Perfusion Of Bladder Research Articles

Establishing In Situ Closed Circuit Perfusion of Lower Abdominal Organs and Hind Limbs in Mice.

Ex vivo perfusion is an important physiological tool to study the function of isolated organs (e.g. liver, kidneys). At the same time, due to the small size of mouse organs, ex vivo perfusion of bone, bladder, skin, prostate, and reproductive organs is challenging or not feasible. Here, we report for the first time an in situ lower body perfusion circuit in mice that includes the above tissues, but bypasses the main clearance organs (kidney, liver, and spleen). The circuit is established by cannulating the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava above the iliac artery and vein and cauterizing peripheral blood vessels. Perfusion is performed via a peristaltic pump with perfusate flow maintained for up to 2 h. In situ staining with fluorescent lectin and Hoechst solution confirmed that the microvasculature was successfully perfused. This mouse model can be a very useful tool for studying pathological processes as well as mechanisms of drug delivery, migration/metastasis of circulating tumor cells into/from the tumor, and interactions of immune system with perfused organs and tissues.

The function of P2X3 receptor and NK1 receptor antagonists on cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats

The purpose of the study is to explore the function of P2X3 and NK1 receptors antagonists on cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis in rats. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups. The rats in the control group were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 0.9% saline (4 ml/kg); the rats in the model group were i.p. injected with CYP (150 mg/kg); and the rats in the intervention group were i.p. injected with CYP with subsequently perfusion of bladder with P2X3 and NK1 receptors' antagonists, Suramin and GR 82334. Spontaneous pain behaviors following the administration of CYP were observed. Urodynamic parameters, bladder pressure-volume curve, maximum voiding pressure (MVP), and maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), were recorded. Pathological changes in bladder tissue were observed. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of P2X3 and NK1 receptors in bladder. Cyclophosphamide treatment increased the spontaneous pain behaviors scores. The incidence of bladder instability during urine storage period of model group was significantly higher than intervention group (χ(2) = 7.619, P = 0.007) and control group (χ(2) = 13.755, P = 0.000). MCC in the model group was lower than the control and intervention groups (P < 0.01). Histological changes evident in model and intervention groups rats' bladder included edema, vasodilation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In model group, the expression of P2X3 receptor increased in urothelium and suburothelium, and NK1 receptor increased in suburothelium, while the expression of them in intervention group was lower. In CYP-induced cystitis, the expression of P2X3 and NK1 receptors increased in urothelium and/or suburothelium. Perfusion of bladder with P2X3 and NK1 receptors antagonists ameliorated the bladder function.

Persistent detrusor overactivity after transurethral resection of the prostate is associated with reduced perfusion of the urinary bladder

To elucidate, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), how often detrusor overactivity (DOA) is persistent after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and if perfusion of the lower urinary tract influences postoperative outcomes. Fifty men with urodynamically confirmed DOA and bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH had a TURP. Before and 1 year after TURP the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and total prostatic volume (TPV) were evaluated. Also, the lower urinary tract was evaluated using pressure-flow studies and transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography to assess the vascular resistive index (RI) as a variable of the perfusion of the lower urinary tract. After TURP the IPSS, QoL score, PSA level and TPV decreased. Cystometric measurements showed that in 15 (30%) patients DOA was persistent after TURP. The mean (sd) maximum urinary flow rate increased from 9.20 (4.03) to 15.98 (4.62) mL/s and postvoiding residual urine volumes decreased from 109.38 (73.71) to 29.24 (45.00) mL. When men with persistent DOA (15 patients; group 1) were compared with those with no DOA after TURP (35; group 2) there was a statistically significantly higher RI of the bladder vessels in group 1, at 0.86 (0.068) than in group 2, at 0.68 ( 0.055) (P < 0.001). Persistent DOA in men after TURP seems to be associated with increased vascular resistance of the bladder vessels with subsequent reduced perfusion and hypoxia.

1358: Persistent Detrusor Instability after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate is Associated with Reduced Perfusion of the Urinary Bladder

1358: Persistent Detrusor Instability after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate is Associated with Reduced Perfusion of the Urinary Bladder

Assessment of microheterogeneity of blood flow in the rat urinary bladder by high‐resolution digital radiography

To assess high-resolution digital radiography for measuring blood flow and thus examine the microheterogeneity of bladder microcirculation in a rat model. Microheterogeneity of blood flow in both mucosa and detrusor muscle of eight anaesthetized rats was investigated using an imaging technique with very high spatial resolution (0.1 x 0.1 mm(2)) using digital radiography combined with the deposition of (3)H-labelled desmethylimipramine. The spatial pattern of blood flow was quantified by the coefficient of variation of the regional flow (CV = sd/mean). RESULTS Muscle blood flow was less than mucous blood flow (muscle : mucosa, 2.9 : 5) in the empty bladder. In the muscle layer the blood flow distribution was more heterogeneous than that in the mucosa, with a mean (sd) CV in muscle and mucosa of 0.33 (0.033) and 0.16 (0.019), respectively (P < 0.001) at the capillary level. There was a heterogeneous distribution of blood flow in the microcirculation to capillary vessels in the muscular layer, possibly reflecting a difference in dynamic blood flow of regional perfusion of the emptied bladder.

Uric acid or 1-methyl uric acid in the urinary bladder increases serum glucose, insulin, true triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels in Wistar rats.

In animals deprived of food for a long period, a drop in the fat mass below 5% of the total body mass results in an increase in blood glucocorticoids and uric acid levels, followed by foraging activity. Since the glucocorticoids increase the uric acid excretion, an increase in the level of uric acid in the bladder urine could be the signal for this feeding behaviour and subsequent fat storage. Accumulation of fat is associated with hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and hypercholesterolaemia as seen in the metabolic syndrome or hibernation. It is hypothesized that uric acid or its structurally related compound, 1-methyl uric acid (one of the metabolites of the methyl xanthines namely caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine present in coffee, tea, cocoa, and some drugs), can act on the urinary bladder mucosa and increases the blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. In rats, perfusion of the urinary bladder with saturated aqueous solution of uric acid or 1-methyl uric acid results in a significant increase in the serum levels of glucose, insulin, true triglyceride, and total cholesterol in comparison with perfusion of the bladder with distilled water at 20, 40, and 80 min. The uric acid or the 1-methyl uric acid acts on the urinary bladder mucosa and increases the serum glucose, insulin, true triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels.

Recovery of Microvascular Blood Perfusion and Energy Metabolism of the Obstructed Rabbit Urinary Bladder after Relieving Outlet Obstruction

We investigated the changes in urinary bladder microvascular blood perfusion and energy metabolism following outlet obstruction and after relieving the obstruction. We induced mild bladder outlet obstruction in male New Zealand White rabbits. Following 2 weeks of obstruction, one group of animals (n = 6) was sacrificed, while outlet obstruction was relieved in three additional groups, which were sacrificed 1 (n = 5), 2 (n = 5) and 4 (n = 5) weeks after relieving the obstruction. Seven sham-operated rabbits served as controls. Before obstruction, immediately before relieving the obstruction and preceding the sacrifice, the microvascular blood perfusion of the urinary bladder was measured using a laser Doppler blood flowmeter. The detrusor content of phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed: (1) 2 weeks of outlet obstruction significantly decreased the bladder microvascular blood perfusion, which recovered gradually after relief of the obstruction and returned to the control level by 4 weeks of obstruction reversal; (2) outlet obstruction reduced detrusor energy charge and phosphocreatine content, which were restored in parallel after relieving the obstruction; by 4 weeks the bladder had regained their normal energy producing capability; (3) bladder microvascular perfusion has a very close correlation with detrusor energy charge (r = 0.791, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings of the close correlation between microvascular perfusion and energy production in bladder outlet obstruction suggest an important role for the decreased microvascular blood perfusion in reducing bladder energy production.

Original Articles: Bladder Cancer: A New Approach Using Local Combined Microwave Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy in Superficial Transitional Bladder Carcinoma Treatment

For some time hyperthermia, alone or in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, has proved to be a promising method for treating several kinds of solid tumors. After intensive laboratory investigations a new device, based on a microwave source delivering local bladder hyperthermia together with intravesical mitomycin C chemotherapy has been clinically tested as a neoadjuvant approach in 44 patients suffering from superficial cancer of the bladder. The combined approach was administered on an outpatient basis without major complications and with acceptable local toxicity. Endoscopic and histological evaluations proved that combined local hyperthermia and chemotherapy can induce necrosis of transitional tumors. The overall response rate was 90.8%, with 70.4% complete and 20.4% partial, leaving 4 patients (9.2%) nonrespondent. Clinical and histological evaluations have confirmed the feasibility and safety of this combined treatment. Further multicentric studies have been initiated.

Effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the blood flow in the lower urinary tract of the rabbit.

The effects of oestrogen and of oestrogen combined with progesterone were examined on the fractional distribution of cardiac output (blood flow) in the genitourinary tissues of the female rabbit. Oestradiol treatment significantly increased blood perfusion in the uterus, vagina and urethra but caused no change in the perfusion of the urinary bladder or the kidneys. The wet weight of the uterus and vagina increased significantly and in the urethra there was a tendency to weight gain following oestradiol treatment. Progesterone treatment following oestrogen appeared to reduce the effect of oestrogen on both perfusion and weight gain.

Hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder in the management of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma. A review after 6 years.

Hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder in the management of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma. A review after 6 years.

Morphology and vascular anatomy of the gills of a primitive air-breathing fish, the bowfin (Amia calva).

The morphology of the gills of a primitive air breather (Amia calva) was examined by light microscopy of semithin sections of gill filaments, and gill perfusion pathways were identified by scanning-electron microscopic analysis of corrosion replicas prepared by intravascular injection of methyl methacrylate. The arrangement of gill filaments and respiratory lamellae is similar to that ot teleosts with the exception of an interfilamental support bar that is fused to the outer margins of lamellae on adjacent filaments. The prebranchial vasculature is also similar to that of teleosts, whereas the postbranchial circulation of arches III and IV is modified to permit selective perfusion of the air bladder. Gill filaments contain three distinct vascular systems: (1) the respiratory circulation which receives the entire cardiac output and perfuses the secondary lamellae; (2) a nutrient system that arises from the postlammelar circulation and perfuses filamental tissues; (3) a network of unknown function consisting of subepithelial sinusoids surrounding afferent and efferent margins of the filament and traversing the filament beneath the interlamellar epithelium. Prelamellar arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) are rare, postlammelar AVAs are common especially at the base of the filament where they form a dense network of small tortuous vessels before coalescing into a large filamental nutrient artery. Unlike in most teleosts, the outer vascular margins of the lamellae are embedded in the interfilamental support bar and become the sole vasculature of this tissue. Arterial-arterial lamellar bypass vessels were not observed. Previously observed decreases in oxygen transfer across the gills during air breathing can be explained only by redistribution of blood flow between or within the respiratory lamellae.

Hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder in the management of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma.

The clinical and histological changes following hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder have been studied in 13 patients with transitional cell carcinoma, persistent after radical radiotherapy. Continuous epidural anaesthesia was necessary to achieve a constant state of bladder relaxation during irrigation of the distended bladder. This form of hyperthermic perfusion of the bladder was effective in arresting uncontrollable haemorrhage from bladder tumours and may be of value in the treatment of this complication. Perfusion at an outflow temperature of 44 degrees C for 4 hours caused tumour necrosis. It was, however, associated with damage to the vasculature of the bladder and frequency of micturition which persisted after mucosal recovery. Perfusion at 43 degrees C also caused tumour necrosis and the after effects were less severe.