± 0.11 days on C. sinensis, R. chinensis, C. annuum, E. grandiflorum, G. max, and C. sativus, respectively. Significant differences in survival of S. dorsalis were observed, namely, C. sinensis ≈ R. chinensis > E. grandiflorum ≈ C. annuum > G. max > C. sativus. The highest and lowest fecundities of S. dorsalis were recorded on R. chinensis (60.44 ± 1.53) and C. sativus (28.64 ± 1.02), respectively. Both of the net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of S. dorsalis were the highest on R. chinensis, with the values of 27.63 ± 0.58 and 0.142 ± 0.002, respectively; while the lowest on C. sativus, with the values of 8.81 ± 0.12 and 0.092 ± 0.003, respectively. Thus, R. chinensis was found to be the most suitable host, but C. sativus was the least suitable, for population development of S. dorsalis. Our results provide important information for the key control of S. dorsalis among different host plants.

Fitness of two mushroom flies Bradysia minpleuroti (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Coboldia fuscipes (Diptera: Scatopsidae) fed on two edible mushrooms

AbstractDictyophora rubrovolvata and Pleurotus ostreatus are economically important mushrooms in China. Bradysia minpleuroti Yang et Zhang and Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen, 1830) are important mushroom flies that damage the two mushrooms. In this study, we used the age‐stage, two‐sex life table method to assess the fitness of B. minpleuroti and C. fuscipes when they were respectively fed on D. rubrovolvata and P. ostreatus. Our results showed that the first (2.39 days) and second (1.41 days) instar larvae, pupa (2.87 days) and total longevity (18.19 days) of B. minpleuroti were shorter when fed on P. ostreatus than fed on D. rubrovolvata (3.46, 1.86, 3.10 and 20.19 days). B. minpleuroti had similar fecundity when fed on the two edible mushrooms. B. minpleuroti had higher values of net reproductive rate (R0, 87.73), intrinsic rate of increase (r, 0.2604 day‐1), and finite rate of increase (λ, 1.2974 day‐1) and shorter mean generation time (T, 17.19 days) when fed on P. ostreatus than fed on D. rubrovalvata (26.96, 0.1659 day‐1, 1.1805 day‐1, 19.85 days). The developmental period of larvae and pupa stages of C. fuscipes were significantly different fed on the two edible mushrooms. Female fecundity, total longevity, R0, r, λ and T of C. fuscipes were not significantly different between the two edible mushrooms. We found that fitness of B. minpleuroti larvae had higher fitness when fed on P. ostreatus than fed on D. rubrovolvata. However, there was no significant difference in the fitness of C. fuscipes larvae when fed on the two edible mushrooms. This study has provided valuable data and insights by delving into the adaptability of two significant pests on two edible mushrooms, thereby facilitating the development of more effective pest management strategies and contributing to the advancement of the mushroom industry. For instance, it provides guidance on the appropriate timing for preventive measures and treatment.

To Explore the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Body Dysmorphic Symptoms in Young Adulthood

Abstract: This study is intended to investigate the connection between the child trauma and body dysmorphic disorders as experienced by the youth in 18-25-year-old age-group. Although the research yielded r=0.271 pval < 0.001 for the relationship between childhood trauma and body distortion symptoms, the findings also indicate a non-significant p value of 0.551 which shows the two variables do not have a causal link among this sample. It appears that the cildhood trauma does not have a direct effect on the geness of body dysmorphic symptoms among teenagers. Research into the complex interaction between the developmental period of childhood and the emergence of body dysmorphic symptoms is still necessary, and additionally, one should consider the factors that could affect this engagement positively. Moreover, the range of interventions that addresses body dysmorphic symptoms should move beyond the usual settings to get at the core of the real factors to successfully help the affected individuals.

Comparison of the effect of Sunset yellow on the stomach and small intestine of developmental period of mice

Sunset Yellow (SY), a synthetic food dye, is widely used in the food industry worldwide. The acceptable daily dosage for SY is 2.5 mg/kg/bw in humans. If SY is consumed in overdosage, it may cause histopathological effects in several organs. Studies in the literature about the effects of SY on growth and development in mammals are contradictory, and there are not enough of them. The investigation aims to determine SY's effects on the stomach and small intestine in different age groups of mice using histological methods. Control and treatment groups were created via mice aged 4, 8, and 10 weeks (n = 6). SY was administered by gavage at a level of 30 mg/kg/bw for 28 days to treatment groups. On the last day of the study, the mice were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Stomach and small intestine tissues were removed from mice and transferred to 10 % formaldehyde. After passing through alcohol and xylene series and staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin, the tissues were evaluated under light and electron microscopy. The mean body weight (p = 0.01), mean stomach weight (p = 0.03), and mean small intestine weight were increased (p = 0.02) in treatment groups. In these groups, ruptures, fractures, and hemorrhage were detected in the small intestine tissue. In the stomach tissue, necrotic areas and hemorrhage were detected among the epithelial cells. The degenerations were more advanced in the weaning group. SY may be more harmful during weaning and puberty, but additional long-term studies are needed on the subject.

Contradictions and roadblocks: a cultural-historical study of educators’ beliefs and practices in the teaching of science concepts to infants and toddlers

ABSTRACT Whilst there is a body of emerging literature related to science education for children aged 3 years and above, less is known about educators’ beliefs when planning for the teaching of science concepts to infants and toddlers in group settings. This paper discusses how educators working with children under 18 months of age talk about and plan for the teaching of science concepts. We undertook an educational experiment with 6 educators and 11 infants aged 1.1–2.0 years (mean 1.6 years). An analysis of the digital data of 18.1 h (5.2 h of adult-researcher data; 12.9 h of observations) revealed both roadblocks and contradictions in educators’ beliefs and practices when planning for infant and toddler learning of science concepts. Initial contradictions for educators include focusing on activities not concepts, following interests and not introducing science content, and a belief associated with developmental restrictions regarding if science concepts and science resources are relevant/safe for this developmental period. These were genuine blocks in shifting educators’ beliefs towards planning for the learning of science concepts. We found under the conditions of an intervention, these roadblocks were resolved, giving more opportunities for infant-toddler engagement in science learning.

Developmental maturation of millimeter-scale functional networks across brain areas.

Interacting with the environment to process sensory information, generate perceptions, and shape behavior engages neural networks in brain areas with highly varied representations, ranging from unimodal sensory cortices to higher-order association areas. Recent work suggests a much greater degree of commonality across areas, with distributed and modular networks present in both sensory and non-sensory areas during early development. However, it is currently unknown whether this initially common modular structure undergoes an equally common developmental trajectory, or whether such a modular functional organization persists in some areas-such as primary visual cortex-but not others. Here we examine the development of network organization across diverse cortical regions in ferrets of both sexes using in vivo widefield calcium imaging of spontaneous activity. We find that all regions examined, including both primary sensory cortices (visual, auditory, and somatosensory-V1, A1, and S1, respectively) and higher order association areas (prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices) exhibit a largely similar pattern of changes over an approximately 3 week developmental period spanning eye opening and the transition to predominantly externally-driven sensory activity. We find that both a modular functional organization and millimeter-scale correlated networks remain present across all cortical areas examined. These networks weakened over development in most cortical areas, but strengthened in V1. Overall, the conserved maintenance of modular organization across different cortical areas suggests a common pathway of network refinement, and suggests that a modular organization-known to encode functional representations in visual areas-may be similarly engaged in highly diverse brain areas.

Assessment of development and consumption rate of Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner predator on different prey stages

BackgroundMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner is one of the most important polyphagous predatory mirid bug that attack many agriculture insect pests.MethodsThe present study was carried out to show the effect of different prey stages as Tuta absoluta (eggs and fourth larval stage), Bemisia tabaci (eggs and three nymph stages) and Aphids gossypii (1st nymph stage) on the life cycle and consumption rate of male and females of M. caliginosus as predator under laboratory condition. The experiments were started by collecting the first stage of M. caliginosus nymph and placed separately on acalypha plants situated on saturated cotton pads inside Petri dishes with an excess of each prey.ResultsThe results showed that the developmental period of the total immature stages of M. caliginosus female are affected by type and stage of tested prey. So, the duration of larval stages of female was significantly recorded the longest in case of feeding on eggs of T. absoluta compare to 1st nymph of A. gossypii. In addition to extension the adult longevity of female M. caliginosus, which fed on the 1st nymphal instar of B. tabaci more than the other pests. The consumption rate of total immature stages and adult M. caliginosus female were fed on eggs of B. tabaci was more than the other test pests. While the consumption rate of total immature stages and adult of male M. caliginosus were fed on eggs of B. tabaci was higher than that of the other pests.ConclusionsThe search was given the highlight focus on ability of mirid bugs to consume different insect species “stages” that might be facilitate rear predatory bugs under laboratory condition.

Perbedaan Kematangan Emosi Remaja Ditinjau Dari Bentuk Pola Asuh Orangtua

During adolescence, a person will go through several phases with varying levels of difficulty in their developmental tasks. Adolescence is a developmental period that is closely related to emotional problems. This research aims to determine the description of emotional maturity in adolescents, to understand the description of parenting patterns applied to adolescents. To determine the differences in emotional maturity of adolescents in terms of the form of parental parenting. This research uses quantitative research methodology, this research is descriptive in nature. Descriptive research is a research method that attempts to describe, describe and interpret objects as they are without intending to draw conclusions that apply to the general public. The population used in this research is teenagers who have the characteristics of teenagers aged 13-18 years, living with their parents/guardians and also domiciled in Bukittinggi. There were 80 teenagers in this study Data collection instruments were created in natural and technical conditionsThe data collection is based more on internal statements scale and questionnaire form. Based on hypothesis testing using the Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS, Asymp results were obtained. Sig is 0.012. This value is smaller than 0.05 so it can be said that H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected, which means there is no difference in the emotional maturity of teenagers in terms of the form of parenting applied by parents.

The role of recurrent trauma on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use among trauma exposed youth

Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder may be explained by a prospective trauma risk conferred by both conditions. The current study modeled concurrent and prospective associations of trauma, PTSD symptoms, and substance use (SU) behavior among trauma exposed youth (ages 8–20). Clinical interviews assessed trauma exposure, PTSD symptom severity, and SU behavior at baseline and at six- and 12-month follow up study visits (N = 2,069). Structural equation models assessed the associations of trauma, PTSD symptoms, and SU behavior. Lifetime trauma was associated with more severe PTSD symptoms and SU behaviors, whereas trauma exposure during the study was only associated with PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptom severity was prospectively associated with trauma exposure. PTSD symptom severity and SU behavior at follow-up study visits were prospectively associated. These results highlight the dynamic interplay between trauma, PTSD symptoms, and SU behavior during youth, a developmental period during which complex psychiatric presentations can have longstanding consequences for health.

Analisis Efektivitas Teknik Pendekatan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Zone Toxic Relationship

Counseling Cognitive Behavior Therapy is an emotional activity that perceives someone else's feelings about that person's point of view. of the person without knowing their identity. Behavior therapy also introduces group counseling with cognitive restructuring techniques. Not only is it that teenagers also experience developmental periods especially in the ability to choose careers for their future. Cognitive Behavior Therapy also helps to solve career problems of students.nThe role of guidance and counseling to help students is with a cognitive behavioral approach. Toxic Relationships have a negative impact on others well being of every individual. Toxic relationships affect adolescent mental health . Toxic relationships can be avoided through increased knowledge. Not a few teenagers engage in the environment of friendship, which causes teenagers to experience social life problems such as the negative impact of friends who socialize with others and people who are friendly with them. Cognitive behavior counseling is also an approach between counseling by focusing on unpleasant or adverse events. The aim of this study was to explain how counselor approaches in cognitive behavioral therapy wants to approach the counselor so that it can be more confident and focus on not having bad thoughts that make him uncomfortable. Such events occur so often that adolescents are not offended by the solutions given and help adolescents solve their individual problems.

The role of CitMYC3 in regulation of valencene synthesis-related CsTPS1 and CitAP2.10 in Newhall Sweet Orange

CsTPS1 (Cs5g12900) is a gene encoding a sesquiterpene synthase involved in generating valencene, a key volatile compound in sweet orange fruit. Here, a citrus basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (CitMYC3), is characterized as a positive regulator of CsTPS1. Dual-luciferase assays showed that CitMYC3 transcriptionally activates its own promoter, also the CsTPS1 promoter and, in addition, the promoter of a second transcription factor, CitAP2.10, which in turn positively regulates the CsTPS1 expression. During the developmental period, CitMYC3 transcripts were detectable at 60 days after full bloom (DAFB) and increased gradually to 120 DAFB, while CsTPS1 mRNA rapidly increased from 90 to 150 DAFB. Exogenous ethylene accelerated the expression of CitMYC3 (peaking at 4 h) before CsTPS1 expression (at 24 h). Furthermore, CitMYC3 and CitAP2.10 were also shown to activate the promoter of Arabidopsis AtTPS11, a homolog of CsTPS1, which is in charge of the synthesis of over fifteen different sesquiterpenes, indicating that CitMYC3 and CitAP2.10 have a likely conserved function in the regulation of sesquiterpene genes across a variety of plant species.

Intranasal Immunotherapy with M2 Macrophage Secretome Ameliorates Language Impairments and Autistic-like Behavior in Children.

Background/Objectives: The intranasal delivery of various neurotropic substances is considered a new attractive therapeutic approach for treating neuropathologies associated with neuroinflammation and altered regeneration. Specific language impairment (SLI) that arises as a result of damage to the cortical speech zones during the developmental period is one of the most common problems in preschool children, and it is characterized by persistent difficulties in the acquisition, understanding, and use of language. This study's objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal immunotherapy using the M2 macrophage secretome as a rich source of immunoregulatory and neurotrophic factors for the treatment of severe language impairment in children. Methods: Seventy-one children (54 boys and 17 girls, aged 3 to 13 years) were recruited to participate in a clinical trial (NCT04689282) in two medical centers. The children were examined before, 1 month after, and 6 months after the start of therapy. In the vast majority of children (55/71), language impairment was associated with autistic-like symptoms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Results: Daily intranasal inhalations of M2 macrophage-conditioned medium (for 30 days) were well tolerated and led to a decrease in the severity of language impairments, autistic-like behavior, and ADHD symptoms. The clinical effect appeared within a month after the first procedure and persisted or intensified during a 6-month follow-up. Two-thirds of the children showed a clear clinical improvement, while the rest had less pronounced improvement. Conclusions: Thus, the use of the M2 macrophage secretome and its intranasal delivery is safe, well tolerated, and clinically effective in children with severe language impairments.

Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table of an Alarming Quarantine Pest Trogoderma granarium on Stored Products

Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is a polyphagous pest of stored products and an alarming threat to food security around the globe. The current study is designed to construct the life table of T. granarium on four stored products, i.e., wheat, barley, rice, and maize at controlled conditions (33±1°C, 65% RH, and a photoperiod of 14 : 10 (L:D) h). The incubation period of T. granarium was longer (5.13 d) on maize and shorter (4.30 d) on wheat. The developmental period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars of T. granarium was longer on maize than the other three hosts were significant. Statistical difference between the longevity of females and males was recorded, while no statistically significant difference was found in the preoviposition period. The mean fecundity values observed on wheat, barley, rice, and maize were 31.33±1.62, 26.21±1.49, 28.00±1.35, and 25.58±1.13, respectively. The highest fertility was observed in wheat and the lowest in maize. The net reproductive rate (R0) of T. granarium ranged from 8.66±2.86, 13.16±2.65, 12.53±2.27, and 10.23±2.32 offsprings on wheat, barley, rice, and maize, respectively. The highest gross reproductive value (GRR) was for T. granarium reared on barley (18.31±4.10/d), and the lowest was for maize (15.35±2.95/d). To complete the development, T. granarium took 48.97±0.68 d on maize, significantly higher than on other treatments (p<0.05). The mean generation time (T) of T. granarium was considerably affected by tested products. Based on the results of the present study, maize is a less favorable diet for the development and reproduction of T. granarium and may be considered for the management of this detrimental pest.

Children born very or extremely preterm transitioning to school: a cross-sectional study examining predictors of school readiness, school adjustment, and support needs

ABSTRACT The transition to school is a sensitive developmental period for young children. Although children born very/extremely preterm have increased risk of health and developmental concerns, predictors of their school readiness and adjustment remain largely unexamined. Parents of very/extremely preterm-born children (aged 3–7 years; pre-transition n = 114, post-transition n = 112) completed an online survey assessing their perceptions of children’s school readiness (pre-transition) or adjustment (post-transition), support needs, child behaviour, parent distress, and parent confidence. Poorer school readiness and adjustment and greater needs for support correlated with child health/developmental condition/s; hyperactivity, peer problems, conduct problems, emotional symptoms, and less prosocial behaviour; and lower parent confidence. Using hierarchical linear regression, parent confidence emerged as the strongest common predictor of school readiness (pre-transition) and school adjustment (post-transition), followed by low hyperactivity, high parent education (tertiary), and no diagnosed child health/developmental condition/s. Results will be used to identify families needing support and develop tailored support strategies.

Unpacking the Links Between Community Violence, Delinquency, and Illicit Substance Use Among College Students: The Role of PTSS and Code of the Streets

ABSTRACT Community violence (CV) is a serious public health concern. To date, most of the existing research has focused on youth of color living in high-risk environments. The prior literature has shown that CV-exposed youth are at risk for post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), delinquency, and substance use. CV has also been tied to beliefs about violence being an acceptable way of resolving conflict, referred to as the Code of the Streets (COS). It is unclear how the trajectories of other CV-exposed populations may differ from vulnerable youth, including college students who are in a developmental period associated with high-risk for violence exposure. The study objectives were therefore to: 1) examine the relations between CV and delinquency (i.e. gang involvement, arrest, weapon ownership) and illicit substance use, as well as 2) investigate whether there are indirect effects between CV and both delinquency and illicit substance use through PTSS and COS beliefs among college students. The sample included 547 students from two universities (M age = 20.31, SD = 2.08, Range = 18–28; 80.8% female; 57.8% White). CV was associated with delinquency and illicit substance use. COS beliefs had an indirect effect on the relation between CV and delinquency, but PTSS did not. Conversely, PTSS had an indirect effect on the link between CV and illicit substance use, but COS did not. College students are at risk for CV exposure and adverse outcomes. Interventions addressing PTSS and COS beliefs may be central to mitigating delinquent behaviors and illicit substance use in this population.

Widespread changes in gene expression accompany body size evolution in nematodes.

Body size is a fundamental trait that drives multiple evolutionary and ecological patterns. Caenorhabditis inopinata is a fig-associated nematode that is exceptionally large relative to other members of the genus, including C. elegans. We previously showed that C. inopinata is large primarily due to postembryonic cell size expansion that occurs during the larval-to-adult transition. Here, we describe gene expression patterns in C. elegans and C. inopinata throughout this developmental period to understand the transcriptional basis of body size change. We performed RNA-seq in both species across the L3, L4, and adult stages. Most genes are differentially expressed across all developmental stages, consistent with C. inopinata's divergent ecology and morphology. We also used a model comparison approach to identify orthologs with divergent dynamics across this developmental period between the two species. This included genes connected to neurons, behavior, stress response, developmental timing, and small RNA/chromatin regulation. Multiple hypodermal collagens were also observed to harbor divergent developmental dynamics across this period, and genes important for molting and body morphology were also detected. Genes associated with TGF-β signaling revealed idiosyncratic and unexpected transcriptional patterns given their role in body size regulation in C. elegans. Widespread transcriptional divergence between these species is unexpected and may be a signature of the ecological and morphological divergence of C. inopinata. Alternatively, transcriptional turnover may be the rule in the Caenorhabditis genus, indicative of widespread developmental system drift among species. This work lays the foundation for future functional genetic studies interrogating the bases of body size evolution in this group.