Performance Subscale Research Articles

Assessing the Turkish version of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) for its validity and reliability

BackgroundsThis study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ).MethodsA total of 340 adult participants who had been working for at least 8 h a day completed the study questionnaire online. The questionnaire consisted of sections on demographics and socioeconomic characteristics, the IWPQ, and the ultrashortened version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-3). Principal component analysis (PCA) with Promax rotation was conducted to assess the e three-factor structure for the Turkish version of the IWPQ. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess test-retest reliability. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between the IWPQ and UWES-3 scales to evaluate convergent validity.ResultsThe three factors accounted for a total variance ratio of 60.7%. Cronbach’s alphas of three subscales (task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behavior) were 0.894, 0.875, and 0.796, respectively. Test-retest reliability showed high agreement, with ICCs of 0.96, 0.98, and 0.91 for the respective scales. There was a statistically significant correlation between UWES-3 and the task performance subscale (ρ = 0.367 and p < 0.001), a statistically significant correlation between UWES-3 and the contextual performance subscale (ρ = 0.403 and p < 0.001), and a statistically significant correlation between UWES-3 and the CWB subscale (ρ=-0.352 and p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) identifies work performance.The Turkish version of the IWPQ scales demonstrated validity and reliability in assessing individual work performance.

Improved biochemical and neurodevelopmental profiles with high-dose hydroxocobalamin therapy in cobalamin C defect.

Cobalamin C (Cbl-C) defect causes methylmalonic acidemia, homocystinuria, intellectual disability and visual impairment, despite treatment adherence. While international guidelines recommend parenteral hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl) as effective treatment, dose adjustments remain unclear. We assessed OH-Cbl therapy impact on biochemical, neurocognitive and visual outcomes in early-onset Cbl-C patients treated with different OH-Cbl doses over 3 years. Group A (n = 5), diagnosed via newborn screening (NBS), received high-dose OH-Cbl (median 0.55 mg/kg/day); Group B1 (n = 3), NBS-diagnosed, received low-dose OH-Cbl (median 0.09 mg/kg/day); Group B2 (n = 12), diagnosed on clinical bases, received low-dose OH-Cbl (median 0.06 mg/kg/day). Biochemical analyses revealed better values of homocysteine, methionine and methylmalonic acid in Group A compared to Group B1 (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) and B2 (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Neurodevelopmental assessment showed better outcome in Group A compared to low-dose treated Groups B1 and B2, especially in Developmental Quotient, Hearing and Speech and Performance subscales without significant differences between Group B2 and Group B1. Maculopathy was detected in 100%, 66% and 83% of patients in the three groups, respectively. This study showed that "high-dose" OH-Cbl treatment in NBS-diagnosed children with severe early-onset Cbl-C defect led to a significant improvement in the metabolic profile and in neurocognitive outcome, compared to age-matched patients treated with a "low-dose" regimen. Effects on maculopathy seem unaffected by OH-Cbl dosage. Our findings, although observed in a limited number of patients, may contribute to improve the long-term outcome of Cbl-C patients.

Estimating Disability in Patients with Essential Tremor: Comparison of Tremor Rating Scale, Spiral Drawing, and Accelerometric Tremor Power.

Although performance rating scales, spiral drawing, water pouring, and accelerometry are commonly used to assess tremor severity, the extent to which their results correlate with impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) remains unclear. The aim was to identify the most effective predictors of ADL in essential tremor (ET). Forty ET patients were examined using The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS), spiral drawing, volume of water spilled, and accelerometric tremor power. Root-mean-square error, R2, and F-test were calculated for models predicting TETRAS ADL subscore. TETRAS Performance Subscale explained the variability in TETRAS ADL with an R2 value of 0.686. Models incorporating spiral rating and accelerometric tremor power (R2 = 0.731) and water spillage volume (R2 = 0.756) were not statistically superior. TETRAS performance subscore predicted nearly 70% ADL impairment in ET patients. Incorporating the spiral rating, accelerometric tremor power, and water pouring test did not enhance ADL estimation.

Validation of a New Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of the Functional Impact of Essential Tremor on Activities of Daily Living.

The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS) is a popular scale for essential tremor (ET), but its activities of daily living (ADL) and performance (P) subscales are based on a structured interview and physical exam. No patient-reported outcome (PRO) scale for ET has been developed according to US regulatory guidelines. Develop and validate a TETRAS PRO subscale. Fourteen items, rated 0-4, were derived from TETRAS ADL and structured cognitive interviews of 18 ET patients. Convergent validity analyses of TETRAS PRO versus TETRAS ADL, TETRAS-P, and the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) were computed for 67 adults with ET or ET plus. Test-retest reliability was computed at intervals of 1 and 30 days. The influence of mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) and coping behaviors (Essen Coping Questionnaire, ECQ) was examined with multiple linear regression. TETRAS PRO was strongly correlated (r > 0.7) with TETRAS ADL, TETRAS-P, and QUEST and exhibited good to excellent reliability (Cronbach alpha 95%CI = 0.853-0.926; 30-day test-retest intraclass correlation 95%CI = 0.814-0.921). The 30-day estimate of minimum detectable change (MDC) was 6.6 (95%CI 5.2-8.0). TETRAS-P (rsemipartial = 0.607), HADS depression (rsemipartial = 0.384), and the coping strategy of information seeking and exchange of experiences (rsemipartial = 0.176) contributed statistically to TETRAS PRO in a multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.67). TETRAS PRO is a valid and reliable scale that is influenced strongly by tremor severity, moderately by mood (depression), and minimally by coping skills. The MDC for TETRAS PRO is probably sufficient to detect clinically important change.

Student Self-Reported Metacognition and Self-Effcacy in an Upper-Division Human Anatomy and Physiology Course Increased Post-COVID Pandemic Compared to Fall 2019

Metacognition and self-effcacy are important components of self-regulated learning. Given the academic and personal upheaval that students experienced, and given faculty-observed declines in certain academic skills and student mental health throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, this study hypothesized that students would report lower self-effcacy and metacognitive self-regulation upon entering an upper-division Human Anatomy and Physiology course in fall 2022 compared to fall 2019. Students reported self-effcacy and metacognition at the beginning and end of both semesters using the MSLQ metacognitive self-regulation (revised) and MSLQ self-effcacy for learning and performance subscales, respectively. Data indicate that students not only reported higher self-effcacy and metacognitive self-regulation at the beginning of the course, but also continued to report higher self-effcacy and metacognitive self-regulation throughout the course. It may be that the unique academic and personal challenges presented between March 2020 and September 2022 required students to develop improved metacognitive practices and strengthened students’ academic self-effcacy. Alternatively, it may be that some combination of high academic and personal turmoil, isolation from other students and faculty, and/or lowered faculty expectations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic skewed students’ frames of reference for self-reported measures. No support or funding was received for this project. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Supervisor Perfectionism and Student Performance, Creativity and Academic Procrastination.

Background: The increasing involvement of the young generation in higher education necessitates an understanding of the effects of supervisor perfectionism on students' academic performance, creativity, and procrastination. Previous research has indicated a complex relationship between these variables, with potential influences based on gender and education level. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the associations between supervisor perfectionism and student outcomes, including academic performance, creativity, and academic procrastination, with a focus on the role of gender and educational levels (BS and MS students). Methods: The study employed a survey research design, with a sample size of 299 participants (200 students and 99 supervisors) from five universities in Lahore. Standardized scales such as The Big Three Perfectionism Scale, Academic Success Inventory for College Students, Creativity Scale, and Active Procrastination Scale were used. Data was collected through a combination of online (Google document form) and physical methods. Bivariate correlations and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25. Results: Supervisor Perfectionism showed significant positive correlations with both students' academic performance (r = .65) and procrastination (r = .39), but not with creativity. Self-Oriented Perfectionism was highly correlated with various performance subscales like efficacy of the instructor (r = .57) and personal adjustment (r = .47). Gender differences were evident, with male students showing better performance and higher procrastination levels. MS students demonstrated better academic performance and more procrastinating behaviors compared to BS students. Regression analysis indicated that Supervisor Perfectionism positively predicted students’ academic performance and procrastination. Conclusion: The study underscores the significant impact of supervisor perfectionism on student academic outcomes, highlighting its positive correlation with academic performance and procrastination. The findings emphasize the need for awareness of these dynamics in educational settings, considering individual differences such as gender and education level.

Psychometric properties of the Canadian occupational performance measure in older individuals.

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is a person-centered assessment tool frequently used to identify occupational problems in older individuals and establish goals for geriatric rehabilitation. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of COPM (COPM-TR) in older people. One hundred older people completed the COPM-TR, and 25 of them participated in a retest within two weeks. The convergent construct validity analyses of the COPM-TR included conducting correlation analyses between the COPM-TR and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Lawton Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Lawton-IADL) scales. The Performance and Satisfaction subscales were subjected to an item analysis for the internal consistency of the COPM-TR. A test-retest analysis was conducted to investigate the reliability. According to convergent construct validity analysis, it was found that there is a moderate correlation between COPM-TR performance and FIM (r = 0.51), and a strong correlation between Lawton IADL (r = 0.62). Similarly, there was a strong correlation between COPM-TR satisfaction and FIM (r = 0.61) and Lawton IADL (r = 0.61). Test-retest reliability was excellent for performance score and good for satisfaction score (ICC values 0.92; 0.78, respectively). COPM-TR showed excellent-high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.92 for performance and 0.88 for satisfaction). COPM-TR is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to assess occupational performance in older people.

A140: Comparing Perceived Exercise Benefits Between Exercising and Non-Exercising College Students

Purpose: Regular exercise leads to physiological and psychological benefits. University is a key venue to promote physical activity behavior in young adults. However, it is reported nearly 50% Chinese college students are not reaping the benefits due to insufficient amount of exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate what challenges prevent college students from exercising. Thus, this study was to assess perceived exercise benefits and barriers in Chinese college students and compare the differences between students do exercise and who do not. Methods: The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) was used to examine perceived benefits and barriers in 118 non-exercising and 118 exercising students (84 males,152 females; aged 19±1.89) from central China. A non-exerciser does accumulate 150~300 minutes of moderate exercise or 75~150 minutes vigorous exercise over a week. The EBBS includes five subscales assessing benefits (i.e., life enhancement, physical performance, psychological outlook, social interaction, and preventative health) and four subscales assessing barriers (i.e., exercise milieu, time expenditure, physical exertion, and family discouragement). All items are on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Independent t tests were used to compare total and subscale scores between two groups. Results: We found that the total scores for benefits in exercisers were significantly higher than non-exercisers (3.06±0.38 vs. 2.85±0.41, p &lt; 0.001), as well as psychological outlook subscale scores, preventive health subscale scores, social interaction subscale scores, and life enhancement subscale score (p &lt; 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in physical performance subscale score. When comes to the barriers, there were also significantly difference in all barrier subscales (the total barriers scores were 1.89±0.37 and 2.14±0.40, p &lt; 0.001), except for the family discouragement subscale. Conclusions: The results showed that non-exercising college students felt less benefits and strong barriers compared to exercising students. This may be the reason why they did not engage in regular exercise. Although the scores of perceived benefits were higher than the barriers in non-exercisers, it might not be sufficient to motivate them to be physically active.

Predictors of Clinical Performance Among Emergency Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Poor nursing performance is considered a threat to patient safety, affecting the quality of care provided and ultimately impacting patient outcomes. The main aim of this study was to identify the predictors of nursing performance. A cross-sectional predictive design was used. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 251 emergency nurses in three health sectors. They were assessed using the secondary traumatic stress scale and the nursing performance scale. Data were collected between June and August 2022. Nurses experienced severe levels of secondary traumatic stress (M = 57.9, SD = 14.94). The nursing performance level was below average (M = 27.48, SD = 9.36), and the mental performance subscale received the lowest rating (M = 5.82, SD = 2.69). There was a strong negative association between the secondary traumatic stress total score and the total score of nursing performance (r = -.77). Additionally, factors such as high body mass index, smoking, the presence of chronic diseases, working overtime, and high levels of secondary traumatic stress were identified as significant predictors of nursing performance. It is recommended that emergency nurses be provided with treatment programs and interventions to reduce their secondary traumatic stress to improve their performance, thereby ensuring high-quality patient care.

‘I am enough!’ study of social self-efficacy in female AYA college students

The Association of Adolescents and Child Care in India (AACCI; www.aacci.in) conducts multicentric studies on youth behavior in India using openly accessible psychometric tools. This study is part of a multi-centric youth project “Building Resilience in Youth;” we used Connolly’s (1989) Social Self-Efficacy Scale (SSES) to explore the relationship between social self-efficacy (SSE), an important soft skill for adolescents and young adults (AYAs), and several sociodemographic variables, including age, sibling status, academic course, engagement in extracurricular activities, perceived Internet/social media usage and dependence, substance use, and perception of control over one’s life. The study design was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 with 354 female AYAs aged 17 to 21 years from an all-women, multi-stream college in Delhi. The results showed that participants in the 17-19 age group had higher total SSES scores along with the Friendship/Intimacy, group, and Giving/Receiving Help subscales. Participants engaging in extracurricular competitions had a higher total SSES score including Assertiveness, Group, Public Performance, and Giving/Receiving Help subscales. Participants who had no siblings scored higher on the Friendship/Intimacy subscale. Participants competing in sports competitions score higher on the public performance subscale. All other demographic variables did not have a statistically significant relationship with the total and subscale SSES scores. The results allowed the management to conduct parent and student workshops. In addition, more studies are needed to qualitatively understand the role of age, extracurricular competitions, and sibling status on SSE with a more diverse sample

Transcranial focused ultrasound for the treatment of tremor: A preliminary case series

BackgroundEssential tremor (ET) can be debilitating. Treatments for ET include beta-blockers and surgical interventions. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) may offer an office-based non-invasive alternative. ObjectiveThis pilot open label clinical trial explores safety, feasibility, and potential efficacy of LIFU in treatment of ET. MethodsWe report outcomes from the first 10 participants in this IRB-approved trial of LIFU for treatment of ET. The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) was targeted using structural and functional MRI. Participants underwent eight 10-min sessions of LIFU targeting the contralateral (Vim) to the most affected hand. Safety was closely monitored; Global Rating of Change (GRC) and The Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS) scores were collected. ResultsNo adverse effects were reported. Eight participants reported a GRC ≥2. TETRAS performance subscale demonstrated clinically significant improvement in all participants. ConclusionPreliminary findings support LIFU's safety and feasibility. The potential efficacy encourages additional sham-controlled studies.

A Reliability Generalization Meta‐Analysis of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale

ABSTRACTThe Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K‐DOCS) is a self‐reported rating scale that measures creative behaviors in five areas. Despite the vast amount of research on the scale, the internal consistency reliability of K‐DOCS scores have not been examined. Specifically, there is no study on the overall reliability coefficients, the variation in the reliability of scores, and reliability induction. In the present study, reliability generalization meta‐analyses were conducted to address these issues. The sample consisted of 56 studies that produced 60 Cronbach's alpha coefficients in total. The pooled alpha values were estimated to be .904 (total scale), .825 (Self/Everyday subscale), .858 (Scholarly subscale), .887 (Performance subscale), .867 (Scientific subscale), and .861 (Artistic subscale). The moderator analyses showed that the reliability estimates of K‐DOCS total scores and Self/Everyday subscale scores did not differ with respect to any of the moderator variables. On the other hand, certain variables affected the alpha coefficients for Scholarly (educational level, SD of the age, and mean age), Performance (continent, educational level, ethnicity, Caucasian percentage, SD of the age, and mean age), Scientific (language, test version, continent, country, ethnicity, SD of the age, and mean age), and Artistic (continent, language, country, mean age, and total mean score) subscale scores. Finally, the reliability induction rate was 39.62%, and there were no statistically significant differences between the inducing and reporting studies with respect to the continuous variables (mean of the total score, means and SDs of the sample age, and percentages of female and Caucasian). Our findings indicate that the K‐DOCS provides highly reliable scores. However, certain variables contribute to systematic errors in Scholarly, Performance, Scientific, and Artistic subscale scores. Hence, scores on these subscales should be interpreted with caution. Due to a high amount of variation in the reliability coefficients, reliability induction is not advised for the K‐DOCS.

Toward Universal Creativity Assessment by Untrained Judges

The purpose of a creativity session being first to generate many ideas, how to fast and reliably assess each one’s creativity, even with non-creativity experts? Creative people appearing not only to be good at generating ideas but also at implicitly evaluating them, improving people’s assessment would further improve their own creativity. This paper investigates canonical components of originality to identify universal creative performance subscales assessable by untrained judges. Three originality criteria emerged from theoretical research: (1) Feelings, emotions; (2) Imagination, fantasy; (3) Logical complexity. One criterion was used to assess appropriateness: (4) Consistency as defined by four rules. A corpus of 100 ideas were distributed for assessments by untrained judges (n=41). All ideas were assessed by 4 expert judges on a single criterion: creativity. Surprisingly the criterion (4), which had four clear rules to define it, showed insufficient reliability and had to be disregarded for the analysis. The three other criteria proved consistent with one another and were hence reduced to an assessment of originality. They showed poor consistency with expert judges’ ratings. These results are discussed and call for further research to better understand creativity.

Analysis of Physiological Response of Attention and Stress States in Teleoperation Performance of Social Tasks.

Some studies addressed monitoring mental states by physiological responses analysis in robots' teleoperation in traditional applications such as inspection and exploration; however, no study analyzed the physiological response during teleoperated social tasks to the best of our knowledge. We analyzed the physiological response of attention and stress mental states by computing the correlation between multimodal biomarkers and performance, pleasure-arousal scale, and workload. Physiological data were recorded during simulated teleoperated social tasks to induce mental states, such as normal, attention, and stress. The results showed that task performance and workload subscales achieved moderate correlations with some multimodal biomarkers. The correlations depended on the induced state. The cognitive workload was related to brain biomarkers of attention in the frontal and frontal-central regions. These regions were close to the frontopolar region, which is commonly reported in attentional studies. Thus, some multimodal biomarkers of attention and stress mental states could monitor or predict metrics related to the performance in teleoperation of social tasks.

To be born twin: effects on long-term neurodevelopment of very preterm infants-a cohort study.

To examine the effect of twin birth on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in a cohort of Italian preterm infants with very low birth weight. We performed a retrospective cohort study on children born in a tertiary care centre. We included children born between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2013 with a gestational age (GA) of ≤32 weeks and birth weight of <1,500 g. The infants born from twin pregnancies complicated by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and from higher-order multiple pregnancies were excluded. The children were evaluated both at 2 years corrected age and 5 years chronological age with Griffiths mental development scales revised (GMDS-R). The linear mixed effects models were used to study the effect of being a twin vs. being a singleton on GMDS-R scores, adjusting for GA, being born small for gestational age, sex, length of NICU stay, socio-economic status, and comorbidity score (CS) calculated as the sum of the weights associated with each of the major morbidities of the infants. A total of 301 children were included in the study, of which 189 (62.8%) were singletons and 112 (37.2%) were twins; 23 out of 112 twins were monochorionic (MC). No statistically significant differences were observed between twins and singletons in terms of mean general quotient and subscales at both 2 and 5 years. No effect of chorionicity was found when comparing scores of MC and dichorionic twins vs. singletons; however, after adjusting for the CS, the MC twins showed lower scores in the hearing and language and performance subscales at 5 years. Overall, in our cohort of children born very preterm, twin infants were not at higher risk of neurodevelopmental impairment compared with singletons at pre-school age.

ENGLISH-ROLE OF ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP: EFFECT OF HEAD TEACHER TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ON TEACHERS’ PERFORMANCE AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL

Transactional leadership style is the general way through which a leader behaves toward his subordinates to attain objectives. It plays a very important role in the success of an organization. The main objective of this attempt was to examine the effects of the head teachers’ transactional leadership style on teachers’ performance at the elementary level schools. The study was quantitative and descriptive. The target population of this study was comprised of all male and female elementary school teachers in the province of Punjab, while the accessible population of the study was comprised of all male and female elementary school teachers in Sahiwal Division. A sample of 343 teachers was selected through the convenience sampling technique (192 males and 151 females). The cross-sectional survey was used to collect data through the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) and the teachers’ performance evaluation scale (TPES) from elementary school teachers. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS software for both descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. The researcher applied t-test and ANOVA for comparison, Pearson for relationship, and regression for measuring the effects of head teacher transactional leadership style on teachers’ performance at the elementary level. The main findings of the study revealed that there was a significant effect of the head teacher’s transactional leadership style on teachers’ performance at the elementary school. Moreover, contingent reward and management by exception (active) were positively correlated with all teachers’ performance subscales, and management by exception (passive) was negatively correlated with all teachers’ performance subscales.

The relationship between critical thinking and job performance among nurses: A descriptive survey study.

This study investigated the relationship between nurses' critical thinking skills and job performance and whether critical thinking and its subdomains predict job performance. It is expected that nurses mayuse critical thinking skills to provide evidence-based quality patient care in health care settings. However, there is limited evidence about whether critical thinking is related to job performance among nurses. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey study. The study included 368 nurses working in the inpatient wards of a university hospital in Turkey. The survey included a demographic information questionnaire, the Critical Thinking Scale in Clinical Practice for Nurses and the Nurses' Job Performance Scale. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, comparisons, reliability and normality tests, correlation and regression analysis. Participating nurses got average scores from the critical thinking and job performance scale and sub-scales, and there was a positive, mid-level and statistically significant correlation between the scale scores. According to the multiple linear regression analysis results, personal critical thinking, interpersonal and self-management critical thinking and the total critical thinking scores positively affected the job performance scores of nurses. As critical thinking predicts nurses' job performance, managers of hospitals and nursing services should consider training programs or activities to increase nurses' essential thinking competencies, thus improving clinical nurses' performances.

Evaluation of neurodevelopmental impairments and risk factors in children following cardiac surgery: The first cohort from China

ObjectiveNeurodevelopmental impairment has been realized as the most common complication in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery during the past 30 years. But little attention has been paid to this problem in China. The potential risk factors for adverse outcomes include demographic, perioperative, and socioeconomic factors, which are vastly different in China compared with the developed countries in previous reports. MethodsFour hundred twenty-six patients (aged 35.9 ± 18.6 months) at about 1- to 3-year follow-up after cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled from March 2019 to February 2022. Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Chinese was used to evaluate the quotients of overall development and 5 subscales of the child's locomotor, language, personal-social, eye-hand coordination, and performance skills. Demographic, perioperative, socioeconomic, and feeding type during the first year of life (breastfeeding, mixed, or never breastfeeding) were examined to identify the risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. ResultsMean scores were 90.0 ± 15.5 for development quotient, 92.3 ± 19.4 for locomotor, 89.6 ± 19.2 for personal-social, 85.5 ± 21.7 for language, 90.3 ± 17.2 for eye-hand coordination, and 92 ± 17.1 for performance subscales. For the entire cohort, the impairment in at least 1 subscale was found in 76.1% of the cohort (>1 SD below population mean) with 50.1% being severe (>2 SDs below the mean). The significant risk factors included prolonged hospital stay, peak level of postoperative C-reactive protein, socioeconomic status, and never breastfeeding or mixed feeding. ConclusionsNeurodevelopmental impairment is substantial in terms of incidence and severity in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery in China. Risk factors contributing to the adverse outcomes included prolonged hospital stay, early postoperative inflammatory response, socioeconomic status, and never breastfeeding or mixed feeding. There is an urgent need for standardized follow-up and neurodevelopmental assessment in this special group of children in China.

Jordanian nursing students' engagement and satisfaction with e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic.

Nursing education was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as most institutions shifted to e-learning. The aim of the current study was to examine students' engagement and satisfaction levels with e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive correlation design was used to guide this study. A voluntary response sampling method was used to recruit undergraduate nursing programs in Jordan. Data were collected using an electronic link to a self-reported questionnaire. A total of 1,562 undergraduate nursing students responded to the questionnaire. The study showed that most students have high engagement in the emotional, skills, and performance subscales and low engagement in the participation subscale. Further, they were moderately satisfied with e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students identified several issues regarding their e-learning, which must be considered to improve their engagement and satisfaction. Further, the study revealed several shortcomings in preparing students to attend e-learning classes.

Turkish Adaptation and Validation of Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire Parent Form.

Behavioral inhibition has been proposed as a temperamental risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders universally; however, there is no validated instrument for, especially, its evaluation in Turkish children. This study aimed to examine reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire parent form for children aged 3-7 years. Around 250 mothers or fathers of 3-7 years old children were recruited from non-clinical population to collect responses to the questionnaires. The sample was created by reaching 3 schools at preschool or elementary grade for the purpose of providing the questionnaires filled about the student and/or his/her little sisters and brothers by their parents; questionnaires were sent out to parents and then gathered. Parents were asked to fill sociodemographic data form, Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire parent form, Children Behavior Questionnaire, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionaire parent form in order to perform convergent and divergent validity analyses. As a result of reliability analysis, total Cronbach alpha coefficient for Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire was determined as 0.92 with strong reliability. The internal consistency coefficients for Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire subscales also showed strong reliability with alphas ranging between 0.81 and 0.87 except for the performance (α = 0.69) and physical challenges (α = 0.19) subscales of which some items were excluded due to item-total correlations and confirmatory factor analysis results. In the validity assessment analyses, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire has a construct validity with 5 factors loaded on the 2-second order main factors and one third-order final factor (root mean square error = 0.032, root mean square residual = 0.153, Comparative Fit Index = 0.978, Goodness of Fit İndex = 0.915, and Turker-Lewis Index = 0.970). While the strongest correlations with the overall Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire score were found for 2 main subscales, inhibition to social novelties (r = 0.926, P < .001) and situational novelties (r = 0.928, P < .001), similarly peers (r = 0.848, P < .001) and new situations (r = 0.898, P < .001) subscales, had strong correlations with the overall Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire score. The weakest correlation with overall Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire score was observed for physical challenges subscale even though this subscale displayed moderate association (r = 0.454, P < .001). A good convergent validity was determined accompanied by significant moderate positive correlations with Children Behavior Questionnaire shyness and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire internalizing scales. An adequate divergent validity was also demonstrated based on significant positive mild to moderate correlations with Children Behavior Questionnaire impulsivity, Children Behavior Questionnaire smiling/laugh, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire prosocial scales, and non-significant correlation with Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire externalizing scale. The study demonstrated that the Turkish version of the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire parent form is an effective tool with good reliability and validity among 3-7 years old children.