Performance-related Tests Research Articles

Evaluating the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on rubberized hot mix asphalt in pilot projects

The study goal is to evaluate the use of up to 10 % reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) by aggregate replacement in rubberized hot mix asphalt-gap graded RHMA-G mixes to identify any significant potential problems for durability. Five pilot projects were built, each including a control RHMA-G (without RAP) and an RHMA-G with 10 % RAP. The mixes were sampled during production and evaluated using volumetric assessment, and performance related tests including stiffness, four-point bending fatigue resistance, fracture resistance measured with the IDEAL cracking test, and rutting resistance. Mix testing results indicate that the addition of 10 % RAP had minor effects on the mechanical properties. With a few exceptions related to the total binder content of the mixes, the effect of the RAP addition was negligible compared to normal production variability. Modeling with CalME, Caltrans mechanistic-empirical asphalt pavement design software and four-point bending testing results, indicated that RAP addition effects on pavement cracking performance were either negligible or comparable to mix-to-mix RHMA-G variability. Regarding constructability, RAP addition did not create any problems. The life cycle assessment completed in the study indicates that the addition of 10 % RAP to the RHMA-G can reduce the greenhouse gasses emissions associated with the RHMA-G production (cradle-to-gate) by up to 5 %.

Strobe training as a visual training method that improves performance in climbing.

Strobe training is a form of visual training where the athlete has to practice during intermittently dark conditions. Strobe training improves visual, perceptual, and cognitive skills, which will enhance athletic performance. Strobe training can influence multiple training components in climbing: psychological, tactical, physical, and technical training. The study was conducted on 17 elite climbers from Romania (10 male and 7 female), representing the entire National Youth Climbing Team. The research group was divided into a control group (n = 8) and an experimental group (n = 9). The used instruments were the Cognitrom battery (for cognitive skills, such as spatial skills and reactivity), the Witty SEM system (for motor-cognitive skills, such as cognitive agility, visual processing speed, and visual memory), and the International Rock Climbing Research Association (IRCRA) performance-related test battery for climbers (climbing-specific motor skills). The experimental group had 20 strobe training sessions, which took place during one calendar year, as an additional session to their climbing schedule done with their principal trainer. The strobe session was once a week, depending on the periodization of the macrocycle (preparatory, competitional, and transition periods). The control group and the experimental group had similar climbing training sessions during the 1-year macrocycle in terms of intensity and volume of their training. Strobe training improved on-sight performance (d = 0.38) and red-point performance (d = 0.36). Strobe training improved the majority of cognitive skills [all spatial skills (d = 1.27 for mental image transformation; d = 1.14 for spatial orientation; d = 1.59 for image generation) and simple reaction time (d = 0.99)]. Strobe training improved all motor-cognitive skills (d = 0.16 for visual memory; d = 1.96 for visual memory errors; d = 1.39 for visual processing speed; d = 1.94 for visual processing errors; d = 1.30 for cognitive agility). Strobe training improved many climbing-specific parameters (flexibility and upper body strength) (d = 0.44 and d = 0.47 for flexibility parameters; d = 0.50 to 0.73 for upper body strength parameters). Strobe training is an effective training method for enhancing performance that should be used on more experienced climbers. It acts more on spatial skills, rather than on reactivity skills, developing the visual-motor coordination system. Strobe training has greater effects on climbers aged below 16 years, as youth athletes rely more on visual input compared to adults. The improvement in climbing-specific variables was due to the additional climbing session done weekly. Strobe training acts more on the cognitive component of training than on the motor component of training in climbing.

Associations between objective measures of performance-related characteristics and perceived stress in young cross-country skiers during pre-season training

ABSTRACT Monitoring performance-related characteristics of athletes can reveal changes that facilitate training adaptations. Here, we examine the relationships between submaximal running, maximal jump performance (CMJ), concentrations of blood lactate, sleep duration (SD) and latency (SL), and perceived stress (PSS) in junior cross-country skiers during pre-season training. These parameters were monitored in 15 male and 14 females (17 ± 1 years) for the 12-weeks prior to the competition season, and the data was analysed using linear and mixed-effect models. An increase in SD exerted a decrease in both PSS (B = -2.79, p ≤ 0.01) and blood lactate concentrations during submaximal running (B = -0.623, p ≤ 0.05). In addition, there was a negative relationship between SL and CMJ (B = -0.09, p = 0.08). Compared to males, females exhibited higher PSS scores and little or no change in performance-related tests. A significant interaction between time and sex was present in CMJ with males displaying an effect of time on CMJ performance. For all athletes, lower PSS appeared to be associated with longer overnight sleep. Since the females experienced higher levels of stress, monitoring of their PSS might be beneficial. These findings have implications for the preparation of young athletes’ competition season.

Test-retest reliability of four flatwater performance-related tests in canoe slalom athletes.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the test-retest reliability of four flatwater performance-related tests in canoe slalom athletes. Methods: Twenty-two Slovak national team members of junior and U23 age group racing in a category K1 men (K1M), K1 women (K1W) or C1 men (C1M) volunteered to take part in this study. During both test and retest testing sessions athletes performed 4 flatwater tests: SPS-Sprints with a turn to the preferred side (2 × 15m shuttle sprints), SNPS-Sprints with a turn to the non-preferred side (2 × 15m shuttle sprints), SBS-Sprints with turns to both sides (2 × 15m shuttle sprints) as well as 12 × 15 AOT-12 × 15m all out shuttle test (12 × 15m shuttle sprints). Each athlete completed two sessions separated by a minimum ofdays and a maximum of 5days. Results: The results have shown the excellent test-retest reliability of all four flatwater tests (ICC-SPS: 0.98; SPNPS 0.97; SBS: 0.98 and 12 × 15m AOT: 0.96). Additionally, results have shown SEM (SPS: 0.14; SPNPS 0.18; SBS: 0.13 and 12 × 15m AOT: 1.05) and SWC (SPS: 0.21; SPNPS 0.26; SBS: 0.19 and 12 × 15m AOT: 1.58). Conclusion: Based on our results we suggest that coaches use these valid and reliable tests to assess changes in their athletes' performance-related physical fitness over time, to verify the effectiveness of training programs focused on improvement in specific physical fitness of athletes as well as to identify asymmetries between the preferred and non-preferred side in canoe slalom athletes.

Development of denture-fitting, palate-mucoadhesive miconazole nitrate films for denture stomatitis

Denture stomatitis commonly affects denture users. Most available antifungal buccal formulations cannot maintain adequate drug levels in the mouth cavity for a sufficient time unless applied frequently. In the present study, denture-fitting, palate-mucoadhesive buccal miconazole nitrate films were developed and assessed for the management of upper denture stomatitis, caused by Candida albicans, in comparison to a commercial oral gel. Three films were prepared by solvent casting; the common film ingredients apart from miconazole nitrate, included propylene glycol as plasticizer, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose polymer as mucoadhesive film-forming agent (F1–F3). The second and third film (F2 & F3) also contained sodium carboxy methyl cellulose as an additional mucoadhesive polymer. In films F1 and F2, miconazole nitrate was dissolved in the plasticizer propylene glycol. The third film (F3) contained miconazole nitrate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dispersed in the film matrix. Films were characterized. Performance-related tests assessed in vitro drug release, in vitro mucoadhesion, in-vitro antifungal efficiency and in vivo clinical efficacy in denture stomatitis patients (colony counts following palate swabs and pain scoring during treatment). Attachment of film to denture was also investigated in vitro. Film F3 proved statistically more effective compared to films F1 & F2 and to the commercial oral gel, based on patients’ pain scoring at three days (P ≤ 0.05) and colony count at ten days (P ≤ 0.05) post treatment initiation, in spite of reduced amount of miconazole applied per day in case of films compared to gel. Differences in fungi inhibition zones, tested under equivalent amount of miconazole per agar well, were also statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Film (F3) can be promoted for effective local treatment of denture-related candidiasis with reduced application frequency, and less daily amount of applied miconazole compared to a commercial oral gel application.

Reliable Laboratory Tests: A Prerequisite for the Design of High-Quality Slurry Surfacing Mixtures

Surface treatment with slurry surfacing is a quick and cost-effective technique to restore the condition and performance of a road surface, compared with the replacement of the wearing course. It is therefore not surprising that cities and municipalities, faced with increasingly tight budgets, choose slurry surfacing to maintain their roads. A slurry surfacing with good performance and a long service life requires, above all, a well formulated mixture and a good control of the execution quality. Slurry surfacing could then even be considered for ultrathin wearing courses on new pavements. From 2016 to 2020, the Belgian Road Research Centre (BRRC) was engaged in a 4-year research project called BeP2S (Better Performing Slurry Surfacing) financially supported by the Belgian Bureau for Standardization (NBN). The project focussed on laboratory testing, gathering data and field experience, assessing the link between laboratory and field performance, and the mix design process. This paper is dedicated to the European test methods of the EN 12274 series (“Slurry surfacing–Test methods”), as well as some alternative test methods, which were evaluated (complexity, relevance for the mix design process, …) and improved in terms of test conditions, precision, and discriminating power. Five performance-related tests proved to have sufficient ability to discriminate between mixtures with variations in mix design. Recommendations were made for the ranges within which the laboratory test results should fall in order for the slurry surfacing to perform well.

Investigation of fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures and FAM mixes with high recycled asphalt material contents

Using a high content of recycled asphalt material, including reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) or recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), can be economically and environmentally beneficial. However, aged binder in RAP/RAS is a main concern for fatigue cracking resistance, therefore a reliable and efficient performance-related test for evaluating the effect of RAP/RAS on pavement performance is critical for the best use of these materials. In this study, four types of asphalt mixtures with various RAP/RAS contents higher than 20% were sampled from Southern California after different times at high temperature in the silo. To investigate the fatigue performance of these mixtures, four-point beam (4PB) fatigue testing was performed on full asphalt mixtures, and the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) testing was applied to their corresponding fine aggregate matrix (FAM) mixes. Testing results from FAM mixes have been analyzed within the viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) framework. The relationships between fatigue life and strain level have been established for FAM mixes and full mixtures separately. The LAS testing results were compared among the FAM mixes with the same type of asphalt material but with different silo hours, which shows a good agreement with the observations from the 4PB testing results from full mixtures. Analyses of fatigue performance of both FAM mixes and full mixtures indicate that fatigue life decreases with the increase of RAP content, as expected, and that silo time shows an important effect. Finally, a strong linear correlation has been found between the strain value at failure of LAS tests of FAM mixes and the strain value at one million cycles to failure predicted from 4PB tests of full mixtures. This indicates that LAS fatigue testing on FAM mixes could predict the fatigue performance of asphalt materials containing high contents of RAP/RAS and potentially be developed as a surrogate performance-related test for asphalt mix design and/or QC/QA.

Functional Tests for Ankle Instability Assessment in Athletes: A Review of Literature

Background and Aims: Ankle joint injuries and lateral sprains are the most common sports injuries. Understanding this injury through functional tests can reduce the risk of recurrence, and athlete's medical expenses reduce keeping athletes away from sports fields and smooth out the way of rehabilitation and return to exercise. This study aimed to collect functional tests that identify the ankle instability and the overall summary of these tests. Methods: In this study, comprehensive search to identify articles and studies conducted on functional tests for ankle instability PEDRO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, and Scopus based in the period 1994 to 2020 took place. In addition, a manual search and comprehensive review of article sources were conducted. Results: Out of 49 different tests that studied the functional tests for ankle instability, 23 articles were selected, and their results were reported. 25 performance-related tests, 7 postural control system tests, 10 self-report tests, and 7 scoring system tests were identified for ankle function evaluation. Conclusion: An analysis of studies showed that 4 different testing tools had been used in the literature to evaluate functional ankle instability in athletes. The present study identifies and explains how these tests are applied. Therefore, it performs an elaborated analysis of the 4 existing tests to see which one offers a more accurate analysis of functional ankle instability in athletes.

Investigation of Surrogate Performance Related Tests for Fatigue Cracking of Asphalt Pavements

This paper studies the relationship between laboratory measurements of fatigue performance and fracture performance of conventional asphalt mixtures, asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and rubberized asphalt mixtures. The existing four-point bending (4PB) test was developed to evaluate the fatigue performance of asphalt pavements; however, it is not necessarily appropriate for use in routine job mix formula approval and is too slow and expensive for quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA). In this paper, the semi-circular bending test and indirect tensile asphalt cracking test (IDEAL-CT) were evaluated for their potential to serve as a simple and fast surrogate fatigue performance related test for QC/QA on routine projects and routine mix design. Multiple representative fracture parameters were obtained from the Illinois flexibility index test and the IDEAL-CT. The coefficient of variation revealed that the lowest variability from both tests was in fracture strength. In addition, the linear regression analysis between fracture parameters and fatigue performance indicated that slopes, fracture toughness, and strength from fracture tests have good correlations with the initial flexural stiffness from 4PB tests, while 4PB initial stiffness is well correlated with fatigue life. The direct correlation between fracture properties and fatigue life was not as good. The fracture parameter “strength” also showed the capability of discriminating among asphalt materials with low RAP content.

Experimental Study on Physical and Rheological Properties of Trinidad Lake Asphalt Modified Binder

Mastic asphalt (MA) has been recognized as one of the most deformation-resistant and thus durable materials for bridge pavement. The performance properties of MA are highly dependent on the physical and rheological properties of the binder applied in the MA mixture. To modify the binder properties to obtain the expected performance of the MA mixture, Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) is often applied. In this study, the TLA-modified binders to be used in mastic asphalt bridge pavement systems were evaluated to develop the optimum material combination using conventional and performance-related testing. Physical and rheological tests were carried out on TLA-modified binders with the different modifier content in the range of 10–50% on a weight basis. The tests revealed that the TLA modifier addition to the 35/50 base bitumen should be close to the value of 20%. Higher concentrations of TLA may make the binder very stiff and could induce low-temperature cracks in mastic asphalt.

Literature Review of the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery, Performance-Related Test

AbstractThis paper presents a state-of-the-art discussion on the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, from its origin to the most recent refinements in the standardized protocols and the...

Laboratory Evaluation of the Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt as an Ungrooved Runway Surface.

Many airports are surfaced with grooved Marshall-designed dense graded asphalt. Grooving is required to satisfy regulatory aircraft skid resistance requirements, but introduces the risk of groove-related distress, such as groove closure. Consequently, airports seek an ungrooved runway surface option that performs similarly to dense graded asphalt but allows grooving to be avoided. Stone mastic asphalt is the most viable ungrooved runway surface solution and has been used on runways in Europe and China. However, before being accepted as an ungrooved runway surface in Australia, stone mastic asphalt must be shown to meet regulatory runway aircraft skid resistance requirements, and to otherwise perform similarly to typical dense graded asphalt mixtures for runway surfacing, including deformation resistance, fatigue cracking resistance and durability. Based on laboratory performance-related testing, 10-mm and 14-mm sized stone mastic asphalt mixtures, produced with four different aggregate sources, were found to generally meet the airport asphalt performance requirements. The 14 mm mixture was found to perform better than the 10 mm mixture, particularly regarding surface macrotexture and deformation resistance. It was concluded that airports should consider 14 mm sized stone mastic asphalt as an ungrooved runway surface in the future.

Performance-related and rheological characterisation of natural rubber modified bitumen

This paper is motivated by the limited research available evaluating the comprehensive effects of natural rubber bitumen modification (NR) for pavement applications. A detailed laboratory programme was carried out to evaluate the influence of NR on the high-intermediate-low temperature performance, including rheological characterisations and performance-related tests (fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, fracture and permanent deformation resistance). The main findings indicate some beneficial effects of NR on the performance-related response for fatigue and permanent deformation. Additional benefits were observed regarding the fracture strength and the thermal cracking resistance (ΔTc). The viscoelastic effects of NR produced significant changes in the rheological properties of the base bitumen. Overall, the use of NR at a concentration of up to 7% by weight of bitumen proved to be a reasonable option for use in pavement applications, having more substantial benefits in tropical regions in agreement with its predominant effects on the bitumen modification at intermediate-to-high temperature conditions.

Development of a performance-related framework for production quality control with ideal cracking and rutting tests

Many state departments of transportation (DOTs) are in the process of developing or implementing performance specifications for asphalt mixes. In addition to balanced mix design (BMD) methods, another critical component of a performance specification is production quality control (QC). Current production QC testing, including asphalt binder content, aggregate gradation, and laboratory compaction density, does not directly relate to mix performance. To ensure what is produced at the plant is similar to what was originally designed in the laboratory, performance tests should be part of the production QC testing. This paper first identifies two simple, practical, performance related tests suited for production QC: Ideal cracking test (IDEAL-CT) and Ideal shear rutting test (IDEAL-RT). Next, the correlations between the IDEAL-CT and -RT with cracking and rutting tests commonly used by DOTs are presented to examine whether these two simple tests still can be used for production QC even if cracking or rutting tests other than the IDEAL-CT and -RT are used for BMD. Furthermore, this paper addresses a practical question: how to rapidly cooling compacted specimens to a testing temperature for QC. This paper also discusses how to establish acceptable QC criteria for the IDEAL-CT and -RT during mixture design. Based on the information presented, this paper recommends a performance-related production QC framework: IDEAL-CT for cracking resistance, IDEAL-RT for rutting resistance, and laboratory compaction density. As demonstrated in a contractor’s QC lab, it is feasible to conduct the new production QC testing on a sublot (say 500 tons of mix production) basis.

Auxiliary power unit failure prediction using quantified generalized renewal process

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) is an essential component utilized in modern civil aircraft. In order to meet APU availability requirements, failure prediction should be performed in an effective way. To this end, APU performance deterioration can be modeled by a Generalized Renewal Process (GRP). In this paper, aircraft APU failure prediction is implemented using a Weibull-based GRP (WGRP). However, the effect of maintenance activities on aircraft APU required in WGRP is difficult to be quantified. To solve this problem, a new model named Quantified Generalized Renewal Process (QGRP) is developed in this paper. In this model, APU performance-related test parameters after repairs are utilized to quantify the maintenance effect. Based on the proposed QGRP model, the conditional failure rate and hazard rate of each aircraft APU at a future point in time can be calculated based on the APU's virtual age and be combined to predict the number of failures of a fleet of APUs. The performance of the proposed QGRP model is validated using a three-year data set provided by China Southern Airlines. The results show that the QGRP model is effective in aircraft APU failure prediction.

Reclaimed asphalt binders and mortars fatigue behaviour

Fatigue cracking is one of the most important failure mechanisms occurring in asphalt pavements, especially when mixtures incorporate considerable amount of rReclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). In fact, aged binders contained in RAP generally make asphalt more brittle and specifically reduce fatigue resistance of the resulting asphalt mixtures. Binders and mortars play a key role in this phenomenon, considering fatigue cracking usually starts within these asphalt components. However, performance-related tests and specifications commonly regard binders and there are no sound methodologies allowing the use of mortars to predicting fatigue performance of asphalts containing RAP. For this reason, in this paper, fatigue resistance of extracted binders from high-RAP content mixtures and of RAP mortars (passing sieve with an opening size of 0.15 mm) were assessed and compared. Binders were extracted from asphalt mixtures manufactured with 30%, 60% RAP and rejuvenators. Mixtures recipes were then reproduced to manufacture mortars accordingly. Time sweep tests in stress-controlled mode were carried out on both materials (binders and mortars) and the resulting fatigue laws were compared. As a result, a strict correlation was obtained, leading to affirm fatigue-related properties of RAP mixture could be assessed by directly testing RAP mortars. This makes the recovery of RAP binders unnecessary. Moreover, a relationship between the two fatigue laws versus the percentage of fine particles in the mortar was found. This latter relationship allows determining the fatigue law of mortars corresponding to any percentage of fine particles and therefore corresponding to any percentage of RAP.

Characterization of Permanent Deformation Using AMPT Repeated-Load-Triaxial and RSCH Tests for Mechanistic-Empirical Design and Practical Considerations

AbstractCaltrans is currently implementing a California version of the superior performing asphalt pavements (Superpave) mix design procedure for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to replace the long been used Hveem mix design process, and is interested in including performance-related tests for mix design and quality assurance. The objective of this study was to compare the repeated load triaxial (RLT) rutting test using the asphalt mixture performance tester (AMPT) and the repeated shear test at constant height (RSCH) using repeated simple shear tester (RSST) for characterization for Caltrans mechanistic-empirical (ME) pavement design in terms of usefulness of the results, difficulty, and time required to obtain results. The results indicated that there is potential to use the unconfined RLT test as a substitute for the RSCH test for mix design and quality assurance, and to use the confined or unconfined RLT for ME characterization. However, the preliminary results regarding shift factors to convert results from RL...

Influence of aggregate gradation on hma mixes stability

Abstract The load transfer capacity of pavements is to a great extend influenced by aggregates. About 85% of the total volume of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures consists of aggregates; thus, they are greatly influenced by aggregate properties like angularity (shape), roughness (texture), and gradation. Aggregate gradation controls the structure of voids. Current specifications for aggregate properties in HMA pavements require the aggregate blend to fall within a specified range of gradation values. Although the abovementioned requirement has ensured the construction of high quality HMA pavements, the properties are largely empirical and they are not based on performance-related tests. Marshall Stability is in principle the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface. It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60oC. Aggregates with different gradations from the broader area of Xanthi, Northern Greece, have been used to prepare specimens for stability testing of hot asphalt mixtures in the laboratory. The research focused on the evaluation of the influence of aggregates in the overall stability characteristics of the mixtures. The maximum stability value has been obtained with an open-graded mixture having 5% asphalt and aggregate size 2.36 mm. However, the stability of the dense graded mixture is higher than this maximum value.

Evaluation of different recycling agents for restoring aged asphalt binder and performance of 100 % recycled asphalt

Because of aged binder, high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content mixes are susceptible to cracking failures and are less workable than virgin mixtures. The potential of six differently originated recycling agents was evaluated in this study to restore the desired binder properties using conventional binder test methods and the results were compared with performance-related test results of 100 % RAP mixture. Binder test results showed that application of organic products require much lower dose to provide the same softening effect as petroleum products. The workability of binder and mixture was improved compared to RAP, but remained lower than that of reference virgin mixture. All rejuvenated mixtures proved to be very rut resistant. Low temperature performance of RAP, measured by creep compliance at −10 °C, was improved with the application of all recycling agents and RAP mixes rejuvenated with waste vegetable products even performed equal or better than virgin mixture. Organic oil and both waste vegetable products provided the best performance in binder and mixture fatigue resistance tests as measured by linear amplitude sweep and fracture work density respectively. Overall, the organic products outperformed the petroleum based additives in most tests, which partly can be attributed to un-optimized recycling agent dose. It was observed that penetration test may be a good indicator for initial selection of optimum dose since the results provide indication of rut resistance as well as fatigue performance of mixture and can be easily predicted using an exponential relationship that was developed in the research.

Recommended combination of the Bailey parameters in Superpave gradation design for Japanese airfield pavements

The objective of this study is to investigate the necessary Bailey parameters to obtain satisfactory performance of Superpave mixtures for Tokyo International Airport (HND) pavements. The experimental work, which included 22 designed blends, was divided into three parts. Part 1 and Part 2 examined the effect of the Bailey parameters on voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) and rutting resistance. Based on the Part 1 and Part 2 findings, an optimization task was conducted in Part 3. Three performance related tests, namely the asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) test, wheel tracking test (WTT) and fatigue bending test were carried out to evaluate the performance of mixtures in Part 3. The test results indicated the Superpave coarse graded mixture with mid values of all Bailey ratios met the Superpave criteria and had higher resistance to rutting and cracking. The Superpave fine graded mixtures have to be designed with a lower coarse aggregate (CA) ratio and with the mid values of fine aggregate (FA) ratios to ensure adequate volumetric properties and high resistance to rutting and cracking. A comparison was made between the blends designed with and without the Bailey method. The results indicate that the blends designed with the Bailey method have provided significant improvement over those designed by the conventional Superpave method. It is recommended that the Bailey method be directly applied in a mixture design to save design time and effort.