Periclean Athens Research Articles

A Feminist Abolitionist reads Plutarch, Euripides, and Plato: Periclean Athens and Nineteenth Century America in Lydia Maria Child’s Philothea (1836)

In writing her 1836 novel Philothea, the abolitionist Lydia Maria Child drew on careful reading of Plutarch’s Life of Pericles, Euripides’ Ion, and Plato’s Republic. The novel’s plot, organized around Pericles’ law that both parents must be Athenian citizens for their child to have citizenship, shares features with arguments for the abolition of slavery and for women’s rights that Child made in other writings throughout her lifetime. Child combined a sentimental romance narrative about an enslaved woman that encourages readers to become abolitionists with allusions to Plato’s Republic that affirm the abolitionist conviction that slavery is absolutely unjust. Previous scholarship has treated Child’s use of Greek material in a rather general way. This article demonstrates just how precisely she incorporated elements of Plutarch, Euripides and Plato into the abolitionist story she chose to tell. By expanding understanding of Child’s engagement with the classical past that her gender kept her from learning about in a university setting, this study also contributes to the growing body of knowledge about how women did get access to — and put to use — classical learning.

Commemorative Architecture, Periclean Athens and the Polish Revolution of 1791: Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier’s Parthenon-Inspired Temple for Warsaw

Abstract Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier’s design for the Temple of Providence in Warsaw, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s capital, is the earliest known evidence of European fascination with the Parthenon as a model for modern commemorative architecture. However, it was this proposal’s specific political context which makes it especially interesting from the perspective of classical reception studies. It was an artistic reaction of an aristocratic philhellene to the destructive tendencies of the French Revolution on the eve of the Bourbon monarchy’s abolition. The choice of the Parthenon was expressive of Choiseul-Gouffier’s admiration for the idealized heritage of ancient aristocratic republicanism and its alleged relevance to the political culture of the modern ‘republic’ of Poland-Lithuania.

19세기 파르테논 다채색 논쟁에 대한 미술사적 고찰 - 『수정궁 그리스관의 채색에 대한 해명』(1854)을 중심으로

This paper outlines the polychrome controversy on ancient Greek architecture and sculpture in the 19SUPth/SUP century, focusing on the reconstruction model of the Parthenon frieze in the Crystal Palace, which opened at Sydenham in 1854. This model produced by Owen Jones, the director of the Fine Art department containing the Greek Court, provoked a wide criticism with its whole coloring. There rose active debates on the coloring of ancient Greek art n the early 19SUPth/SUP century archaeology, which were leaded by German and French scholars. Attic sculpture and architecture of the Periclean period became a crucial factor on these debates, as they were considered the highest achievement of Greek art. Until then, British archaeological circles were holding conservative opinion on this matter, based on the deep rooted classicism. However, they were compelled to respond on the movements of the continent, and the Royal Institute of British Architects investigated the Elgin Marbles of the British Museum. Their conclusion after the observation and chemical analysis of the specimens from the Parthenon and other recent discoveries from the Acropolis excavations was that, even though it is true that Greek architectures of the archaic and classical period were decorated in color, there is no evidence of coloring in the frieze, metope, and pediment sculptures of the Parthenon.BR Jones objected to this conclusion, and presented a wholly colored – including the skins of the human figures - reconstruction model of the Parthenon frieze at the Greek Court of the Crystal Palace. Exhibited on the upper part of the narrow gallery, much higher than the viewpoints of the visitors, Jones’s colored models were intended for the visitors to feel what was the original state and architectural environment of the Parthenon frieze. He also published An Apology for the Colouring of the Greek Court in the Crystal Palace (1854), where he explained his theoretical grounds for the experiments of colors. What should be considered for the reconstruction model of Jones is that his trial was an extension of the contemporary polychrome debates, where the art of the classical period represented by the Parthenon was the center of the acute conflict. Several scholars like Francis C. Penrose, who were considered as the highest authority on Classical Greek architecture in England, and other scholars on Greek literature and history, as well as artists like George Scharf, who participated in the Crystal Palace exhibition. Also leading theories of the scholars in the Continent like Franz Kugler, Gottfried Semper, Karl Otfried Müller were rapidly introduced and inspected by the British archaeological world.BR Their ultimate interest was the condition of the ‘best period of ancient Greek art,’ that is, the architecture and sculpture of the Periclean Athens, and how their ideal image became conformed to the polychrome method of decoration. There arose detailed questions if the main body of the architecture and skin of the human figures in statues were wholly colored, or they were tinted, in order not the spoil the texture of the white marble, or the ancients applied coating on the surfaces of the marble and colored on top of them. There were various attempts to find answers for them, and drew several experimental movements on this subject by the contemporary artists as well. These debates and experiments show us how the British archaeology developed from the artifacts-collecting antiquarian dilettantism to a scientific field of investigation, and how the idealistic aesthetics of classicism conflicted to the positive data of archaeology during this development, and how much significance the ideal image of the architectural sculptures of the Parthenon has for the study of Greek art in the 19th century.

American Communist Idealism in George Cram Cook’s The Athenian Women (1918)

The Athenian Women, written by the American George Cram Cook with input from Susan Glaspell, is a serious, substantial play drawing chiefly on Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae. It premiered on March 1st 1918 with the Provincetown Players. Cook was convinced of parallels between the Peloponnesian War and World War I. He believed there had been communists in Periclean Athens comparable to those who were making strides in Russia (in 1922 to become the USSR) and the socialists in America, amongst whom he and Glaspell counted themselves. The paper examines the text and production contexts of The Athenian Women, traces its relationships with several different ancient Greek authors including Thucydides as well as Aristophanes, and identifies the emphatically stated socialist and feminist politics articulated by the two main ‘proto-communist’ characters, Lysicles and Aspasia. Although the play was not particularly successful, its production had a considerable indirect impact on the future directions taken by left-wing theatre in the USA, through the subsequent dramas of Glaspell and Eugene O’Neill for the Provincetown Players.

Confessional Crises and Cultural Politics in Twentieth-Century America

Confessional Crises and Cultural Politics in Twentieth-Century America

General

The last few years have brought us handbooks, companion guides and encyclopaedias in serried ranks. In size these works have ranged from magnum (opus) through to double magnum or perhaps (in the case of the 2010 Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome) to jeroboam. The new Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Ancient History outdoes them all in capacity (clearly a rehoboam) and range. This vast work – comprising over 5,000 entries in more than 7,000 pages – advances confidently (note the bold use of the definite article in the title: TheEncyclopedia of Ancient History) beyond the confines of the ‘classical world’ and ‘ancient Greece and Rome’ to provide nothing less than a reference work for the whole of Ancient History from the Near East to the Egypt of the Pharaohs, from the Neolithic to the eighth century ce. The refusal of this work to recognize traditional boundaries would clearly have appealed to the spirit of Alexander III, the Great (whose entry spans an impressive six pages). Alexander would no doubt also be impressed by the remarkable juxtapositions which occur within this alphabetized encyclopaedia: in volume 11 we move within five pages from an Egyptian residence and town associated with Rameses II (Piramese) to the Greek district of Elis around Olympia (Pisa) to a ‘short Jewish magical text of a Late Antique Babylonian provenance’ (Pishra de-Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa; 5337). Alexander's attempts at eastward expansion proved, in the end, too much for his men. One wonders if this work too – in the form of thirteen printed volumes – may prove to be similarly overwhelming to many an undergraduate whose starting point lies in Augustan Rome or Periclean Athens:(consider, for example the daunting thirty-five pages of maps which precede the first entry in volume 1 (not ‘Aardvark’, alas, but ‘Abantes’). However, it is important to consider that the print version of this work is not the end of the project nor even the main point of the project at all. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History is a true child of the World Wide Web. It has clearly been conceptualized as an online resource (not simply as a printed text that can be viewed on a computer screen) that will continue to expand and evolve: The electronic form of the EAH will continue to add new articles, indeed new areas of the ancient world; to revise existing ones; and to create spaces for correction and discussion of published articles – even, in line with our conviction of the open-endedness of history, counter-articles… . It will try to represent something of the unsettledness of our disciplines and their vitality. It will continue to evolve as historical studies do. (cxxxvi)

Herodotus and Samos: Personal or Political?

This article addresses the reasons behind Herodotus' interest in the island of Samos. Taking as its starting point the famous passage about Samian erga (3.60), I examine Herodotus' stated and implicit reasons for his extended Samian logoi . Scholars tend to explain his interest in Samos as lying in details of his biography. I argue that any such biographical connection to the island merely reinforces stronger unstated reasons for going on long about Samos: these have to do with Periclean Athens' competition with Polycratean Samos as a historical antecedent for thalassocracy, and-not unrelated-the Samian revolt.

“She Must Be a Rare One”: Aspasia, Corinne, and the Improvisatrice Tradition

Improvisation was long the apex of the arts of eloquence, yet modern scholars ignore its importance as a rhetorical and literary genre, thereby severing a long-enduring connection between rhetorical and literary history. This essay reads Plato's Menexenus to formulate a theory of improvisational rhetoric around the cultural position of Aspasia, a foreign woman renowned for eloquence in Periclean Athens. It then places this construction of improvisation alongside Germaine de Staël's early-nineteenth-century novel Corinne to demonstrate the endurance and evolution of improvisational rhetoric. Doing so not only illustrates the long-standing—and long-neglected—influence of improvisation on both rhetorical theory and literary production but also challenges present-day disciplinary prejudice by revealing the permeable boundary between imaginative works and those that provide rhetorical instruction.

The language of tyranny in Cratinus,PCG258

A mock theogony from Cratinus'Chironesseems straightforward and uncomplicated evidence of the jibes of the comic poets against Pericles. The source for this fragment, Plutarch'sLifeof Pericles, chapter 3, in fact connects it with the usual sallies of thearchaiaabout the shape of Pericles' head. Yet, the fragment equally reflects the presence of contemporary opposition in Periclean Athens against the statesman. Plutarch simply covers the density of its allusion, which is something beyond the comic resource of attacking marked peculiarities of appearance of politically prominent individuals: the Homeric-stylehapaxκεΦαληγερέτανalludes to the deformity of Pericles' head but also to his demagogic ability to assemble the masses in the so-called ‘language of the gods’.Many questions are, however, posed when we attempt to account for the allegories or the analogies the passage establishes. As Hanow wondered back in 1830:verum quidΧρόνος πρεσβυγενήςad Periclem faciat, non reperio; quamquam certam quandam rem a Cratino spectatam arbitror. The main purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the fragment afresh, in the hope of showing that the source for the parody of this piece of Cratinus may be traced elsewhere than so far suggested, and that there is good reason for Stasis and Chronus fathering this sinister infant.

THE AGE OF PERICLES IN THE MODERN ATHENS: GREEK HISTORY, SCOTTISH POLITICS, AND THE FADING OF ENLIGHTENMENT

This article explores changing responses among late Georgian Scots towards Greek history in general and classical Athens in particular. Tracing the early study of Greece through some of the more innovative Scottish Enlightenment scholars, it argues that Periclean Athens long remained a difficult and controversial topic, mainly because eighteenth-century authors found it hard to offer a fully sympathetic treatment of a historical subject strongly associated with radical political democracy. With the defeat of Napoleon, however, and as new ways were sought to celebrate Scotland's own recent imperial, economic, and intellectual achievements, Athenianism gained in credibility, assisted by the rising tide of cultural Hellenism and political Hellenophilia throughout Britain. Plans were laid for a national monument in Edinburgh, modelled on the Athenian Parthenon. Nevertheless, insufficient support was forthcoming and by 1830 the project had stalled. Not least among the causes of this debacle – popularly known as ‘Scotland's Disgrace’ – were the contradictions involved in Athenian symbolism: the abandoned monument ultimately served to represent only the failings of Scotland's tory establishment.

An Introduction to Book History

An Introduction to Book History The Editors This is a new journal for a new kind of history. Historians have always relied on documents to reconstruct the past, and perhaps for that reason they overlooked, until very recently, the history of documents themselves. American historiography began to turn in that direction in 1979, with the publication of Elizabeth Eisenstein’s The Printing Press as an Agent of Change and Robert Darnton’s The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie. “Book history” is the least unsatisfactory name for this scholarly frontier, which is certainly not limited to books—or to historians. Our field of play is the entire history of written communication: the creation, dissemination, and uses of script and print in any medium, including books, newspapers, periodicals, manuscripts, and ephemera. We will explore the social, cultural, and economic history of authorship, publishing, printing, the book arts, copyright, censorship, bookselling and distribution, libraries, literacy, literary criticism, reading habits, and reader response. And in so doing, we will freely disregard disciplinary and professional boundaries. Our pages are open to academics and nonacademics, to scholars of history, literature, sociology, economics, art, education, the classics, communications, journalism, religion, and anthropology, as well as to publishing professionals, book collectors, and librarians. All of those constituencies have contributed to the accelerating growth of book history over the past twenty years. Following the completion of the magisterial Histoire de l’édition française in 1986, teams of scholars have completed, prepared, or planned similar multivolume histories for the United States, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands. Academic presses are developing book history lists and monograph series. A modest but growing network of campus centers for the history of the book has taken root, and formal graduate programs are [End Page ix] beginning to organize. Meanwhile, book history societies have sprung up on an almost annual basis: Britain’s Book Trade History Group (founded 1985), the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature (1987), the Early Book Society (1987), the Association québécoise pour l’étude de l’imprimé (1987), the Association internationale de bibliologie (1988), the Leipziger Arbeitskreis zur Geschichte des Buchwesens (1990), the Research Society for American Periodicals (1990), the Réseau international sur l’histoire du livre et de l’édition (1991), the Nederlandse Boekhistorische Vereniging (1993). Our sponsor, the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing, has built up a world membership of one thousand since it was launched in 1991. In that short interval, book history has energized more established fields of study. We have already transformed such historical controversies as the origins of the French Revolution, shifting attention from economic causes to the role of print in subverting the ancien régime. With the exhaustion of literary theory, younger professors of literature are finding that book history provides a more rigorous and empirical approach to such issues as reader response, canon formation, and the politics of literary criticism. Church historians are discovering that every religious denomination is also a publishing firm, that evangelicals pioneered mass-market publishing and the big business corporation as we know it today. Classicists are turning to such questions as the origins of the Greek alphabet and literacy in Periclean Athens. Musicologists have come to see the importance of producing their own publishing histories and reception studies. Librarians, once consigned to the margins of academia, are now venturing into the mainstream of social and cultural history, exploring the role of libraries in shaping reading tastes, assimilating immigrants, censorship, racial segregation, prisons, and the Nazi holocaust. Russian scholars have long produced superb studies in the history of print and the sociology of reading, which we intend to translate and publish; and now Slavicists in the West are beginning to look at the thrillers and romances and science fiction that always made up the bulk of the modern Russian literary diet. Even some computer scientists have come to see the history of books as part of a larger unified field of the history of information. The fact that book history is information history might explain its recent vigorous growth. Just as the industrial societies of the late nineteenth century...

The Apple Falls from the Apple Tree (review)

Reviewed by: The Apple Falls from the Apple Tree Thomas Doulis Helen Zeese Papanikolas, The Apple Falls from the Apple Tree. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. 1996. Pp. vii + 241. $27.95 cloth, $14.95 paper. Readers of JMGS should need no introduction to the work of Helen Papanikolas, who established her reputation initially as the ethnic historian of the Greeks of the inter-mountain states and produced austere monographs of the first generation of immigrants. Papanikolas adapted her skill as ethnic historian to suit the role of biographer in her fine Aimilia-Georgios = Emily-George (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987). Written with great scope and sympathy, this novelistic version of the marriage of two strangers—her parents—is a plain, unadorned, and profoundly moving narrative, richly comic in places. Small Bird, Tell Me: Stories of Greek Immigrants in Utah (Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, 1993) shows Papanikolas’s struggle to free herself from the historian’s task, the embedding of necessary information in narrative, and to achieve fictional autonomy. Part of her problem is that she cannot be confident that her readers know enough of Greek-American culture to understand her fiction fully. She has made major strides with the present collection, however, and by and large achieves her goal, though she still grapples with the challenge of providing necessary information to the reader without overburdening her story. To use Percy Lubbock’s metaphor in The Craft of Fiction (New York: Scribner, 1921), she is stabilizing her ladder without leaning it against the wall of external reality, since as he points out, “there is no wall” for fiction “to stand against.” Technical information of impressive scope is skillfully embedded in these narratives, two of which, “County Hospital, 1939” and the title story, are novella length. The former contains observations of Depression era austerity seen through the point of view of Kallie Poulos, a medical technologist who must deal with peasant values of the Old World. Though she has gone to college and is a mature young woman, she must take a position secondary to her brother, who gets to drive the automobile bought explicitly for her use. The richly textured story is dense with contemporary scientific processes and with relatively few parenthetical asides meant to provide cultural information to non-Greek readers. Papanikolas does not take the easy way in defining the conflict her protagonist embodies: by educating herself, Kalliopi is narrowing her chances for finding an appropriate mate among Greek males. With little closure at the story’s end, the reader is left uncertain about what becomes of her. Using the point of view of three generations of Greek-American women, “Getting Ready for the Festival” is a study of manners and morals of a Utah Greek Orthodox church community. The oldest women are hardened, fixed by their immigrant and picture-bride status. It is their daughters, women born in this country rather than those who emigrated after the second world war, who try to cope with change. They grew up in a time when family secrets had to be kept “within four walls” and children would be beaten for revealing any detail that might harm a sister’s marital prospects. Now they live in a time when moral conduct, verbal expression in magazine subject-matter, and life styles have [End Page 158] loosened to tabloid vulgarity. Two young women, Tiffany, with her “surgically pretty nose,” and her friend Chrissie, listen to the conversations passively but judgmentally. Hovering over these themes are doubts about the prospects for the continuation of the festival as a way for the community to organize itself and support the Church. The out-marrying, primarily with Mormons, which is the major theme of the title story, is touched on here. In “Neither Nose Nor Ass,” two childhood friends, Greg and Manny, sons of old immigrants, marry twin sisters and progress though life from the 1930s to the 1970s. Greg, conservative and afflicted with ancestor-worship, is preoccupied with the achievement of Periclean Athens, while Manny, entrepreneurial and studiously anti-intellectual, is a counter to what he considers Greg’s flaws. Papanikolas, interested more in narrating external events...

Polygnotos and vase painting in classical Athens

Susan B. Matheson has written a detailed analysis of the work of Polygnotos, a major vase painter of classical Athens whose workshop flourished for 50 years, from the golden age of Pericles to the end of the 5th century. Inspired by the monumental art of Pheidias and other sculptors who defined 5th-century classical style, Polygnotos and his workshop reflected this style as it emerged from the sculptures of the Parthenon. Matheson provides a comprehensive chronology for Polygnotos's own works. She compares the evolving Polygnotan style to that of contemporary Athenian workshops and demonstrates its seminal influence on the later vase painting of southern Italy. She then surveys Polygnotan iconography to show its relation to contemporary vase painting and sculpture, emphasising both its originality and its continuity with Athenian iconographic traditions. RThe more than 600 pieces discussed here, 171 of which are illustrated, reflect the diverse religious, historical and intellectual trends in Periclean Athens. Some vases bear innovative representations of myths from the dramas of Sophocles and Aeschylus, while others portray the religious sacrifices and rituals of Athenian civic life. Perhaps the most arresting, though, reveal the private life of Athens - drunken revellers at symposia, women conversing together, a sombre young man departing for war.

The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens

The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens

Erwin Panofsky and the Renascence of the Renaissance

It has long been understood that historians, literary critics, and art historians who write about past cultures use those cultures for present purposes, whether by turning Periclean Athens into an ideal for present-day America or the fall of the Roman empire into an ominous signal for modern empires. German humanists who sought refuge from Nazi Germany had, however, special reasons to use their cultural studies as a strategy of escape. Erich Auerbach in exile in Istanbul and Ernst Robert Curtius in “inner exile” in Bonn provided narratives of European literary history that minimized the contribution of their native culture, and in so reworking the narrative of Western literature, they were able to reshape their own identities. Their reconstructions of past cultures can thus be read as attempts at self-reconstruction. Ultimately, however, the attempt by such scholars to distance themselves from German culture often faltered on the very Germanness of their cultural reconstructions.

Democracy: Electoral and Athenian

The third-century Christian convert, Tertullian, once asked, “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” A twentieth-century American political scientist might ask, What has Athens to do with Washington? In both cases the answer is not as obvious as the rhetorical question would imply. Historically, revelation's identity depended on its contrast with reason even as it sought reason's discredit. American democracy has always been dogged by a so-called Founding whose Fathers never intended a democracy and were scathing in their opinion of “the turbulent democracies of ancient Greece” (Madison 1961, No. 14, 84).Tocqueville claimed to have discovered in America a democracy “more perfect than antiquity had dared dream of” (Tocqueville 1961, vol. 1(1), 34). His comparison was between Periclean Athens of the fifth century (BCE) and the New England township of the Jacksonian era. His intention was to show that American democracy was superior to any of the ancient democracies because it was stabler, more law-abiding, and respectful of property rights. Here Tocqueville was simultaneously reaffirming the virtually unanimous judgment, from Plato to the authors ofThe Federalist, about the innate tendency of democracy toward anarchy and expropriation of the rich, and attempting to present America as the great exception.

Democracy: Electoral and Athenian

The third-century Christian convert, Tertullian, once asked, “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” A twentieth-century American political scientist might ask, What has Athens to do with Washington? In both cases the answer is not as obvious as the rhetorical question would imply. Historically, revelation's identity depended on its contrast with reason even as it sought reason's discredit. American democracy has always been dogged by a so-called Founding whose Fathers never intended a democracy and were scathing in their opinion of “the turbulent democracies of ancient Greece” (Madison 1961, No. 14, 84).Tocqueville claimed to have discovered in America a democracy “more perfect than antiquity had dared dream of” (Tocqueville 1961, vol. 1(1), 34). His comparison was between Periclean Athens of the fifth century (BCE) and the New England township of the Jacksonian era. His intention was to show that American democracy was superior to any of the ancient democracies because it was stabler, more law-abiding, and respectful of property rights. Here Tocqueville was simultaneously reaffirming the virtually unanimous judgment, from Plato to the authors of The Federalist, about the innate tendency of democracy toward anarchy and expropriation of the rich, and attempting to present America as the great exception.

The classical system-organizational insights into what made Periclean Athens great

Periclean Athens represents one of the most remarkable social systems in the world's history in terms of innovative output in almost all fields of thought and endeavour. This paper presents a discussion on some of the findings of a research project analyzing the Athenian sociopolitical organization from a systems perspective. The Viable Systems Model was used by the authors as a framework for examining the reorganization of Athens' sociopolitical structure by Cleisthenes in 508/7 BC; this structure was to provide the basis for Classical Athenian democracy. The analysis provides fresh insight for those with an interest in organization theory or classical history.

In Search of the Sophists - Edward Schiappa: Protagoras and Logos: a Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric. (Studies in Rhetoric/Communication.) Pp. xvii + 239. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina press, 1991. $29.95. - Jacqueline De Romilly: The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Pp. xv + 260. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992 (originally published in

In Search of the Sophists - Edward Schiappa: Protagoras and Logos: a Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric. (Studies in Rhetoric/Communication.) Pp. xvii + 239. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina press, 1991. $29.95. - Jacqueline De Romilly: The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Pp. xv + 260. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992 (originally published in

The great Sophists in Periclean Athens

1. The Rise and Success of the Sophists 2. A New Teaching 3. Rhetorical Education 4. The Doctrines of the Sophists: A Tabula Rasa 5. The Dangers of the the Tabula Rasa: Immoralism 6. Reconstruction on the Basis of the Tabula Rasa 7. Recovering the Virtues 8. Politics Conclusion and Afterthoughts Bibliographical Notes Chronological Table Index Supplementary References Translator's Note on Greek and Latin Texts