Peri-urban Dairy Production System Research Articles

Urban and Peri-urban Dairy Production System in Semi-arid Region of Uttar Pradesh

Urban and peri-urban area are dairy intensive area which provides milk and milk products to the urban areas and thus help to generates regular income to these farmers. With rise in the urbanization the demands of milk and milk products is rising and farmers should be prepared the accelerating demands. The production of dairy animal is mostly influenced by feeding, management, health care and management practices with a clear understanding about scientific knowledge. Therefore, the efforts are made to assess the knowledge level of farmers and the factors affecting the dairy production in urban and peri-urban areas. This study was conducted purposively to assessing the Urban and Peri-urban Dairy production system in semi-arid region of Uttar Pradesh. The information on Urban and Peri-urban Dairy production system was collected using structured interview schedule from 120 households rearing cattle and buffalo from urban and peri-urban area. The results showed that majority of the respondents were having high dairy farming experience and buffalo was the preferred animal rather than cow. Majority of the farmers timely fed colostrum to newly born calves (97.50%) but the practice of feeding mineral mixture to animals is still the matter of concern. Majority of farmers were relying on natural service for breeding their bovines. Majority of farmers cleaned shed at regular interval to avoid infection and majority of them vaccinate their animals against one or the other diseases.

APPRAISAL OF LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM IN PERIURBAN AREAS OF FAISALABAD-PUNJAB

Local governments in big cities of the Punjab (Pakistan) have moved animals out of cities in order to avoid severe difficulties of congestion, hygiene, safety and traffic. This move resulted in development of dairy colonies in the peri-urban areas of big urban centers. Peri-urban dairy colonies provide an important link between peripheries of big cities and urban centers through provision of milk and meat. This important peri-urban production system needs to be studied in detail in terms of collecting basic data about its economic viability, ascertaining major constraints and suggesting policy options for its improvement. Keeping the above in view, the present research investigated peri-urban dairy production system in third largest city of Pakistan i.e., Faisalabad during the year 2021. About sixty respondents from seven different peripheries of Faisalabad were chosen purposively and interviewed. The data collected from peri-urban milk producers was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, percentages, averages, mean values and cross-tabulation. The study revealed that net income from livestock farming on overall basis was Rs.1108 per day while net income on farm size categories wise were Rs. 170, Rs. 910 and Rs. 2005 for small, medium and large livestock owners respectively. Major proportion of farmers (about 38 percent) from all three categories consider ed costly inputs as a major issue in peri-urban livestock farming followed by poor veterinary services (about 16 percent). Peri-urban dairy production system needs improvement in the form of various key factors such as proper feeding, availability of quality veterinary services, improved marketing of milk etc.

Assessment of Major Causes of Calf Mortality in Urban and Periurban Dairy Production System of Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional calf mortality study was conducted in urban and periurban dairy farms in Addis Ababa, special zones of Oromia and Amhara regions in July and August 2015. The objectives of the study were to estimate the annual mortality and to assess the major causes of calf mortality in the dairy farms. One-year retrospective data on calf mortality were collected from 330 farms by face-to-face interview using the pretested and structured questionnaire format and direct observation of farm practices. A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify the predictor variables associated with early calf mortality. Data were analysed using Statistical Package, Stata SE for Windows, version 12.0. The annual mean calf mortality from birth-to-weaning was reported as 18.5% (95% CI: 12.6, 24.3%). The prenatal loss due to fetal death and stillbirth was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.7, 13.6%). The overall annual loss due to fetal death and calf preweaning mortality was 26.7% (95% CI: 21.2, 32.2%). Age-specific mortality declined with increased age, and the highest mortality was recorded during the first month of life extending up to the third month of age. Disease was the most important causes of calf mortality (73.2%). Among the diseases, diarrhea (63%) and respiratory disorders (17%) were the important causes of calf mortality. Malpractices in calf management were identified, including restricted colostrum and milk feeding, poor care and supplemental feeding, and poor health management. Interventions in dairy cattle health and farm husbandry are recommended to control calf mortality.

Nutrient use efficiencies, losses, and abatement strategies for peri-urban dairy production systems

Manure management is an important aspect of urban livestock production that has a profound impact on metropolitan living. Data were collected from 28 dairy farms in peri-urban Beijing and analysed to determine farm nitrogen and phosphorus flows and costs associated with various manure management options to reduce nutrient losses. Dairy production in peri-urban Beijing was characterized by its use of high protein diets (16.3–17.0% crude protein), high reliance on imported feeds (92–98%), and low manure recycling (3.0–10.8%). Farms of 900–2000 cattle showed lower use efficiencies than farms of <900 cattle. Costs of manure handling ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 Yuan kg−1 milk. Among various manure treatment options, biogas digesters with aerobic lagoons had the lowest N losses and costs, justifying their investments. In conclusion, peri-urban dairy production systems were contrasting with traditional systems and within their own systems in nutrient use efficiency and losses, which was mainly decided by their farm size. To improve the nutrient use efficiencies and reduce losses, farmers and managers of peri-urban dairy production system should have a full awareness of different feed intake and manure management.

Serological evidence of Bovine herpesvirus-1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus and Schmallenberg virus infections in relation to reproductive disorders in dairy cattle in Ethiopia

Reproductive disorders in dairy cattle have been noted to be common in urban and peri-urban dairy production system in Ethiopia. The available reports on the causes of these disorders, however, are not conclusive. A case-control study was designed to investigate the possible association of major reproductive disorders in dairy cattle with exposure status to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Cows with history of abortion/stillbirth were considered as cases (n=204) while, those cows with no such history were taken as control (n=359). The serological screening tests used for all the three viruses were blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (B-ELISAs). Of the total 563 samples tested 58.4%, 43.8% and 32.9% were positive for SBV, BHV-1 and BVDV, respectively. Significant difference between cases and controls were noted for SBV (p=0.026) and BHV-1 exposures (p<0.001). The difference noted for BVDV serostatus was not significant (p>0.05). The highest proportion (28.9%) of concurrent exposures was noted for BHV-1 and SBV, followed by SBV and BVDV (21.5%) and BHV-1 and BVDV (20.2%). Evidence of exposures to all the three viruses were detected in 14.4% of the animals. However, significant difference between cases (39.7%) and controls (22.9%) among cattle with multiple sero-positivity was noted only for BHV-1 and SBV (p<0.001). Proportion of uterine infection (p=0.002) and fetal membrane retention (p=0.005) increased in BHV-1 seropositive animals, while repeat breeding was common (p=0.034) among BVDV exposed ones. Seropositive animals to any of the three viruses were detected in all sampled areas and the proportion of cattle with BHV-1 and SBV exposure history had a higher risk to at least one type of the reproductive disorders mentioned compared to the corresponding sero-negative groups.

A pragmatic approach to addressing needs of dairy and crop productionsystem in the peri-urban area of Bengaluru, India

Increase in the urban population leads to increase in demand for quality food and milk in India. Moreover, the future urbanizing India is greatly depending upon the farming in the fringes of towns and cities to meet its increasing food demand. This has many advantages to the peri-urban dairy and crop farmers. However number of constraints limits the production potential of dairy and crop farming in peri-urban areas. So, the present study was undertaken in peri-urban area of Bengaluru, Karnataka. The identified advantages and constraints pertaining to crop and dairy production system along with suitable strategies were described for further encouragement of peri-urban farming. Findings indicate that additional source of income, remunerative price for milk, high demand for fresh milk were found to be the major advantages of peri-urban dairy production system. In crop production system, easy market access to farm produce, less cost in transportation of farm produce and huge demand for fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers were the major advantages in peri-urban crop production. Major constraints in practicing peri-urban dairy farming were; increase in frequency of disease incidence in dairy animals, non-availability of fodder in time and insufficient land availability for fodder production. Non-availability of irrigation water, non-availability of labour for farm work and increase in labour cost in peri-urban region were reported as serious constraints in peri-urban area of Bengaluru region.

Assessment on Peri-Urban Dairy Production System and Evaluation of Quality of Cows’ Raw Milk: A Case of Shambu, Fincha and Kombolcha Towns of Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional survey and raw milk laboratory analysis were conducted with the objectives of determining peri-urban dairy production system and quality of cow’s raw milk of Shambu, Fincha and Kombolcha towns of Horro Guduru Wollega zone. Ninty peri-urban householder dairy producers were selected randomly with 30 householde producers representing each town. For microbial study, thirty-(30) raw cow milk samples were collected from three towns. 50ml representative individual milk sample were taken aseptically from the bulk tank into sterile glass bottles within 15mins of milking, labeled and kept on ice for transportation to Holleta Dairy Microbiology laboratory. The means and standard deviations of total farmland, crop land and grazing land holdings of individual householder producers were 0.97±1.25, 0.87±1.18 and 0.86±0.23 respectively. The (mean and SD) age at first calving (AFC) for local cows was 46.22±12.15 where as it was 36.68±12.77 for cross breed cows. The (mean ± SD) AFC was significantly (P<0.05) shorter for cross breed heifers. Milk productivity in the study area was 1.52 and 7.21 litres/cow/day for local cows and for cross breed cows respectively. Dairy (mean ± SD) productivity difference among local and cross breed cows was highly significant (P<0.001) where cross breed cows yields were about five folds higher than local cows. The mean and standard deviation of standard plate count (SPC) was 9.73±0.49, 9.62±0.31 and 9.78±0.38 log 10 cfu ml -1 for Shambu, Fincha and Kombolcha towns respectively. The overall mean and standard deviation coliform count found was 5.6±0.38, 5.7±0.09 and 5.4±0.33 log 10 cfu ml -1 for Shambu, Fincha and Kombolcha towns respectively. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in coliform count of cows’ raw milk. Keywords: Bacterial load Ethiopia Horro Guduru Peri-Urban Dairying Raw milk

Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in high yielding crossbred cows using Draminski mastitis detector

The subclinical mastitis (SCM) causes great economical loss in dairy farms due to reduction in milk production. The objectives of the study were to know the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows using Draminski mastitis detector and to evaluate the efficacy of intramammary infusion against SCM in lactating dairy cows. The study was conducted in crossbred dairy cattle in peri-urban dairy production system within seven kilometers around the artificial insemination Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during April, 2011 to May, 2012. The overall prevalence of SCM in lactating cows was 55.1%. The highest prevalence of SCM was 84.4% in more than 7 years old cows. The prevalence of SCM was significantly (p&lt;0.001) increasing with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of SCM was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher (73.7%) in cows producing more than 15 liters of milk. Cows with 75% Holstein Friesian genotype experienced more SCM (63.0%) than other genotypes. An increased prevalence of SCM with increased number of parity in cows was also observed. The prevalence of SCM was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in cows with parity more than five. The highest prevalence of SCM was recorded in left hind quarter (32.3%) but the difference was not significant (p&gt;0.05) statistically. The efficacy of Neomastipra-JR5® as intra mammary infusion against SCM in lactating cows was 78.2%. Draminski mastitis detector could be a potential candidate for the diagnosis of SCM in dairy animals in Bangladesh context. But before introducing this machine in the field it should be validated either by comparing with a gold standard test like somatic cell counter or by using latent class evaluation in a multi-test approach. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.17731 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (1): 37-41

Gender role in peri urban dairy production system of Ambo town Ethiopia

Gender role in peri urban dairy production system of Ambo town Ethiopia

Gender role in peri urban dairy production system of Ambo town, Ethiopia

Though dairy is a common farming enterprise and income-generating activity in Ambo town, no systematic study has been undertaken to identify the gender role in dairy production. The objectives of the study were to identify gender role in dairy activities; and to analysis gender participation in production and marketing of dairy products. It was found that women are mainly responsible for barn cleaning, milk selling, processing and feeding, where as male undertakes shed construction, feed storing and animal health treatments. In addition access and control for income of live animal sale is mainly to male. Dairy production is indispensable sector to fulfill the need of every growing human population. Hence, combined effort of gender is very important for the sector to be more profitable enterprise. Key words: Dairy production, gender role, peri urban.

Performance and limitation of two dairy production systems in the North western Ethiopian highlands

In order to characterise the dairy production systems as well as the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows in the study area, a total of 256 and 54 dairy farms were used for survey and monitoring data collection, respectively. Based on breed, land size, feed and market accessibility, two major dairy production systems were identified: a rather specialized, urban, and a peri-urban dairy production system. Urban farmers owned larger herds but farmed less land, and sold a greater proportion of liquid milk than peri-urban farmers, who processed more milk. Purchased feed played a more important role for the feed supply of urban than peri-urban farms. Significant breed effects were found for productive and reproductive performance traits. It is concluded that improved breeding and health management, genetic improvement of local breeds and supplementation of poor quality feed resources are the key factors for enhancing productivity of dairy cows and thereby increasing family income from milk production.

Drug sensitivity of trypanosome populations from cattle in a peri-urban dairy production system in Uganda

Cattle from 50 farms in Mukono County, Uganda, were monitored for trypanosomes every second month over an 18-month period (1995–1996) by mini-anion exchange chromatography and haematocrit centrifugation techniques. Eighteen trypanosome isolates collected from cattle during this period were characterised in cattle, goats and mice for their sensitivity to homidium, isometamidium and diminazene; 10 of the isolates were selected randomly, 8 were from animals that had the highest serum isometamidium concentrations at the time the isolates were collected. All the isolates contained only Trypanosoma brucei and/or T. vivax. In naı̈ve Boran ( Bos indicus) cattle the isolates exhibited low pathogenicity and were sensitive to diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) and isometamidium chloride at 0.5 mg/kg bw. In goats, 5 of 8 isolates were highly pathogenic, producing clinical signs indicative of central nervous system involvement within 60 days of infection; all such isolates contained T. brucei. However, all 8 populations were sensitive in goats to diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg bw. In contrast, 4 populations were refractory to treatment with isometamidium chloride at 0.5 mg/kg bw in at least 1 out of 3 goats each. Furthermore, 5 populations were refractory to treatment with homidium chloride at 1.0 mg/kg bw in a minimum of 2 out of 3 goats each. In mice, the 50% curative dose values for 11 Mukono isolates that contained T. brucei ranged from 0.30 to 1.89 mg/kg bw for diminazene aceturate, from 0.02 to 0.17 mg/kg bw for isometamidium chloride and from 0.90 to 4.57 mg/kg bw for homidium chloride. Thus, by comparison to reference drug-sensitive populations, all the stabilates were highly sensitive to diminazene and isometamidium, while some expressed low levels of resistance to homidium.

A survey on processing and marketing characteristics of peri-urban agropastoral Dairying in Ghana

A survey was conducted in five districts on the Accra plains to characterize the peri-urban dairy production system. Results from the survey indicated that farmers were keeping cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry (Guinea fowl, turkey, chicken, and duck), cattle being the only species milked. The mean flock size was 73.6 TLU with a coefficient of variation of 103 per cent. The average cattle herd size was 133. Farmers made limited use of agro-industrial by-products. Cultivation of pastures, improved fodder, and multipurpose trees was non-existent, and neither was any system of cut and carry practised. The use of concentrate and protein supplementation was also negligible. The mean length of the dry season was 5.2 1 0.7 months. Offtake was low at 8.9 per cent per annum. Replacement and calving rates were 0.7 and 0.67, respectively. The mean age at first calving and calving interval were 36 and 14.4 months, respectively. The mean lactation length was 8.5 months. There were no crossbreds of the type 'exotic W local'. The Sanga was the predominant breed of cattle and constituted over 76 per cent of cattle kept on the Accra plains. Feeding of calves was by suckling residual milk from dams after partial milking. Calves were allowed to suckle until the cow was nearly dry, leading to a long mean calf weaning age of 8.4 months. Cows were milked once daily usually in the mornings. The mean daily partial milk yield per cow was 1.55 1 0.22 l. Mean partial annual milk yield per farm was 10,040 1 2952 l. It was concluded that the system required substantial transfer of improved technologies to increase milk production. Ghana Jnl.agric. Sci Vol.32(1), 1999: 53-58

Characterization of peri-urban dairy production system in Ghana. 1. Social attributes and characteristics of the production environmen

A survey was carried out in five districts on the Accra plains to characterize the peri-urban dairy system. Results of the survey indicated that about half of the farms visited had hired herd managers who were paid in kind with milk. The Fulani ethnic group constituted 58.2 per cent of the herdsmen encountered, followed by Ga, 20.9 per cent, Ewe, 12.0 per cent, and other mixed group, 8.9 per cent. The educational level of household heads was generally low; 49.1 per cent were illiterate, 22.0 per cent had Arabic education, while 18.0 and 10.9 per cent had primary and secondary education, respectively. Utility services, namely electricity, water and telephone, were non-existent. There were little or no farm equipment and most farmers used hand dipping as a means of applying acaricide. Integration of crops and livestock production was very low. Tenancy was communal with no private grazing lands. It was concluded that the factors mentioned above were constraints to smallholder peri-urban dairy production and need to be addressed. Ghana Jnl agric. Sci. Vol.30(2) 1997: 87-94