Performance Of Soybean Plants Research Articles

Influence of Plant Spacing and Bio-fertilizers on Yield and Yield Attributing Characters of Rain-fed Soybean at Damazin in Blue Nile State, Sudan

This study had the objective of evaluating the effect of biofertilizers on the performance of soybean plants under different planting spacing. It was conducted during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019at one site at Demonstration Farm of Damazin Agricultural Research Station, Sudan. The different plant spacing designated as D1, D2, and D3 (5, 10, and 15 cm between plants) under three types of bio-fertilizers as Rhizobacteria (B1), Azotobacter (B2), Bacillus (B3) and control (B0). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications as split-plots trail. The result revealed that the improvement due to the application of fertilizers with wider, spacing D3 stimulated plant growth and caused an increase in dry matter accumulation and high leaf area and gave the higher number of pods and seeds/pod, particularly at inoculation with B1 and B2 bacteria. While sowing seeds inoculated with B1or B2 under closer spacing resulted in higher seed yield per unit area. To achieve optimum results in soybean variety Sudan 1, the crop may be sown in plant spacing of 10cm with inoculation seeds with B1or B2 to achieve a high plant population per unit area to obtain higher seed yield.

Glomus mosseae AND Pseudomonas fluorescens AGAINST Soybean mosaic virus UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Glomus mosseae and Pseudomonas fluorescens enhance soybean resistance to SMV.- Ten-day drip irrigation stop at bloom stage boosts seed yield and weight.- Treatment reduces disease severity and increases P. fluorescens population.- Water-saving irrigation method improves soybean performance in dry seasons.- Combining G. mosseae and P. fluorescens increases soybean productivity. ABSTRACTSoybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] require much water, especially in the early stages of growth, flowering, and pod formation and filling. Drought stress on soybeans will increase with global climate change. The research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Glomus mosseae and Pseudomonas fluorescens in inducing systemic resistance to control Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV) and the performance of soybean plants with drip irrigation in the dry season. The drip irrigation was stopped for ten days at the beginning of bloom, full bloom, beginning pod, and regular drip irrigation. The application of G. mosseae inoculants used 100 g of sterile compost mixed with 30 spores. The liquid inoculum of P. fluorescens was applied on cotyledonary leaves using the watering method. The plants were inoculated with SMV 6 and 12 days after the P. fluorescens treatment. The symptoms of SMV were recorded two weeks after inoculation, and Indirect ELISA detected the virus. The results showed the combination of G. mosseae and P. fluorescens under drip irrigation stopped at the beginning of bloom for ten days on ELISA absorbance values and disease severity of 0.259 and 3.72 %, respectively. Moreover, this treatment showed the highest values for the 100-seed weight, seed yield, and fresh weight of leaves. The technique of giving water by stopping drip irrigation at the beginning of bloom for ten days will help save water and increase the P. fluorescens population optimally in Alfisols with a pH of between 4.5 and 5.1 with incredibly low fertility. The combination of G. mosseae and P. fluorescens population resulted in a significant increase in the number of G. mosseae’s spores by stopping drip irrigation at the beginning of bloom for ten days.

Performance of soybean plants in response to seed size and stressful and non-stressful environments

The size of soybean seeds can influence the germination process and seedling growth. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the size of soybean seeds during germination and seedling growth under non-stressful conditions and salt and water stress. The design used was completely randomized, arranged in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial scheme, with two soybean cultivars [BMX Extra IPRO (74i78RSF IPRO) and BMX Desafio RR (8473 RSF)], three seed size classes (5.75; 6.5 and 6.5 mm) and three osmotic stress treatments [control (non-stressful conditions), salt or water stress]. In the control treatment, distilled water was used, and water and salt stresses were used PEG and NaCl solutions with osmotic pressure of –0.3 MPa, respectively. First germination count, germination, radicle length, seedling length, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter were measured. Under non-stressful or stressful environments, soybean seed size does not affect germination rate and seedling growth for the cultivar BMX Extra IPRO. For the BMX Desafio RR cultivar, the larger seeds are more adapted to the saline stress condition. Regardless of seed size and soybean cultivar, water stress reduced germination and seedling growth rate.

Suppression of ERECTA Signaling Impacts Agronomic Performance of Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merril) in the Greenhouse.

The ERECTA (ER) family of genes, encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (RLK), influences complex morphological and physiological aspects of plants. Modulation of ER signaling leads to abiotic stress tolerance in diverse plant species. However, whether the gain in stress tolerance is accompanied with desirable agronomic performance is not clearly known. In this study, soybean plants potentially suppressed in ER signaling were evaluated for the phenotypic performance and drought response in the greenhouse. These plants expressed a dominant-negative Arabidopsis thaliana ER (AtER) called ΔKinase to suppress ER signaling, which has previously been linked with the tolerance to water deficit, a major limiting factor for plant growth and development, directly compromising agricultural production. With the aim to select agronomically superior plants as stress-tolerant lines, transgenic soybean plants were subjected to phenotypic selection and subsequently to water stress analysis. This study found a strong inverse correlation of ΔKinase expression with the agronomic performance of soybean plants, indicating detrimental effects of expressing ΔKinase that presumably led to the suppression of ER signaling. Two lines were identified that showed favorable agronomic traits and expression of ΔKinase gene, although at lower levels compared with the rest of the transgenic lines. The drought stress analysis on the progenies of these lines, however, showed that these plants were more susceptible to water-deficit stress as compared with the non-transgenic controls. The selected transgenic plants showed greater stomata density and conductance, which potentially led to higher biomass, and consequently more water demand and greater susceptibility to the periods of water withholding.

Agronomic tolerance changes of soybean genotypes under waterlogged condition

Stress from excess water is one of the most harmful limiting factors in soybean production during the wet season. This research aimed to study the response of soybean genotypes to waterlogging. Ten soybean genotypes were grown in the screen-house of the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (ILETRI), Malang, Indonesia. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replicates. Waterlogging treatment was imposed at 10 days after planting (dap) for 30 days. Changes in the normal environment to waterlogging directly influence the agronomic character’s performance of soybean plants. Soybean agronomic characters including shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, the number of reproductive branches, plant height, and number of pods per plant were most severely affected by waterlogging, and contribute to the seed yield reduction. Waterlogging during vegetative phase reduced seed yield by 93.82% (14.89 g plant−1 in normal condition to 0.86 g plant−1 in waterlogged soil). Wilis variety produced high yield in both normal and stressed environments, hence, it is categorized as tolerant to waterlogging in the vegetative phase. Sinabung and G511H/0815-2-4-49 are considered as susceptible genotypes due to the highest yield reduction.

Identification of Plant Compounds Involved in the Microbe-Plant Communication During the Coinoculation of Soybean with Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Delftia sp. strain JD2.

Delftia sp. strain JD2 is a betaproteobacterium characterized as a plant growth-promoting bacterium with a 'helper' function, enhancing the performance of rhizobial inoculant strains during the coinoculation of alfalfa and clover. In this work we analyzed i) the effect of the coinoculation with Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Delftia sp. strain JD2 strains on the performance of soybean plants and ii) the production of a few secondary plant metabolites that would explain the positive effect of coinoculation on the growth and development of soybean plants. The results showed a beneficial effect of coinoculation on soybean growth, nodulation rate, and pulse yield, with the concomitant benefit for the agricultural economy. In addition, based on a metabolomics approach, we demonstrated that a different pattern of plant metabolites is being produced at different stages of plant growth. The new information suggests that the coinoculation of soybean changes the primary and secondary metabolism of the plant, including changes in the metabolic status of main and secondary nodules within the plant. The relevance of producing a different pattern of photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments, flavonoids, organic acids, and carbohydrates are discussed. Finally, we propose that JD2 could be used together with bradyrhizobia to manipulate the chemical composition of plant tissues, promoting the nutritional benefits and health of soybean.

Growth and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer and Sheep Manure using 15N Isotopic Dilution

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding different phosphorus (P) fertilizer levels [0, 40, and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha−1 (abbreviated as P0, P1, and P2, respectively)] and rates of sheep manure (M) [0, 20, and 40 ton ha−1 (abbreviated as M0, M1, and M2, respectively)] on growth and nitrogen (N2) fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.). Sorghum bicolor L. was employed as a reference crop to evaluate N2 fixation using the 15N-isotpic dilution technique. Results showed that addition of P fertilizer or sheep manure had positive effects on dry-matter production, N accumulation, and seed yield. Such effects were more pronounced when adding sheep manure and P together than adding separately. Solely P fertilizer had a small impact on N2 fixation. A tangible increase in the amounts of N2 fixed due to manure addition occurred. The efficient use of N fertilizer (%NUE) increased significantly as the result of adding a high level of P fertilizer. However, a drastic decrease in %NUE was observed when sheep manure was added solely or in combination with P fertilizer. From productivity and ecological standpoints, P2M1 and P2M2 surpassed the other treatments in showing greater grain yield and greater N2 fixation. However, considering the high cost of sheep manure, P2M1 was the optimal treatment for improving growth and N2 fixation in soybean plants with minimal manure consumption. In conclusion, the integrated use of manure and P fertilizer could be considered a useful agricultural practice for improving the performance of soybean plants grown in an Aridisol. Their beneficial effects were mainly attributed to the enhancement of N2 fixation through root growth and soil property improvements besides being a source of P and other nutrients that are essential for N2-fixation process.

Performance of soybean plants as function of seed size: II. Nutritional stress

The high quality seed is an input with invaluable for obtaining soybean crops with higher yields; for it reflects the results of high investments in research of modern technologies, which will be converted into high productivity levels. Thus, the aim of this study was assessing performance of soybean seeds, sorted by size, and grown in soils with different phosphorus levels. To this, seeds of two soybean cultivars (MSoy 9144RR and MSoy 8527RR) were sorted with aid of circular screens with perforations of 5.5 mm and 7.5 mm in diameter. Sowing was carried out into plastic pots, with 3.0 dm³ substrate capacity each, containing a Red-Yellow Oxisol, fertilized with increasing phosphorus dosages (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg. Kg-1), and performed under greenhouse environmental conditions. Seed size did not significantly influence the values obtained to the variables analyzed; however, to the larger seeds there was a trend of increase on these values. There was also a trend of increase on these values to all variables assessed when the dosages of phosphorus in the soil were increased.