Performed Resistance Exercise Research Articles

Does Performing Resistance Exercise with a Partial Range of Motion at Long Muscle Lengths Maximize Muscle Hypertrophic Adaptations to Training?

Does Performing Resistance Exercise with a Partial Range of Motion at Long Muscle Lengths Maximize Muscle Hypertrophic Adaptations to Training?

Investigation of left atrial mechanical function and left ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters in athletes performing resistance exercise and combined exercise

Some individuals who go to fitness centers for various purposes perform resistance exercise (RE) alone, while others engage in combined exercise (CE) by including cardio exercises along with RE. Studying the effects of these two different training methods on left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic parameters and left atrial mechanical function is an important step toward understanding the effects of different types of exercise on cardiac function. This knowledge has significant implications for public health, as it can inform the development of targeted and effective exercise programs that prioritize cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate the LV systolic and diastolic parameters of athletes who engage in RE and CE using ECHO, to contribute to the growing body of literature on the cardiovascular effects of different types of exercise. Forty-two amateur athletes aged between 17 and 52 were included in our study. The participants consisted of the RE (n = 26) group who did only resistance exercise during the weekly exercise period, and the CE group (n = 16) who also did cardio exercise with resistance exercises. After determining sports age (year), weekly exercise frequency (day), and training volume (min) in addition to demographic information of RE and CE groups, left ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters and left atrial functions were determined by ECHO. Findings from our study revealed that parameters including the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (p = .008), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (p = .020), stroke volume index (SV-I) (p = .048), conduit volume (CV-I) (p = .001), and aortic strain (AS) (p = .017) were notably higher in the RE group compared to the CE group. Also left atrial active emptying volüme (LAAEV) of CE was higher than the RE group (p = .031). In conclusion, the cardiac parameters of the RE group showed more athlete’s heart characteristics than the CE group. These results may help to optimize the cardiovascular benefits of exercise routines while minimizing the potential risks associated with improper training.

The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the human skeletal muscle transcriptome.

The influence on acute skeletal muscle transcriptomics of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), as compared to established exercises, is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the effects on global mRNA-expression in the quadriceps muscle early after a single NMES-session, compared to the effects of voluntary knee extension exercise (EX), and to explore the discomfort level. Global vastus lateralis muscle gene expression was assessed (RNA-sequencing) in 30 healthy participants, before and 3 h after a 30-min session of NMES and/or EX. The NMES-treatment was applied using textile electrodes integrated in pants and set to 20% of each participant's pre-tested MVC mean (±SD) 200 (±80) Nm. Discomfort was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 0-10). The EX-protocol was performed at 80% of 1-repetition-maximum. NMES at 20% of MVC resulted in VAS below 4 and induced 4448 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 80%-overlap of the 2571 DEGs of EX. Genes well-known to be up-regulated following exercise, for example, PPARGC1A, ABRA, VEGFA, and GDNF, were also up-regulated by NMES. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated many common pathways after EX and NMES. Also, some pathways were exclusive to either EX, for example, muscle tissue proliferation, or to NMES, for example, neurite outgrowth and connective tissue proliferation. A 30-min NMES-session at 20% of MVC with NMES-pants, which can be applied with an acceptable level of discomfort, induces over 4000 DEGs, of which 80%-overlap with DEGs of EX. NMES can induce exercise-like molecular effects, that potentially can lead to health and performance benefits in individuals who are unable to perform resistance exercise.

Acceptability of Performing Resistance Exercise Breaks in the Workplace to Break Up Prolonged Sedentary Time: A Randomized Control Trial in U.S. Office Workers and Students.

We investigated the acceptability of bodyweight resistance exercise breaks (REB) to disrupt prolonged sedentary behavior in the workplace. Twenty-nine individuals completed a REB, where they performed 3-min REB 4, 8, and 16 times on days 1-2, 3-4, and 5 of the workweek, respectively, and a control condition (i.e., SIT). Productivity was assessed on days 1 and 5 each week. The acceptability of each REB frequency was assessed. When asked to complete 4, 8, and 16 REB, participants completed (mean values) 3.2, 6.2, and 9.2 REB/day, respectively. Moreover, 88%, 40%, and 9% of participants expressed that the 4-, 8-, and 16-REB frequencies were acceptable, respectively. Decision-making ability and concentration levels increased from day 1-5 of the REB week (p=0.048) but were stable during SIT. REB (4/day) are highly acceptable and could be a promising intervention strategy for reducing occupational sitting, thus decreasing sedentary-behavior-induced risk.

Inverse Association between Exercising Blood Pressure Response and Left Ventricular Chamber Size and Mass in Women Who Habitually Resistance Train

Exercise is a major modifiable lifestyle factor that leads to temporarily increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), which is thought to influence left ventricular mass normalized to body surface area (LVM/BSA). This relationship has never been studied in women who habitually perform resistance exercise. Purpose: To determine if a direct correlation exists between the SBP response to resistance exercise (change from rest; eSBP) and LVM/BSA in young healthy women who habitually resistance train. Methods: Leg extension resistance exercise was performed while continuously monitoring blood pressure using finger plethysmography. LVM was estimated using echocardiography. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Results: Thirty-one women participated (age 23 ± 3 years, height 164 ± 7 cm, body mass 63.7 ± 10.3 kg). Resting SBP (110 ± 8 mmHg, r = 0.355, p = 0.049) was shown to be directly correlated to LVM/BSA (72.0 ± 28.4 g/m2). Conversely, eSBP (30.8 ± 14.6 ∆mmHg, r = −0.437, p = 0.014) was inversely related to LVM/BSA. eSBP was not correlated to interventricular septum width (0.88 ± 0.12 cm, r = −0.137, p = 0.463) or posterior wall thickness (0.91 ± 0.15 cm, r = −0.084, p = 0.654). eSBP was inversely related to left ventricle internal diameter during diastole (LVIDd) (4.25 ± 0.33 cm, r = −0.411, p = 0.021). Conclusion: Counter to the hypothesis, these data suggest an inverse association between eSBP during resistance exercise and LVM/BSA in healthy young women who resistance train. This relationship is due to a smaller LVIDd with greater eSBP.

Challenge Not Only to the Muscles—Surface Instability Shifts Attentional Demands in Young and Older Adults While Performing Resistance Exercise

AbstractRegular physical activity is an important factor in maintaining and improving physical and cognitive functions in an aging society. Compared to resistance and endurance training, motor tasks with attentional demands and cognitive activation are considered to have a greater potential for improving executive functions. Unstable devices increase the coordinative demands and could thus lead to increased cognitive engagement during acute resistance exercises. This study aimed to investigate the required attentional resources during squats on stable and unstable surfaces in young and older adults. For this purpose, 13 young (Mage = 23.5, SD = 2.7 years) and 17 older (Mage = 70.2, SD = 4.3 years) healthy adults performed dumbbell squats on a flat ground (stable condition) and on an unstable device (unstable condition) while simultaneously conducting a visual-verbal Stroop task. Attentional resources for the stable and unstable conditions were assessed by calculating the differences in reaction time for the Stroop task (dual-task effect) from the single-task to the dual-task condition, respectively. As a result, there was a significant higher negative dual-task effect (i.e., cognitive performance decrement) while squatting on an unstable (− 13.96%) versus a stable surface (− 8.68%). Older adults did not show significantly greater dual-task effects than young adults. In conclusion, the attentional resources required during acute resistance training may be increased by the use of unstable devices. The fact that no age differences were found could be a consequence of the strict selection criteria for the study (selection bias).

Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation has been shown to decrease body fat percentage in adults ≥ 50 years of age. However, the effect on adults < 50 years of age is currently unknown. To address this limitation, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed several meta-analyses comparing studies that included resistance exercise and creatine supplementation to resistance exercise and placebo on fat mass and body fat percentage Twelve studies were included, involving 266 participants. Adults (<50 years of age) who supplemented with creatine and performed resistance exercise experienced a very small, yet significant reduction in body fat percentage (-1.19%, p = 0.006); however, no difference was found in absolute fat mass (-0.18 kg, p = 0.76). Collectively, in adults < 50 years of age, the combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation produces a very small reduction in body fat percentage without a corresponding decrease in absolute fat mass.

Effects of 4weeks of whole-body vibration training on energy expenditure during deep squats of male well-trained students.

From the perspective of energy expenditure, this study investigated the effects of whole-body vibration training on the energy metabolism of deep squats with different weights. Twenty-two healthy male college students with sports experiences were selected and randomly assigned to perform resistance exercise vibration (REV) or resistance exercise (RE) with varying loads two times per week for 4weeks. Oxygen uptake and heart rate were measured before, during, and after exercises using a gas analyzer, and energy expenditure was calculated. The results showed the following: 1) the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure of the REV group were significantly higher than those of the RE group during and 30min after exercise (p < 0.01), respectively, and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was also significantly higher than that of the RE group (p < 0.01). 2) Changes in the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure were stable with increasing exercise in both vibration and non-vibration conditions. There was no difference in energy expenditure per unit of body mass versus additional energy per kilogram of body weight (p > 0.05). 3) No significant differences in changing exercise intensity were observed in the REV group compared to those in the RE group during the adjacent incremental load phases of △ (40%-0%) and △ (80%-40%) of load during and 30min after exercise (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that 1) vibration training can increase energy expenditure during low-intensity training and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and improve the exercise intensity. 2) The effects on energy expenditure were the same for both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing deep squats, up to 40% of body mass.

The insufficiency of recreational exercises in improving cardiovascular fitness: an investigation of ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters and left atrial mechanical functions

AimThis study aimed to compare the left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic parameters and left atrial (LA) mechanical functions of individuals engaging in recreational sports and resistance exercises on a weekly basis.MethodsA total of 43 male amateur athletes were included in this study, of which 24 performed resistance exercises (REs) (29.70 ± 8.74 year, weight: 81.70 ± 12.64 kg, height: 176.05 ± 7.73 cm, BMI: 27.64 ± 4.97 kg/m2), and 19 participated in recreational football training and were included in the recreational sports group (31.73 ± 6.82 year, weight: 86.00 ± 18.52 kg, height: 178.62 ± 4.95 cm, BMI: 25.55 ± 3.42 kg/m2). The exercises were standardized according to the weekly exercise frequency and volume. After recording the participants’ demographic information, the LV systolic and diastolic parameters and LA mechanical functions were measured using echocardiography (ECHO) and Tissue Doppler Imaging.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in various cardiac parameters between the recreational sports group (REG) and resistance exercise Group (RSG). Specifically, the left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter, LV end diastolic volume index (LVEDVi), and stroke volume index were notably higher in the REG compared to the RSG (t = 2.804, p = .010, effect size (ES) = 2.10; t = 3.174, p = .003, ES = 0.98; t = 3.36, p = .002, ES = 1.02, respectively). Notably, the RSG exhibited higher values for LV mass index (LVMi) and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) than the REG (t = 2.843, p = .007, ES = 0.87; t = 2.517, p = .016, ES = 0.76) in terms of LV systolic and diastolic parameters. Regarding left atrial (LA) mechanics, the REG demonstrated increased LA total emptying volume index, LA maximum volume index, LA volume before systole measured at the onset of the p-wave index, and conduit volume index compared to RSG (t = 2.419, p = .020, ES = 0.75; t = 2.669, p = .011, ES = 0.81; t = 2.111, p = .041, ES = 0.64; t = 2.757, p = .009, ES = 0.84, respectively).ConclusionOur study revealed significant variations in LV and LA functions between REG and RSG. Our data suggest that REs led to substantial cardiac remodeling, altering myocardial structure and function. In contrast, the effect of recreational exercise on cardiac adaptation was less pronounced than that of resistance exercise. Consequently, we propose that individuals engaging in recreational exercise should consider modalities that impose higher cardiovascular demand for more effective cardiac conditioning.

Effect of hot water immersion on acute physiological responses following resistance exercise.

Purpose: Hot water immersion (HWI) is a strategy theorised to enhance exercise recovery. However, the acute physiological responses to HWI following resistance exercise are yet to be determined. Methods: The effect of HWI on intramuscular temperature (IMT), muscle function, muscle soreness and blood markers of muscle cell disruption and inflammatory processes after resistance exercise was assessed. Sixteen resistance trained males performed resistance exercise, followed by either 10min HWI at 40°C or 10min passive recovery (PAS). Results: Post-intervention, the increase in IMT at all depths was greater for HWI compared to PAS, however this difference had disappeared by 1h post at depths of 1 and 2cm, and by 2h post at a depth of 3cm. There were no differences between groups for muscle function, muscle soreness or any blood markers. Conclusion: These results suggest that HWI is a viable means of heat therapy to support a greater IMT following resistance exercise. Recovery of muscle function and muscle soreness is independent of acute changes in IMT associated with HWI.

Comparing the effects of two resistance training models with Linear and Non- Linear Periodization on muscle strength, fatigue, and quality of life among women with multiple sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis disease (MS) is progressing, especially in women. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of resistance training with two types of linear and nonlinear periodized on muscle strength, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 patients with MS were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: nonlinear periodized (NLP) (n=6), linear periodized (LP) (n=5), and control (n=8). Both exercise groups performed resistance exercises three sessions a week for 30-45 minutes per session, with an intensity of 30%-70% of a maximum repetition for eight weeks. The linear group (LP) used a linear loading pattern per week. In contrast, the nonlinear group (NLP) experienced different intensities of training from the fourth week onwards. Two days before and after the training protocol, muscle strength was measured indirectly. Moreover, fatigue was evaluated with a 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5) and quality of life with a 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The results were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using the analysis of the covariance model and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Results: Based on the results, LP and NLP training led to a marked increase in muscular strength )P&lt;0.001) and a significant decrease in fatigue )P=0.020) in MS patients. Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in the quality of life between research groups )P=0/092). There were no significant differences between LP and NLP in factors, except leg press )P&lt;0/001). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, both LP and NLP training models increased muscle strength and reduced fatigue. Nevertheless, linear resistance training led to greater improvement in the aforementioned factors.

Hypoxia Does Not Impair Resistance Exercise Performance or Amplify Post-Exercise Fatigue

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia acutely reduces performance and increases markers of fatigue, and whether these responses are exaggerated if exercising at high versus low work rates (i.e., exercising to failure or volume matched non-failure). Methods: Following a within-subject design, 20 men completed two trials in hypoxia (13% oxygen) and two in normoxia (21% oxygen). The first session for hypoxic and normoxic conditions comprised six sets of bench press and shoulder press to failure (high work rate), while subsequent sessions involved the same volume distributed over 12 sets (low work rate). Physical performance (concentric velocity) and perceptual responses were measured during exercise and for 72 hr post-exercise. Neuromuscular performance (bench throw velocity) was assessed pre- and post-session. Results: Hypoxia did not affect physical performance, neuromuscular performance, and perceptual recovery when exercising at high or low work rates. Higher work rate exercise caused greater acute decrements in physical performance and post-exercise neuromuscular performance and increased perceived exertion and muscle soreness (p ≤ 0.006), irrespective of hypoxia. Conclusions: Hypoxia does not impact on resistance exercise performance or increase markers of physical and perceptual fatigue. Higher exercise work rates may impair physical performance, and exaggerate fatigue compared to low work rate exercise, irrespective of environmental condition. Practitioners can prescribe hypoxic resistance exercise without compromising physical performance or inducing greater levels of fatigue. For athletes who are required to train with high frequency, decreasing exercise work rate may reduce post-exercise markers of fatigue for the same training volume.

Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers.

Although transcriptome profiling has been used in several resistance training studies, the associated analytical approaches seldom provide in-depth information on individual genes linked to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, a secondary analysis was performed herein on a muscle transcriptomic dataset we previously published involving trained college-aged men (n = 11) performing two resistance exercise bouts in a randomized and crossover fashion. The lower-load bout (30 Fail) consisted of 8 sets of lower body exercises to volitional fatigue using 30% one-repetition maximum (1 RM) loads, whereas the higher-load bout (80 Fail) consisted of the same exercises using 80% 1 RM loads. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected prior to (PRE), 3 h, and 6 h after each exercise bout, and 58 genes associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy were manually interrogated from our prior microarray data. Select targets were further interrogated for associated protein expression and phosphorylation induced-signaling events. Although none of the 58 gene targets demonstrated significant bout x time interactions, ~57% (32 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 3 h (15↑ and 17↓, p < 0.01), and ~26% (17 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 6 h (8↑ and 9↓, p < 0.01). Notably, genes associated with the myostatin (9 genes) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) (9 genes) signaling pathways were most represented. Compared to mTORC1 signaling mRNAs, more MSTN signaling-related mRNAs (7 of 9) were altered post-exercise, regardless of the bout, and RHEB was the only mTORC1-associated mRNA that was upregulated following exercise. Phosphorylated (phospho-) p70S6K (Thr389) (p = 0.001; PRE to 3 h) and follistatin protein levels (p = 0.021; PRE to 6 h) increased post-exercise, regardless of the bout, whereas phospho-AKT (Thr389), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), and myostatin protein levels remained unaltered. These data continue to suggest that performing resistance exercise to volitional fatigue, regardless of load selection, elicits similar transient mRNA and signaling responses in skeletal muscle. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that the transcriptional regulation of myostatin signaling is an involved mechanism in response to resistance exercise.

Resistance exercise was safe for the pregnancy and offspring’s development and partially protected rats against early life stress-induced effects

Promising evidence points to gestational physical exercise as the key to preventing various disorders that affect the offspring neurodevelopment, but there are no studies showing the impact of resistance exercise on offspring health. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether resistance exercise during pregnancy is able to prevent or to alleviate the possible deleterious effects on offspring, caused by early life-stress (ELS). Pregnant rats performed resistance exercise throughout the gestational period:they climbed a sloping ladder with a weight attached to their tail, 3 times a week. Male and female pups, on the day of birth (P0), were divided into 4 experimental groups: 1) rats of sedentary mothers (SED group); 2) rats of exercised mothers (EXE group); 3) rats of sedentary mothers and submitted to maternal separation (ELS group) and 4) rats of exercised mothers and submitted to MS (EXE + ELS group). From P1 to P10, pups from groups 3 and 4 were separated from their mothers for 3 h/day. Maternal behavior was assessed. From P30, behavioral tests were performed and on P38 the animals were euthanized and prefrontal cortex samples were collected. Oxidative stress and tissue damage analysis by Nissl staining were performed. Our results demonstrate that male rats are more susceptible to ELS than females, showing impulsive and hyperactive behavior similar to that seen in children with ADHD. This behavior was attenuated by the gestational resistance exercise. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that resistance exercise performed during pregnancy seems to be safe for the pregnancy and offspring’s neurodevelopment and are effective in preventing ELS-induced damage only in male rats. Interestingly, resistance exercise during pregnancy improved maternal care and it is reasonable to propose that this finding may be related to the protective role on the animals neurodevelopment, observed in our study.

Acute hypoxia attenuates resistance exercise-induced ribosome signaling but does not impact satellite cell pool expansion in human skeletal muscle.

Cumulative evidence supports the hypothesis that hypoxia acts as a regulator of muscle mass. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly in human muscle. Here we examined the effect of hypoxia on signaling pathways related to ribosome biogenesis and myogenic activity following an acute bout of resistance exercise. We also investigated whether hypoxia influenced the satellite cell response to resistance exercise. Employing a randomized, crossover design, eight men performed resistance exercise in normoxia (FiO2 21%) or normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 12%). Muscle biopsies were collected in a time-course manner (before, 0, 90, 180 min and 24 h after exercise) and were analyzed with respect to cell signaling, gene expression and satellite cell content using immunoblotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. In normoxia, resistance exercise increased the phosphorylation of RPS6, TIF-1A and UBF above resting levels. Hypoxia reduced the phosphorylation of these targets by ~37%, ~43% and ~ 67% throughout the recovery period, respectively (p < .05 vs. normoxia). Resistance exercise also increased 45 S pre-rRNA expression and mRNA expression of c-Myc, Pol I and TAF-1A above resting levels, but no differences were observed between conditions. Similarly, resistance exercise increased mRNA expression of myogenic regulatory factors throughout the recovery period and Pax7+ cells were elevated 24 h following exercise in mixed and type II muscle fibers, with no differences observed between normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, acute hypoxia attenuates ribosome signaling, but does not impact satellite cell pool expansion and myogenic gene expression following a bout of resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.

Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.

The best format of exercise training (ET) in the setting of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is still to be defined. Current guidelines recommend aerobic exercises, such as running and cycling, including some sessions per week of resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to address the effectiveness of a concurrent exercise training program utilizing a circuit of sequential endurance and resistance exercises on functional capacity and muscular strength in patients with CHF. Ninety-five consecutive male patients (age 63.1 ± 6 years) with CHF (EF < 40%) in NYHA functional class II/III, were randomly assigned on 1:1 basis to a 12-week aerobic continuous training (AT) or concurrent CT), aerobic + resistance, training (CT), three times a week, with each session lasting 80 min. We used high quality, specifically designed ergometers, connected with each other and governed by a central console, and managed by a single physiotherapist. Before and after training all patients performed a symptoms-limited exercise test on a treadmill and a 6-min walking test (6MWT). Patients in the CT group also performed resistance exercises of upper and lower body. The 6MWT and exercise duration at ergometric test increased significantly in both AT and CT groups, with the increase being greater in CT group (p < 0.001; ES = 0.13; p < 0.01; ES = 0.07). Muscular strength increased significantly in the CT group, particularly in the lower body muscular districts (p < 0.001). Quality of life improved in both groups, with a significantly greater improvement in the CT group (p < 0.05). No side effects leading to discontinuation of training were observed. These findings indicate that concurrent, within-session training results in larger improvements in functional capacity, in addition to muscle performance, in patients with CHF, in comparison to single-mode aerobic training.

Effects of Resistance Exercise Using Theraband with Weighted Cuff Resistance on Fall Risk and Balance among the Geriatric Population: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Balance impairments and an increased fall risk are common concerns among individuals with various health conditions. Resistance exercise has shown potential in improving balance and reducing fall risk. Aim: To determine the effects of home-based Thera-Band resistance training in reducing the risk of falls among the geriatric population and to compare it with weight-cuff resistance training. Materials and Methods: A Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) was conducted at the Amity Institute of Health and Applied Science, Noida, India, from November 2022 to April 2023. The intervention period spanned four weeks, and a total of thirtythree subjects were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into three groups: Group A, Group B, and Group C. Group A performed resistance exercises using weight cuffs combined with standard balance training, Group B performed resistance training with Thera-Band combined with standard balance training, and Group C received standard balance exercises alone. The effects of the interventions on fall risk reduction were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Fall Efficacy Scale (FES) among the geriatric population. Paired t-tests were employed to compare pre- and post-intervention data within each group, determining significant changes within each group over the intervention period. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilised to assess between-group effects of the different interventions. Results: The FES scores were assessed pre- and postintervention for each group. Group B (Thera-Band) demonstrated significantly better outcomes in fall efficacy compared to Group A (Weight-cuff) (p&lt;0.01) and Group C (p&lt;0.01). For balance assessment using the BBS, both Group A and Group B showed better results compared to Group C (p&lt;0.01). In terms of mobility assessed through the TUG test, Group B exhibited substantial improvement compared to both Group A and Group C (p&lt;0.05). Improvements in fall efficacy, balance, and mobility were seen in Group B (Thera-Band). Conclusion: Home-based resistance training using TheraBand was found to be the most effective method for reducing the risk of falls in the geriatric population, followed by weightcuff resistance training in combination with conventional balance training. Thera-Band is not only effective but also more convenient, hassle-free, and cost-effective. The geriatric population should be provided with more multi-mode exercises that are easy to perform and have been found to be effective and helpful at their advanced age.

EFEITOS DO EXERCÍCIO DE RESISTÊNCIA SOBRE A SAÚDE FÍSICA DE MULHERES DE MEIA-IDADE E IDOSAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several methods of sports training are applied to improve physical health in middle-aged and elderly women. Among the emerging ones is resistance exercise, despite little evidence about its effects in this population group. Objective: Explore the effects of resistance exercise on promoting muscle health and reducing cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly women. Methods: A questionnaire on the level of muscle health and cardiovascular risk factors of 100 middle-aged and elderly women was conducted. A total of 20 middle-aged and elderly women were randomly selected as participants, and the experimental group performed resistance exercise training, while the control group performed simple exercise training. Results: In the muscle health indicators of the experimental group, BMI decreased by 0.3%, body fat decreased by 1.3%, waist-to-hip ratio decreased by 0.01, fat decreased by 1.7 kg, lean weight increased by 2.8 kg, and protein decreased by 0.9 kg. The changes in cardiovascular health indicators in the experimental group were greater than those in the control group. Conclusion: Resistance exercise can effectively improve muscle health in middle-aged and elderly women, reducing cardiovascular risk. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Effect of Intake of Leucine-Rich Protein Supplement in Parallel with Resistance Exercise on the Body Composition and Function of Healthy Adults.

Although sarcopenia has been dealt with in several studies, the standardized guidelines for preventing sarcopenia resulting from increased life expectancy are still insufficient. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of daily resistance exercise and the intake of leucine-rich protein supplements daily for 12 weeks on the body composition and physical function of healthy adults aged &gt;50 years living in Korea. The study analyzed 50 healthy people without medical conditions, who were randomly assigned to two groups (taking either protein powder or placebo powder) twice a day for 12 weeks. All participants performed resistance exercises regularly that could be repeated 8-12 times using a TheraBand for 12 weeks. A total of 41 participants completed the study. When measured via bioimpedance analysis (BIA), body fat mass (kg) and body fat (%) significantly decreased, and lean body mass (LBM) (kg) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (kg) significantly increased, in both groups. However, when measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), LBM was significantly increased only in the protein powder group. The LBM and SMM change measured via BIA was significantly greater in the protein powder group than in the placebo powder group (LBM: 0.95 ± 0.91 kg in the protein powder group vs. 0.38 ± 1.06 kg in the placebo powder group, p = 0.043; SMM: 0.69 ± 0.58 kg in the protein powder group vs. 0.29 ± 0.65 kg in the placebo powder group, p = 0.039, respectively). In the senior fitness test (SFT), significant functional improvement was found within the two groups, but no significant difference was found between the groups in the degree of improvement. In conclusion, in older people aged &gt;50, to prevent sarcopenia, is more effective to combine resistance exercise and leucine-rich protein supplementation than to simply perform resistance exercise.

Effect of eight weeks of electrical muscle stimulation on the interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels in overweight women

Introduction: Nowadays more people are overweight more than before. Overweight can be considered as having more body fat than desired. Overweight or obesity increases the relative risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease in women. Therefore, this research investigates the effect of eight weeks of electrical muscle stimulation on the interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels in overweight women. Research method: In this research, we selected 34 overweight women and then randomly divided into three groups: control (10 people), resistance training (12 people) and resistance training + EMS (12 people). Then, two experimental groups performed resistance exercises for 8 weeks and 2 sessions per week, each session 20 minutes. In order to check the research variables, we collected 5 cc of blood from the research samples 48 hours before and after the test. We used Shapiro-Wilk test and analysis of covariance with SPSS version 24 software for statistical analysis of the research. Results: The analysis of IL-6 serum levels of the participants before and after eight weeks of intervention through covariance analysis showed that the difference between groups (control groups, resistance training and resistance training + EMS) was not statistically significant (p = 0.307).