Business Period Research Articles

Analysis of the Efficiency of Swallow Cultivation as an Agribusiness Effort in Society

This research aims to analyze the efficiency value of swallow cultivation as an agribusiness effort in the community in Bone Regency. The demand for swallow nests on the world market is still very high, so to meet market demand, people are starting to try to cultivate swallows by building swallow houses, including in Bone Regency. Every business, including the swallow business, is certainly not free from various risks, especially in terms of financial risks, even though the production volume is quite high. Therefore, swallow breeders must know the analysis of the business they are carrying out, not only limited to how to maintain and cultivate swiftlets to produce nests as the main product of production. This research uses quantitative research methods with data collection techniques using questionnaires distributed to 30 wallet bird entrepreneurs. The results of the research prove that the business efficiency value for swiftlet cultivation in Bone Regency with a period of 1 - 4 years is 12. Meanwhile, businesses with a period of more than 5 years obtain a value of 23. This explains that the swiftlet cultivation business in Bone Regency has been implemented. efficient because the R/C Ratio value is > 1, meaning that every Rp. 1 of costs incurred in the swiftlet cultivation business over a business period of 1 – 4 years will generate Rp. 12. Meanwhile, businesses with a business period of more than 5 years will generate revenues of IDR. 23.

Product refurbishment in an imperfect production inventory system under carbon regulations: An interval type-2 fuzzy environment

This study develops an imperfect production inventory model focusing on the proper handling of imperfect products and addressing carbon emissions in different stages of a production process. The proposed inventory system consists of three stages: production, screening, and refurbishing. The produced products undergo a screening process, with perfect quality items being delivered to the primary market, while imperfect quality products are routed through a refurbishing process, subsequently sold in the secondary market. It is observed that in the existing literature on refurbished products, all such types of products have been sold at the end of the business period, this means that there is no continuous demand of refurbished product at the remaining time points of the business period which does not support the practical situation in a real business system. In this regards, our main objective in this study is consideration of continuous demand of refurbished products along with perfect ones. Again, we incorporate interval type-2 fuzzy uncertainty in both markets’ demand to better reflect market fluctuations introducing a new defuzzification method. In this framework, we evaluate the effectiveness of two emission regulatory strategies: carbon tax and carbon cap and trade policies. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into various aspects. Notably, our analysis reveals that if the difference between the primary and secondary markets’ demands reduces to a large extent, a negative impact on the profit is observed. It is also shown that an increase in demand for refurbished products allows for a higher permissible rate of imperfections in production. Comparing the outcomes under two emission regulations, we find that the cap and trade policy is beneficial from both economic and environmental perspectives. Additionally, it becomes evident that the manufacturer should carefully consider the duration of each inventory stage, as it leads to a significant increase in overall emissions. Regarding the uncertain nature of the market, it is observed that demand volatility in the secondary market negatively affects the profit.

Optimal profit in two-level trade credit eoq model with default risk and reminder cost under finite time horizon having time-dependent demand and deterioration

Trade credit is a type of promotional activity that generally increases demand and revenue but also invites default risk due to dishonest customers. Due to default risk, revenue is lost, and to overcome this, an arrangement is made to remind the defaulters. A retailer dealing with a perishable item wants to exhaust the stock quickly after a certain deterioration level. Demand and deterioration of the products are normally dynamic. The business period of seasonal products is uncertain. Considering these facts, we formulate and analyze a two-level trade credit inventory model, where the wholesaler and retailer give credit periods to their corresponding downstream customers. After a certain level of deterioration, the retailer increases the credit period for the customers for early stock exhaustion, and to reduce default risk, a reminder cost is introduced. These activities increase the profit. The mathematical models under different circumstances are formulated for different time horizons. Some existing results are deduced. The models are numerically solved using a parametric study and the Generalised Reduced Gradient method through LINGO 19.0 software. Some lemmas and theorems are deduced to establish the analytical outcomes. Trade-offs between the number of the business cycle, trade credit, and reminder cost against optimum profit are separately demonstrated. The results with and without reminder cost are compared, and it is shown that the model with reminder cost fetches more profit. Profit under different uncertain environments are evaluated, and they differ marginally. Some beneficial impacts are discussed.

STRATEGI SUSTAINABILITY BUSINESS UMKM KULINER MENGGUNAKAN SHOPEEFOOD DAN GOJEK TERHADAP TINGKAT PENDAPATAN

This research aims to analyze the effect of capital, working hours, labor, and length of business period on the income level of culinary UMKM on Sigura-Gura Street, Malang City and the sustainability business strategy using shopeefood and gojek. This study uses descriptive quantitative methods, the data sources in this study are primary data obtained directly from the respondents and secondary data derived from several literatures. A research sample of 50 respondents based on Roscoe's theory, the respondents are culinary UMKM registered at Shopee Food and Gojek which are on Jalan Sigura-Gura. The independent variables that affect income according to the theory of production are capital variables (X1), working hours (X2), labor (X3), length of business (X4). While the dependent variable is Culinary UMKM Income (Y). Research data analysis method with Multiple Regression, Classical Assumption Test and Hypothesis Testing.

공동주택 개발사업 사례연구

Currently, the real estate PF market is exposed to uncertainty and volatility due to the high interest rate trend and housing recession. Accordingly, this study examined the real estate development project process and the risks of real estate PF by dividing them into financial, construction, and legal factors through a case study on the development of Ulsan District 2, and analyzed the real estate development project procedure and financing plan. In addition, we would like to consider the importance of indicators such as LTV and exit sales rate. First, through analysis of each major risk, we identified the risks borne by the financial institution and the developer, confirming that the case was a stable business structure with no significant uncertainty during the business period. In the case of real estate PF financing, we analyzed the cash flow within the business period of the case by reflecting cash inflow and cash outflow, and estimated that full PF repayment was possible upon completion. Meanwhile, the trend of LTV reduction when the sales rate increases was identified and the importance of LTV was confirmed in times of increased uncertainty in the housing finance market. The necessary sales rates for each scenario were presented through analysis of the exit sales rates of developers, construction companies, and financial institutions.

Survival Analysis of Culinary Business in Palembang and Bandarlampung

Agriculturally based culinary businesses have been spread across the country nowadays, included in Indonesia. The objective of this paper is to deal with the survival analysis of those kinds’ businesses, in Palembang and Bandar Lampung or to find out what factors can make a business venture survive, and what are the prominent competitive risk factors that affect the business venture. The methodology of collecting samples were conducted by purposive sampling, which is at least 50 culinary sellers taken each as samples from both cities. The samples involving Demography data and variables around culinary selling activities. The observation was conducted at least twice, at the beginning of the survey and the end of the survey. The Survival Analysis of Cox regression for competing risk was assigned to data analysis. Therefore, the results from both cities were compared. The determination of the first type of failure and second type of failure namely the lacked capital and the rise of the materials price are or high inflation correctly fitted to the real situation for culinary sellers either in Bandar Lampung or Palembang. The covariates which is significant to the contribution of the survival times of their period of business is sharing the small money to the poor.

PENGARUH MODAL USAHA, TENAGA KERJA, DAN LAMA USAHA TERHADAP PRODUKSI KAIN ENDEK DI PROVINSI BALI

Hand-woven ikat fabrics made in Bali, such as endek, are generally of good quality and are traded at relatively high prices in the market. However, now more and more woven products similar to Balinese endek are made outside Bali and sold at relatively lower market prices than authentic Balinese endek. When people choose non-balinese endec fabrics, it inevitably reduces the income of genuine Balinese endec weavers as the original Balinese artisans quit their jobs. This in turn will affect production, which will continue to decline. The data analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression. Research results show that capital, labor force and business period simultaneously have a great impact on the production of endek fabric in Bali. Capital, labor force and duration of business also partially affect the production of endek cloth in Bali. The conclusion of this study is that an increase in capital by Endek Stov entrepreneurs leads to an increase in production. As the labor force increases, so does the resulting output. This is consistent with the Cobb-Douglas theory that capital and labor affect output. Bringing in more capital will increase production, sell more products, and ultimately increase your income. 
 keyword: lorem Capital, Employ, Duration of the Business, Production Endek Fabric

PERANCANGAN DAN PEMBUATAN APLIKASI INVENTORY MANAGEMENT BERBASIS WEB PADA PT. X MENGGUNAKAN METODE EOQ(Economic Order Quantity)

Inventory is an activity that includes goods owned by a company with the intention of being sold within a certain business period, or inventories of goods that are still in construction or production processes, or inventories of raw materials awaiting use in a production process. PT. X is a company whose scope of business includes the distribution of communication equipment, accessories, electronic devices. PT. X itself sells several kinds of electronic products such as printers, cellphones, barcode scanners, computers, and others. Currently PT.X is carrying out data management of PT. X still enters data manually into Microsoft Excel, even reporting data for bookkeeping is still done manually. So it is very ineffective and data can be easily manipulated and if an error occurs in the storage on the device or the device is suddenly damaged, the data that has been collected can be lost. Web-based Inventory Management application at PT. X which will be made later aims to be a system that will assist in recording incoming and outgoing stock of goods. The process of making applications that are made using the waterfall method, with object-oriented design methods using the UML method, and the framework used uses the Laravel PHP framework.

Impact of emission and service constraint for an imperfect production system under two level Hamiltonian

AbstractConsidering the impact of emission on environment, over the last few decades, reduction of emission during production process (or emission free production process) appears to be one of the most growing preferences for every manufacturing firm. Again, manufacturing companies of different products are bounded to offer various facilities to their consumers in order to survive in the current highly competitive market situation. Primarily considering these two factors taken in to account, this study addresses an imperfect manufacturing inventory model in which customers' demand increases linearly w. r. to emission reduction level, service level from the manufacturer and decreases nonlinearly w. r. to price of the items. The analytical expressions of production rates, emission levels and service levels are derived by solving a number of optimum control problems using Hamiltonian maximum principle with a values for the business period and selling price. The basic goal is to maximize the average profit of the system. In addition, a number of numerical examples are considered to elaborate four distinct instances involved in the proposed model and these are solved numerically using teaching learning based optimization algorithm. Finally, sensitivity experiment is performed to investigate the influence of various system factors on the best‐found policies. The sensitivity analysis indicates that service rate provided by the manufacturer and selling price of the items impose a huge impact on the average profit of the system. Further, the carbon reduction affects the revenue of the system less significantly.

노후 1기 신도시 재정비 방안 연구

Since the 1960s, Korea announced the Housing 2 million Construction Plan (1988-1992) in May 1988, due to the rapid industrialization and high economic growth of around 10% in Seoul and other metropolitan areas. Since then, the first new town has been built in Bundang, Ilsan, Pyeongchon, Sanbon, and Jung-dong, Gyeonggi-do, supplying 294,000 houses to solve urban problems such as overcrowding in Seoul, About 30 years later, social problems such as the increase of old houses and intensifying traffic congestion emerged, and each candidate made various pledges to solve the problem of the first new town in the last presidential and local elections, and the National Assembly proposed legislation on the first new town reorganization, but no effective legislation has been prepared yet. Therefore, this study aims to identify the legislation related to the reorganization of the first new city proposed by the National Assembly, analyze related problems, and present major matters to be considered in legislation. As a result of the study, the main problems related to the 1st new city reorganization project were 1) excessive safety diagnosis regulations and unrealistic standards, 2) excessively long business period, and 3) floor area rate incentive limitations, Major improvements to be considered in the reorganization project include 1) rational improvement of safety diagnosis regulations, 2) integration of project procedures, simplification 3) increase of floor area ratio by applying new and renewable energy, 4) increase of floor area ratio for developting the smart town, 5) special application for additional floor area ratio, and 6) rational setting of old new city reorganization projects.

Značaj praćenja ostvarenja prihoda i troškova u upravljanju i poslovanju poljoprivrednih preduzeća u odnosu na uvedene oblike interno-kontrolnih mehanizama

Monitoring the formation of total income and total costs is of great importance for the practical operation of a large number of agricultural enterprises. The actual improvement of business decision-making in agricultural enterprises can be connected with the introduced forms of internal control mechanisms in the processes of regular business in agricultural enterprises. This was the basis of the research in this study. For the purposes of this study, the authors performed two two-way ANOVA analyses, one for the purpose of obtaining real data on the movement of income, and the other for determining the results of the operations of agricultural enterprises in relation to the occurrence of total operating costs in the business period of one business year. In both cases, we obtained results indicating that the formation of income and expenses indicates the existence of significance at the level of p<0.05, for large and small agricultural enterprises and established forms of internal control mechanisms. In addition, the authors found that the highest total revenues, regardless of whether they are large or medium-sized enterprises, are achieved when internal control is implemented as a form of internal control mechanism, and the lowest revenues are achieved by large and medium-sized enterprises when internal audit is implemented as a form of internal control. Regarding costs, the results indicate that there is a statistically significant influence of one of the three forms of implemented control mechanisms on the occurrence of costs, while there is no influence of the size of the agricultural enterprise on the realization of costs in business.

Factors Affecting the Success of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) at Mega Park Food Courts Medan

<p><strong><em>This study purposed to empirically prove that accounting information, educational background, sales turnover, business capital, the period of business, working hours, and business location partially had a significant effect on business success in MSMEs at Mega Park Food Courts Medan. This study used multiple linear regression supported by the SPSS application. The population of the study was all MSMEs at Mega Park Food Courts Medan 90 MSMEs. The sample of this study was ninety respondents as the owners of the MSMEs. This study used observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires to obtain the data. The study results revealed that the use of accounting information, educational background, the period of business, and working hours variables partially showed that they had a significant effect on business success for MSMEs in Mega Park Foodcourt Medan. While sales turnover, and business capital, showed that partially they had no significant effect on business success for MSMEs in Mega Park Foodcourt Medan.</em></strong></p><strong>Keywords: Accounting Information, Educational Background, Sales Turnover, Business Capital, period of Business, Working Hours, Business Location, and Business Success</strong>

SDM 이전을 위한 강원도 고성군 A/R CDM 사업의 현황과 향후과제

In this study, A/R CDM project registered with the UNFCCC in 2012 was reviewed for transfer to SDM. Additionally, economic analysis was performed. The amount of CO₂ stock for 2021 was 44.15 tCO₂/yr at the project site. As a result of analysis, the total stock through field survey was higher than PDD. In the case of tree species, the stock of Pinus koraiensis was slightly lower than others. It means that growth of Pinus koraiensis is slow in the site. On the other hand, as Pinus koraiensis occupies the largest area of the project, it is necessary to improve the stock by preparing an optimal management plans. On economic analysis of the entire business period for securing carbon absorption reductions, the B/C ratio was less than 1, indicating that there was no business feasibility. However, considering the social environment contribution, improving image of the state and companies participating in social contribution activities such as afforestation, and educational effects, it can obtain investment feasibility of project, continuously. In order to maintain the project, transparency must be achieved through comparison with PDD. It was possible to confirm the difference between the planting period, the area, and the predicted amount of carbon absorption reduction. It appears possible to achieve transparency through PRC along with the SDM transition.

SOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGY ON E- BRAND TRUST: AN EMPIRICAL REVIEW

Social media has been amazingly successful in terms of adoption and usage levels. They lead to a paradigm shift in the way people connect and communicate with each other, how to express and share ideas, and even how to interact with products, brands, and organizations. In addition, social networks have become an important consumer knowledge network. Social media, especially Facebook and Twitter, are important platforms for building relationships with consumers and for consumers to obtain information about brands and their products. E – WOW has grown at an extraordinary rate over the past couple of decades, creating multiple opportunities for marketing in online settings. The explosion of social media helps customers become more empowered and engaged in their brand interactions while also providing them with new tools in their search, evaluation, choice, and purchase of marketing offerings. Consumers trust the information published by the brand and the information published by other consumers online. The future of social media is also seen as a marketing tool. Consequently, these developments are influencing marketing practices, both strategically, and tactically. This setup has been able to communicate the best experience possessed of a brand to consumers so that they are able to recall the brand in a long time which led to the formation of trust, satisfaction, and loyalty towards the brand. This research aims to analyze the effect of social media marketing activities on E-brand Trust. The paper followed a deductive approach and attempted to review current scholarly social media marketing literature and research, including its beginnings, current usage, benefits and downsides, and best practices. Further examinations to uncover the vital job of social media, inside a digitalized business period. As a result of the comprehensive analysis, it undoubtedly displays that social media is a significant power in the present marketing scene, especially on E Brand Trust.

욕지도 외해가두리 양식장의 참다랑어(Thunnus orientalis) 양식 사업성 비교분석

This study aimed to analyze the feasibility of T. orientalis offshore aquaculture production performance in Yokjido located in Tongyeong, Korea. Based on the collected biological, costs and market price data, the results indicated that under the same conditions of analyzing economic feasibility. At the social discount rate of 4.5% applied to public corporations and quasi-governmental organizations, 2,000 caught and imported T. orientalis were sold at a survival rate of 60%, respectively, at an individual weight of 30 kg to KRW 40,000/kg, thereby the financial feasibility of T. orientalis offshore cage culture was analyzed. The net present value (NPV) of caught bluefin tuna was 1,858,952 thousand won, and the corresponding internal rate of return (IRR) was 17.6%. In the case of imported, the net present value (NPV) was -1,157,227 thousand won, and the corresponding internal rate of return (IRR) was -4.2%. As a result of estimating the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) using the cash flows (including depreciation) generated for 10 years in units of the business period (1year). For the caught juvenile, NPV showed a positive value and IRR exceeded the social discount rate of 4.5%. On the other hand, in the case of imported, NPV had a negative value and IRR was less than 4.5% of the social discount rate. Therefore, it was found that there is a business possibility to cultivate T. orientalis with juvenile caught at the offshore farm in Yokjido has business potential.

A Comparison Analysis on Impact Factors for Business Period between Redevelopment and Reconstruction Project

본 연구는 도시정비사업 소요기간에 영향을 주는 요인, 특히 재개발과 재건축사업에 대하여 분석한다. 분석은 정비구역의 특성요인과 거시경제 요인으로 나누어 살펴보고 이러한 영향요인에 시기별로도 차이가 있는지 함께 분석한다. 분석 자료는 통계청의 정비사업현황 기초자료를 기반으로 하고, 분석은 재개발과 재건축사업별, 정권시기별, 사업초기로 나누어 STATA 프로그램을 사용하여 비교 분석한다.분석결과 정비구역의 특성요인과 거시경제 요인은 정비사업에 지속적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난다. 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 시행용적률로 확인된다. 재개발사업은 재건축사업보다 더 다양한 요인의 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되고, 재건축사업은 정비구역 특성에 기인한 원인이 더 유효한 영향요인으로 나타난다. 정비사업에 대한 정부규제 강도에 따른 요인분석에서는 규제가 강한 상황이 약한 상황보다 다양한 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 분석된다. 본 연구의 시사점은 재개발ㆍ재건축 사업을 위한 사업특성과 기간별 거시경제 상황을 고려한 정교하고 차별화된 정책 및 관리가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

A study of situational circumstances related to Spain’s occupational accident rates in the metal sector from 2009 to 2019

The metal sector encompasses a variety of economic activities, such as metallurgy and the manufacturing of metallic elements. These activities represent great diversity in production processes. Worker-related characteristics are particularly important in these processes and the accident rate. In view of the metal sector’s importance and that the latest annual report (2019) reveals the sector to be among the ten sectors with Spain’s highest accident rates, the purpose of this study is to explore the evolution of work accidents in the metal-mechanical sector in Spain for the period of 2009–2019 and to analyse the relationship between the associated variables. Data for this study come from occupational accident reports, which are required to be sent to the relevant administrative bodies using the Spanish Delt@ (electronic declaration of injured workers) computer system. The study variables were selected from the official occupational accident data and classified into four groups: personal, business, material, and time period. The relationships between severity and other variables were explored via contingency tables in which the chi-squared value (χ2) was calculated. This study shows a slight improvement in the accident rate over the last decade, but a high percentage of serious and fatal accidents in the Spanish industrial sector remains. The Monday effect, meal breaks, and being near retirement age are the most important factors influencing the number of serious accidents in this sector.

Interval valued demand and prepayment-based inventory model for perishable items via parametric approach of interval and meta-heuristic algorithms

This work mainly focuses on the mathematical formulation of an imprecise inventory model with partial prepayment policy in interval environment. In the proposed model, two different cases (without shortage and with partially backlogged shortages) are taken into consideration. Here, the demand and deterioration rates are considered as interval valued. Also, all the inventory costs, viz. ordering cost, purchase cost, holding cost, shortage cost and lost sale cost are considered as interval valued. Then, the continuous change of inventory level with time of the proposed model is defined mathematically by the interval differential equations. For both cases of the proposed model, the interval valued average profits are obtained by using parametric approach of interval. Here, the selling price and business period are taken as decision variables of the corresponding interval maximization problem. Finally, two numerical examples are considered and solved by using different meta-heuristic algorithms for checking the validity of the proposed model.

Extraction Mudarabah from IFI: Reposition of Mudarabah as a Cooperation System of Islamic Socio-Economics

<p><em>Mudarabah is the core of the Islamic cooperation system, which is expected to improve people's welfare. Its practice in Islamic Financial Institutions (IFI) has not realized that goal. One reason is forcing this system to become a profit-oriented formal financial institution. This paper aims to reveal the problems of the institutionalization of mudarabah and attempt to reposition it from IFI to a cooperation system of Islamic socio-economic so that the lofty goals of this system can be realized. This research uses literature and field studies. Data mining techniques use documentation, interviews, and participant observation. The research findings show that four aspects are applied in worksheets that conflict with the essential characteristics of mudarabah, namely, capital and determination of profit sharing, business management, determination of business period, and guarantees. Efforts to reposition mudarabah into the cooperation system of Islamic socio-economic are carried out by removing mudarabah from the IFI and allowing it to become a cultural system that facilitates community needs in economic interaction or to become a cooperation system within the Baitul Mal which positions the Baitul Mal as nothing more than a facilitator that brings together sahibul mal and mudarib.</em></p>

Role of machine learning in changing social and business eco-system – a qualitative study to explore the factors contributing to competitive advantage during COVID pandemic

Purpose“Machine learning (ML)” in business aids in increasing company scalability and boosting company operations for businesses all over the world. “Artificial intelligence (AI)” technologies and several “ML” algorithms have grown in prominence in the business analytics sector. In the era of a huge quantum of data being generated by the virtue of the integration of the various software with the business operations, the relevance of “ML” is continuously increasing. As a result, companies may now profit from knowing how companies may use “ML” and incorporating it into their own operations. “ML” derives useful results from the data to address very dynamic and difficult social and business problems. ML helps in establishing a system that learns automatically and produces results in less time and effort, allowing machines to discover. ML is developing at a breakneck pace, fuelled mostly by new computer technology to competitive advantages during the COVID pandemic.Design/methodology/approachFor firms all around the world, “ML” in business aids in expanding scalability and boosting operations. In the field of business analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms have become increasingly popular. The importance of “ML” is growing in an era when a massive amount of data is generated as a result of the integration of various applications with company activities. As a result, businesses can now benefit from understanding how other businesses are using “ML” and adopting it into their own operations. In order to handle very dynamic and demanding societal and business challenges, machine learning (ML) extracts valuable results from data. Machine learning (ML) aids in the development of a system that learns automatically and generates outcomes with less time and effort, allowing machines to discover. ML is progressing at a dizzying pace, fueled primarily by new computer technology and used to gain competitive advantages during the COVID pandemic.FindingsAccording to a new study published by the Accenture Institute for High Performance, “AI” might double yearly economic growth rates in several wealthy nations by 2035. With broad AI deployment, the yearly growth rate in the USA increased from 2.6% to 4.6%, resulting in an extra $8.3tn. In the UK, AI may contribute $814bn to the economy, raising the yearly growth rate from 2.5% to 3.9%. The authors are already in a business period when huge technological development is assisting us in addressing a variety of difficulties to achieve maximum development. AI technology has enormous developmental consequences. In addition, big data analytics is helping to make AI more enterprise ready. Future developments in “ML” cannot be understated. Machines will very certainly eventually be smarter than humans in practically every way.Originality/valueThe introduction of AI into the market has enabled small businesses to use tried-and-true strategies for achieving greater business objectives. AI is continually offering a competitive advantage to start-ups, whilst large corporations provide a platform for building novel solutions. AI has become an integral component of reality, from functioning as a robot in a production unit to self-driving automobiles and voice activated resources in complex medical procedures. As a consequence, solving the difficulties highlighted below and finding out how to collaborate with robots will be a constant problem for the human species (Sujaya and Bhaskar, 2021).