Perilla Extract Research Articles

Secondary metabolites of perilla (<i>Perilla frutescens</i> (L.) Britton) of Far Eastern origin identified by tandem mass spectrometry

Perilla frutescens is a monotypic genus of annual herbaceous plants of dead nettles. The article presents a simultaneous evaluation of the presence of both phenolic compounds in P. frutescens seed extracts and compounds of other chemical classes. It has been confirmed that the seeds of P. frutescens varieties k-130, k-263, k-326 contain a large number of polyphenolic complexes, which are biologically active compounds. The complete metabolomic composition of perilla seed extracts is presented for the first time. The study utilized a tandem mass spectrometry method involving the use of liquid chromatography in parallel with an ion trap. Using tandem mass spectrometry, the presence of 60 compounds was identified, of which 41 compounds represent the group of polyphenolic compounds, as well as 19 compounds of other chemical groups in perilla extracts. The chemical components were identified by comparing their retention index, mass spectra and MS fragmentation with the home library database based on the data from other spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Also, 29 chemical compounds were found for the first time, including 16 compounds of polyphenolic group and 13 compounds of other chemical groups. Lignans: syringaresinol and medioresinol; coumarins: umbelliferone and 4-hydroxycoumarin; flavones: luteolin 7-O-glucoside, diosmetin C-hexoside, chrysoeriol C-hexoside C-pentoside; flavanols: ampelopsin, astragalin, etc. were identified in perilla seeds for the first time. The data obtained will help intensify future research on the development and production of new drugs, dietary supplements and various functional, specialized and dietary products containing targeted perilla extracts.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt extract alleviating acute liver injury in mice induced by thioacetamide

Liver fibrosis is a significant public health concern and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide (2019). Perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt - PF) is a herb with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties extensively employed in traditional medicine. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of perilla extract on mice with liver damage caused by Thioacetamide (TAA). Mice were induced liver damage by TAA and given perilla extract, then liver damage assessed through indicators: liver function (albumin index), liver enzymes (ALT, AST indices), liver necrosis and fibrosis by histological staining (H&E and Sirius red staining) and expression levels of genes related to fibrogenesis, antioxidant system and inflammation. Acute liver injury mice treated with PF extract decreased WBC count, biochemical indices: AST, ALT; improved serum ALB level; reduced percentage of necrotic and fibrotic area; diminished expression of myofibroblast marker α-sma and inflammatory cytokine IL6; upregulated expression of gene related to antioxidant system GPx, bax. The result suggested that TAA 150 mg/kg caused hepatotoxicity and 100 mg/kg Perilla Frutescens (L.) has a hepaprotective effect that can attenuate liver damage.

Phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of perilla seed meal.

Perilla frutescens is a medicinal herb that is commonly cultivated in Asian countries. Perilla seed is extensively pressed for cooking oil extraction. However, phenolic chemicals are still abundant in pressed perilla seed meal (PSM), which was previously thought to be useless after oil extraction. In our study, PSM was extracted using five solvents (water and 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ethanol) based on different ethanol concentrations, and its antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and inhibitory effects against key enzymes related to diabetes mellitus were evaluated. The 75% ethanol extract had higher phenolic (105.58 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (66.52 mg QE/g DW) contents and showed better antioxidant and inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Analysis of the phenolic compounds of the five extracts by HPLC indicated the presence of apigenin, rosmarinic acid, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillic acid. Therefore, because of its high antioxidant activity and inhibitory capacity against enzymes relevant to diabetes, the 75% ethanol extract of perilla seed meal has the most potential to be used as a functional or nutraceutical food in the prevention and treatment of oxidation and diabetes.

Exploring the feasibility of Spanish mackerel flavour masking process screening using preference mapping and 2D-LF-NMR

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four different flavour-masking soak treatments on Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) using sensory evaluation and instrument based analyses. The four treatments included rosemary extract (1700 mg/L), a commercial deodorizing solution named Wenda (0.758 mg/L), black tea powder (15000 mg/L), and perilla extract (217 mg/L). The study utilised e-nose, water content, water holding capacity, 2D-LF-NMR, and Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) to assess the effects of these treatments. Preference mapping and PLSR analysis were used to investigate relationships between different indicators. All four treatments significantly reduced the fishiness of fish, and cooked fish hardness and firmness both correlated positively with overall preference. The PLSR results revealed that cooked fish firmness and hardness correlated strongly with its water holding capacity and water signal to centre-mass ratio, respectively. This study provides valuable insights to guide development of flavour-masking treatments for Spanish mackerel and other fish products.

Foam fractionation of rosmarinic acid from perilla leaves using surface-modified Al2O3 nanoparticle as frother and collector

Nowadays, developing an efficient, economical, and sustainable method for separating bioactive phytochemicals from plants extracts has gained increasing attention. Rosmarinic acid (RA) with potent biological activities was successfully isolated by foam fractionation from the extract of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) leaves. To achieve the adsorption of RA without surface activity on the stable air-water interface, γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles (ANPs) modified by cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) were prepared and used as the nano-frother and nano-collector. After optimization of water extraction of RA, ANP–CAPB was characterized by SEM-EDS, FTIR, XPS, surface charge, and hydrophobicity analyses. The effects of ANP-CAPB with various modified degrees on the foam property and collection property were examined systematically. On the one hand, ANP-CAPB was colloidally stable, and it could generate stable foams due to the introduction of hydrophobic chains on the ANP surface. On the other hand, ANP-CAPB displayed excellent collection towards RA, and the adsorption kinetics and isotherm of this process followed the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich model, respectively. Moreover, reasonable mechanisms were proposed to elucidate the modification and adsorption behavior. Under the suitable conditions of 400 mg/L ANP-CAPB and pH 5.0, the enrichment ratio and the recovery percentage of RA were 59.07% and 93.33%, respectively. Furthermore, the RA product showed promising antioxidant potential and significant antibacterial activity. This work not only described an efficient foam fractionation for RA isolation, but it also offered valuable clues for the separation study of other plant extracts.

Effect of Extract of Perilla Leaves on the Quality Characteristics and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Charcoal Barbecued Pork Patty.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extracts from perilla leaves (PLE) on the quality attributes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in charcoal-barbecued pork patties. The PLE addition and doneness had no significant effect on the pH of pork patties (p>0.05). Regardless of the concentration, the PLE significantly lower malondialdehyde concentrations and reduced the CIE L*, CIE a*, and CIE b* when compared to control. The addition of 0.2% of PLE did not adversely affect the organoleptic properties of doneness of medium and well-done pork patties. Addition of PLE at 0.4% to medium-cooked pork patties had stronger suppressing effect on the formation of light PAHs compare to control (p<0.05), also adding it to well-done pork patties had the lowest concentration of 4 PAHs and 8 PAHs, and a total of 16 PAHs (p<0.05). Therefore, PLE at 0.4% can be used for suppressing the formation of PAHs and lipid oxidation in well-cooked pork patty.

Isolation, identification, and apoptosis activity of the photosensitizer methyl pheophorbide A from Perilla frutescens leaves

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment with fewer side effects, and it eliminates tumors in target tissues with reactive oxygen species produced by photosensitizers (PS) and light. In this study, we isolated methyl pheophorbide A, which induces photodynamic cell death in the U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells, from perilla leaves. Its potential as a material for the development of a new PS was also evaluated. The methyl pheophorbide A is a dark green porphyrin compound isolated from methanol extract of perilla leaves. Apoptosis occurred was methyl pheophorbide A treated and irradiated with light, and there was no significant change where light not treated. In both U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells, apoptotic body, vesicle formation, and DNA ladder were confirmed in the light-irradiated. The caspase-3/7 activity an important factor in apoptosis, was 101.50 ± 14.24% when treated with 0.25 μg/ml methyl pheophorbide A in U937, and 91.32 ± 16.23% when treated with 1.00 μg/ml in SK-HEP-1 cells. The apoptotic phenomenon appeared more strongly when the methyl pheophorbide A concentration was increased with irradiating light. This study demonstrates the isolation, identification, and phototoxic activity of methyl pheophorbide A in perilla leaves. We expect that this study will be useful in the search for PS candidates using natural products.

Prevention and Treatment Potential of COVID-19 Infectious Disease Using Edible Perilla Leaf Extracts

Various vaccines for the infectious Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have already been developed and used, but breakthrough infections continue to occur despite the administration of additional booster injections. Various therapeutic agents are being developed during the pandemic, but their use is still limited. Finding a new drug to treat or prevent COVID-19 takes time and money. As such, repositioning the application of existing drugs or foods with fewer rejections or side effects, even at high doses, could be a solution to the limitations. The usefulness of perilla leaf extract or perilla leaves functional food was confirmed in this study. We examined the possibility of preventing and treating COVID-19 infection with perilla leaves, a leafy vegetable widely consumed as food in Korea. In addition, there is a possibility of using the 70% ethanol extract of perilla leaves, which has the effect of reducing body fat according to the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), as a therapeutic agent during the COVID-19 epidemic. However, proof of efficacy should be confirmed through clinical trials.

Process optimization in the extract of perilla seed oil with plant protein hydrolysate complex enzyme

Perilla seed oil riched in the ω-3 fatty acid especially α-linolenic acid, is associated with a beneficial role in human health. In the present study, Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction (AEE) of crude oil from Perilla seeds was investigated. The extraction parameters of Perilla seed oil including enzyme type, solid-to-water ratio, pH, temperature, enzyme loading and hydrolysis time were determined by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The RSM results showed the optimum extraction enzyme for Perilla oil was plant protein hydrolysate complex enzyme. The optimized values of solid-to-water ratio, pH, temperature, enzyme loading, and hydrolysis time for extracting oil from perilla seeds respectively were 1:4, 6, 55 °C, 2% and 4.5 h. Under the conditions, the maximum oil recovery of perilla oil was 88.52%, perilla seed oil extracted by AEE possessed a high extraction yield.

NGHIÊN CỨU QUY TRÌNH TẠO ĐỒ UỐNG TỪ DỊCH CHIẾT CÂY TÍA TÔ (Perilla frutescens L. Britton)

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton is well known as a herb and medicinal plant in ietnam and some East Asian countries. Perilla drinks is a favorite product in Japan. In Vietnam, researches on processing perilla into beverage and juce are quite limited. In this study, we built a process to prepare a quality perilla drinks to meet the requirements of food safety and hygiene. A suitable ratio of perilla and water for preparing perilla extract was 1 : 3 (kg\L). The perilla juice prepared from this extract by supplementation of 15% sucrose and 0.3% citric acid had good sensory score of 18.5 ± 0.05. The content of some active substances such as total phenolic compounds, flavonoid, reducing sugar of the perilla extract reached 5.817 ± 0.172; 5.443 ± 0.016; 1.994 ± 0.003 (mg\mL) respectively and had almost no significantly difference than that of the perilla drinks prepare from this extract (4.737 ± 0.0135; 4.750 ± 0.0235; 1.963 ± 0.014 (mg\mL). The content of anthocyanin in dry mass of Perilla frustescens (L.) Britton was 0.6011 ± 0.002 (mg\g) but it was not detected in the perilla extract and drinks. Antioxidant activity of perilla extract and drinks determined by IC50 on DPPH were 105,46 and 103,92 mg\mL respectively. Results of counting total aerobic microbes and coliform showed that a sterilized\pasteurilized perilla drinks met the requirements of food safety and hygiene in 25 days stored at 4 - 30 ᴼC.

The Attenuation of TNF-α-mediated Inflammatory Responses in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line by Perilla Seed and Seed Meal Extract

Abstract Thai perilla (Perilla frutescens) extracts, which contain a substantial quantity of bioactive substances including phenolics and flavonoids, have shown marked anti-inflammatory activities in several investigated models. In the present study, the effect of perilla seed extract (PSE) and seed meal extract (PSME) on TNF-α-induced inflammatory response in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells was investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in PSME was lower than PSE. Markedly, rosmarinic acid was identified as the main constituent in both extracts. However, the DPPH and ABTS assays indicated that the antioxidant capacity of PSME was equal to PSE. Moreover, the iron-binding activity of PSE and PSME were exhibited by complex formation with Fe3+-NTA, indicating that the extracts may inhibit hydroxyl radical production via Fenton reaction. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis showed that both PSE or PSME co-treated with TNF-α, at 24 h exposure, were not toxic to the A549 cells. Interestingly, PSE and PSME dramatically exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, but did not influence iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expressions. Moreover, both extracts significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in TNF-α-induced A549 cells. The findings presented in this paper suggest that PSE and PSME could mitigate TNF-α-mediated inflammatory responses via limiting pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions and decreasing ROS production. Thus, perilla seed and seed meal, the by-product of a perilla seed oil cold-pressed extraction process, could be developed as food supplements or functional foods for the prevention of inflammation-induced lung carcinogenesis development. Keywords: Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, Inflammation, Perilla seed, Perilla seed meal, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Glycine betaine enhanced foam separation for recovering and enriching protein from the crude extract of perilla seed meal

The utilization of agro-food waste into protein products is an alternative solution for global protein shortage and waste management. Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) seed meal (PSM) is abundant and protein-rich by-products from the oilseed industry. To achieve the industrial production of valuable PSM protein (PSMP), a two-stage foam separation with a low cost and a high efficiency was developed to fractionate the high-concentration PSMP (1.3 times its critical micelle concentration (CMC)) from its crude extract. In the first-stage, glycine betaine (GB), a naturally occurring osmolyte, was used as a green enhancer for the recovery of PSMP. The result of SEM, FTIR, UV–vis and fluorescence spectra demonstrated that GB engaged in cation-π interactions with aromatic residues of PSMP, which made the protein structure unfold and enabled its hydrophobic groups of PSMP to be more exposed. These factors, plus protein aggregation, were responsible for the enhanced interfacial adsorption of PSMP. Its recovery percentage with 0.3 g/L GB (pH 7.0) increased by 52.9% compared to that without GB. Furthermore, an internal component of regular-hexagon hollow prismoid (RHP) was also designed to intensify the foam drainage and raise PSMP enrichment to 7.1 ± 0.3. In the second-stage, PSMP could be further recovered and its total recovery percentage reached 94.5 ± 4.7%. After foam separation, the amino acid composition of PSMP was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and HPLC–UV and its functional properties was also evaluated. These results provide a new insight into enhancing the protein separation from agro-food waste.

Perilla frutescens Extracts Enhance DNA Repair Response in UVB Damaged HaCaT Cells.

Physiological processes in skin are associated with exposure to UV light and are essential for skin maintenance and regeneration. Here, we investigated whether the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla frutescens (Perilla), a well-known Asian herb, affect DNA damage response and repair in skin and keratinocytes exposed to Untraviolet B (UVB) light. First, we examined the protective effects of Perilla leaf extracts in UVB damaged mouse skin in vivo. Second, we cultured calluses using plant tissue culture technology, from Perilla leaf explant and then examined the effects of the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla on UVB exposed keratinocytes. HaCaT cells treated with leaf and callus Perilla extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, smaller DNA fragment tails, and enhanced colony formation after UVB exposure. Interestingly, keratinocytes treated with the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla showed G1/S cell cycle arrest, reduced protein levels of cyclin D1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6), and γH2AX, and enhanced levels of phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (pCHK1) following UVB exposure. These observations suggest that the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla are candidate nutraceuticals for the prevention of keratinocyte aging.

Perilla extract potentiates efferocytosis by macrophages: Implications for resolution of inflammation

Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) have strong anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, antidepressant, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects and hence have diverse therapeutic applications. We have previously reported that oral administration of the standardized perilla extract ameliorated the experimentally induced colitis in mice by blocking the activation of two prototypic pro-inflammatory transcription factors, NF-κB and STAT3. Upon inflammatory insult, tissue resident macrophages produce vasoactive and chemotactic mediators, which increase vascular permeability and promote the infiltration of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, into the inflamed site where they eliminate or neutralize invading molecules. Neutrophils at the inflamed site undergo apoptosis, and apoptotic cells are removed by macrophages through phagocytosis, a process termed ‘efferocytosis’. This terminates the inflammatory responses. If resolution of inflammation fails, inflammation response becomes excessive and prolonged which can cause tissue damage and loss of the function implicated in pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of human disorders. Here, we report that the standardized leaf extract of P. frutescens potentiated the efferocytic activity of macrophages in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model, which appears to be mediated via the PPARγ activation. We also validated the stimulatory effects of the perilla extract on efferocytosis by isolated peritoneal and bone marrow derived macrophages cocultured with apoptotic cells.

Complementary treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: the role of the nutraceutical Lertal(R).

Nutraceuticals represent interesting therapeutic options in clinical practice. In this regard, a new compound has been designed: Lertal®. It contains quercetin, perilla extract, and vitamin D3. These agents exert anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities. This article reports and discusses the results of four clinical studies conducted in adult and paediatric patients suffering from AR. Outcomes provided evidence that Lertal® may significantly prevent clinical worsening when prescribed as add-on to continuous antihistaminic treatment and also prevent clinical exacerbations, such as the need of rescue medication, when used alone as preventive strategy in AR patients. (www.actabiomedica.it)

A polycentric, randomized, parallel-group, study on Lertal\xae, a multicomponent nutraceutical, as preventive treatment in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: phase II

BackgroundLertal®, an oral nutraceutical, contains extract of Perilla, quercetin, and Vitamin D3. The current polycentric, randomized, parallel-group, controlled study aimed in the Phase II to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lertal® in preventing allergic rhinitis (AR) exacerbations in children after the end of the pharmacological treatment phase.Materials and methodsOne hundred twenty-eight children completed Phase II. Sixty-four children continued Lertal® treatment (Lertal® Group: LG) and 64 ones did not assume any medication (Observation Group: OG) for 4–12 weeks.The study endpoints were the number, intensity, and duration of AR exacerbations, and the length of symptom-free time.ResultsChildren of LG halved the risk (HR = 0.54) of having AR exacerbation. Children of LG had significantly (p = 0.039) less AR exacerbations than OG children. In children with AR exacerbations, the total number of days in which each patient took at least one rescue medication was significantly (p = 0.018) lesser in LG children than OG ones. In the global population, the cumulative days treated with rescue medication was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in OG than in LG. There was no clinically relevant adverse event.ConclusionsThe present study documented that prolonged Lertal® assumption was safe and able to significantly reduce, such as halving, the risk of AR exacerbation, their duration and the use of rescue medications, after the suspension of the one-month antihistamine treatment. Therefore, Lertal® could be envisaged as an effective preventive treatment in AR children able to guarantee long symptom-free time.Trial registrationClinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials gov ID NCT03365648.

Oral nutritional supplement enriched with purple perilla extract might enhance NK-cell activity after pancreaticobiliary cancer surgery

Introduction: Purple perilla, P. frutescens var. acuta, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) ketogenic diet might limit glucose consumption to selectively enhance metabolic stress in cancer cells. This prospective case-control study was performed to evaluate feasibility and efficacy of the newly developed low-carbohydrate-high-fat(LCHF)-plus formula which was enriched with purple perilla extract after pancreaticobiliary cancer surgery. Method: Twenty-eight adult pancreatic cancer patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy were enrolled. The case group received 3 packs of LCHF-plus formula per day besides meals until the 1st visit to outpatient clinic (OPD) after surgery. The LCHF-plus formula consisted of ketogenic and non-ketogenic macronutrient at a ratio of 1.73:1, and contained energy at a ratio of 80:16:4 from fat, protein, and carbohydrate. The purple perilla extract was added to the formula at a rate of 0.6%. Changes of the patients’ nutrient intake, nutritional status and satisfaction for the formula were evaluated. Changes in plasma lipid profile, visceral protein and NK cell activity were assessed. Result: Since postoperative day 7, the case group(n=17) took significantly more calories(p=0.0004) and protein(p=0.0123) than the control group(n=11) in the linear mixed model. The case group consumed 66.1±18.0% of provided formula, which was approximate to 2 packs a day. Overall satisfaction score was 7.9±2.0. Plasma lipid profile was not significantly different between the two groups during the study period. Compared to preoperative value, NK-cell activity at the 1st visit to OPD increased significantly in the case group (14.4±8.2 vs. 21.4±11.5, p=0.001) while there was no significant changes in the control group(21.1±12.1 vs. 24.6±9.1, p=0.342). No gastrointestinal complaint was reported while the case group consumed the formula. Conclusion: LCHF-plus formula enriched with purple perilla, P. frutescens var. acuta, might contribute to pancreatic cancer patients to improve nutritional intake and immune function after surgery.

Perilla extract improves frequent urination in spontaneously hypertensive rats with enhancement of the urothelial presence and anti-inflammatory effects.

To investigate the effects of perilla extract on urinary symptoms in spontaneously hypertensive rats as a model of spontaneous overactive bladder. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a control diet or a perilla extract-containing diet. Cystometry, gene expression and histological analyses were carried out to evaluate the effects of perilla extract after 2-week feeding of either the control or the perilla extract diet. The expression of inflammation-related genes in the human urothelial cell line HT-1376 and the normal human bladder epithelial cell was measured after the treatment with perillaldehyde, the main component of perilla extract, or perillic acid, the final metabolite of perillaldehyde. A significant 27% increase in the micturition interval and decreased expression of nerve growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and transient receptor potential V1 were observed in the perilla group compared with the control group. The level of uroplakin 3A was 40% higher in the perilla group than in the control group. The urothelium in the control group was thin or defective, but it was almost completely intact in the perilla group. Perillaldehyde and perillic acid suppressed the induction of nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-α by interleukin-1β in HT-1376 and normal human bladder epithelial cells. The present findings suggest that perilla extract improves frequent urination, and this improvement seems to be mediated, at least in part, by enhancement of the urothelial presence and by the anti-inflammatory effects of perilla.

Anti-amyloidogenic effects of Perilla frutescens var. acuta on beta-amyloid aggregation and disaggregation

Beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates are a major cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the inhibition of Aβ aggregation is a good therapeutic target against AD. Thus, the effects of Perilla extract (4–100 µg/mL) on the aggregation of Aβ (20 µM) monomers and disaggregation of pre-aggregated Aβ aggregates were determined. The Perilla methanol extract and its hexane fraction significantly reduced Aβ aggregation determined by a Theoflavin T fluorescence assay (IC50 = 24.5 and 19.8 µg/mL, respectively) and confirmed by Western blot analysis with native gels. The inhibition of Aβ aggregation by hexane fraction of Perilla extract (20 and 100 µg/mL) rescued the PC12 cells from Aβ aggregate-induced toxicity to the levels of DMSO-treated control groups. Furthermore, hexane fraction efficiently disaggregated the preformed Aβ aggregates (IC50 = 10.2 µg/mL). Perilla frutescens var. acuta leaves exhibited anti-amyloidogenic effects against Aβ aggregation and disaggregation. Practical application These results suggest that P. frutescens var. acuta has the potential to be developed as a preventive and therapeutic agent.

Perilla frutescens var acuta inhibits differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes by downregulation of lipogenic pathway

Condiments are substances which are used to add flavors in foods and they have also been used in traditional medicines in various parts of the world. Perilla is one of the widely used condiments in Asian countries including China, Japan and South Korea. Previous studies reported that Perilla frutescens var britton (Green perilla) have antioxidant, antiallergic, antiobesity and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Perilla frutescens var acuta (purple perilla) leaves on differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. The sample did not show any cytotoxicity. After inducing differentiation, with or without different concentrations of the sample for a period of eight days, the cells were extracted for quantification of triglycerides and mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors and enzymes. Treatment with perilla extract reduced the triglyceride accumulation dose dependently which was evident from the TG quantification as well as Oil Red O staining of lipid droplets. The mRNA expressions of transcription factors like PPARγ, C/EBPα and lipogenic enzymes like ACC, FAS, aP2 were significantly reduced in treated cells. GPDH activity assay also showed similar results. In conclusion, the results of this study elucidated that perilla leaf extract prevents accumulation of lipid and differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes by downregulation of lipogenic pathway. Further studies are to be conducted to find the potential antiobesity effect of purple perilla on rodents.Support or Funding Information[This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE), Korea, under the “Regional Specialized Industry Development Program” supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT)]