Performance Of Power Line Communication Research Articles

Battery configuration dependence to power line communication using high-order quadrature amplitude modulation

Power line communication (PLC) within future smart batteries facilitates the communication of high fidelity sensor data between smart cells and external systems, with application areas including intelligent vehicles and smart grids. This interconnected PLC system of smart cells will enhance cell utilisation and safety through cell-to-cell coordination at a system level, leveraging the existing bus bar within the battery and eliminating the need for additional wire harnesses. This paper studies the performance of a PLC system operating at carrier frequencies of 10MHz to 6GHz within four distinct configurations of lithium-ion batteries. This assessment focuses on changes in scattering parameters and data transmission error ratios. Furthermore, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) orders of up to 1024 are investigated for their viability within such environments. The results indicate that the addition of cells in parallel increases error ratios with high-order QAM, and that this effect varies substantially with carrier frequency. Using QAM increases data throughput, allowing for data transfers within large-scale battery systems without PLC bus bandwidth saturation. A prospective centre frequency of 3650MHz allows for a wide bandwidth of 300MHz and 1024-QAM with little signal attenuation and data error. At this frequency, the need for signal repeaters and higher signal output power is reduced. These results are used to determine the most suitable arrangement of cells within a smart battery with consideration of the PLC performance. The preliminary performance of a large-scale battery system with PLC in-situ could be derived from the findings in this research based upon the four battery configurations tested.

Adaptive Power Line Communication for Low-Data-Rate Control and Sensing

Unreliable and range-limited communication restricts the effectiveness of many demand-side management schemes. For electrical loads with infrequent switching needs, untapped opportunities still exist to facilitate the reliable deployment of power line communication (PLC) for demand-side management applications. Inexpensive low-data-rate PLC, typically robust against power-line attenuation, can enable reliable load control in a building or facility. Yet, effective low-data-rate PLC schemes are susceptible to harmful and time-varying power-line noise levels. This paper presents approaches for adapting low-data-rate PLC to short-term and long-term noise variations often present in PLC channels. The proposed approaches enhance low-data-rate PLC performance, and further improve the reliability of load-control schemes that only require low data rates. Field demonstrations in a 24-floor apartment building with challenging conditions validate the proposed schemes.

Research on ultra-reliable and low-latency secure transmission of distribution monitoring communication system

In the smart distribution network scenario, we investigate the physical layer security performance of power line communication in FBL. The results show that the system secure transmission rate increases with increasing channel block length and eventually converges to a constant value. Compared with the traditional SE maximization algorithm based on FBL, the total secrecy rate is improved by about 13%. Compared with the traditional linear precoder (ZF), the secrecy rate is improved by about 30%. Therefore, the proposed scheme is superior in supporting the power line communication system based on FBL.

Design and Analysis of Replica Piecewise M-Ary DCSK Scheme for Power Line Communications With Asynchronous Impulsive Noise

Previous studies have shown that impulsive noise can weaken the performance of power line communication (PLC). Though DCSK can improve the performance in an order of magnitude comparing to the direct sequence differential phase shift keying (DS-DPSK), it is still a challenge to further improve the BER performance with signal redesign without the need of advanced and expensive extra noise suppression technologies. The paper introduces the model of asynchronous impulsive noise of Middleton class-A noise and corresponding multipath fading channels in PLC, and analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the M-ary differential chaos shift keying (MDCSK) scheme over different channels. Furthermore, a new replica piecewise frame of MDCSK (RP-MDCSK) is proposed to resist the impulse noise. In the proposed scheme, one piecewise of signals is transmitted first. Then, it replicates pw times, which serves as the reference signal transmitted in the first half symbol period. The information-bearing signal combines the reference signal with its Hilbert transform in the second half. At the receiver, one piece of reference signals is extracted and then correlated with its corresponding information-bearing part. The BER expressions of the MDCSK and the proposed scheme are derived and analyzed over different channels, and verified by simulations. Comparing with the corresponding schemes, it is found that the BER of the proposed scheme is by 2-3 orders of magnitude lower.

Performance Comparisons of Broadband Power Line Communication Technologies

Broadband power line communication (PLC) is used as a communication technique for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in Korea. High-speed (HS) PLC specified in ISO/IEC12139-1 and HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) are deployed for remote metering. Recently, internet of things (IoT) PLC has been proposed for reliable communications on harsh power line channels. In this paper, the physical layer performance of IoT PLC, HPGP, and HS PLC is evaluated and compared. Three aspects of the performance are evaluated: the bit rate, power spectrum, and bit error rate (BER). An expression for the bit rate for IoT PLC and HPGP is derived while taking the padding bits and number of tones in use into consideration. The power spectrum is obtained through computer simulations. For the BER performance comparisons, the upper bound of the BER for each PLC standard is evaluated through computer simulations.

Virtual PLC Lab Enabled Physical Layer Improvement Proposals for PRIME and G3-PLC Standards

Narrowband (NB) powerline communication (PLC) is extensively adopted by utilities for the communication in advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems. PLC technology needs to overcome channel disturbances present in certain grid segments. This study analyzes improvement proposals of the physical layer of the main narrowband PLC technologies approved by international communication organizations that are currently deployed in Europe: Powerline Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) 1.3.6, PRIME 1.4, and G3-PLC, in order to improve PLC performance under channel disturbances. This thorough study is based on simulations carried out by an innovative ad hoc Virtual PLC Lab, developed by the authors, applied in replicable, fully-automated, and cost reduced test scenarios. The analysis is performed by applying standardized test methods and metrics, and by evaluating the influence of a set of representative channel disturbances defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and selected noises generated by distributed energy resources (DER) in normal operation. PLC performance improvements in terms of equalizer curve fitting, error correction codes, and noisy subcarrier suppression mechanisms are presented. The performance gain due to each physical improvement proposal is accurately measured and compared under the same conditions in a replicable and automated test environment in order to evaluate the use of the proposals in the evolution of future PLC technologies.

Development of Top-Up And Bottom –Up Techniques for Assessment of Power Line Communication Channel Model

Power Line Communication (PLC) is the transfer of data and voice signals from one communication system to another over the electric power delivery network. However, with the advent of technology, human dependency on electricity and communication has grown beyond leaps and bounds. The power transmission line channel has not been designed with wired channel requirements for broadband applications and appears as a harsh environment for the low-power high-frequency communication signals. This study therefore evaluate the performance of PLC on power grid by simulating a practical multipath power line communication channel model using top-down and bottom-up approach. The statistical multipath parameters such as path arrival time, magnitude and interval for each category were analyzed. This is done over the frequency range of 100-300 kHz. The result shows that at 100 kHz, data can be transmitted up to 350 meters without signal distortions while for 300 kHz only 50 meters can be covered. In addition, signal attenuation with a distance of 2 km is about 0.2 of the original signal at 300 kHz and less at higher frequencies. The results in the time and frequency domains indicate that data transmission in PLC environment needs signal to be amplified at higher powers. Keywords : Power Line Communication, Power Grid, Transmission Line, Multipath Parameters, Channel Modelling, Top-Down Approach, Bottom-Up Approach. DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-16-03 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Error performance of power line communications in the presence of Nakagami‐m background noise

AbstractThis paper studies the error performance of power line communication (PLC) systems, in the presence of background noise with Nakagami‐m distributed envelope and uniformly distributed phase. In this sense, we present closed‐form expressions for the symbol error rate (SER) of PLC systems using binary pulse amplitude modulation and generalize the analysis to accommodate the M‐ary pulse amplitude modulation. In addition, novel closed‐form expressions for the SER upper bound of rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation PLC systems are derived. Interestingly, these expressions can be considered as tight SER approximations in the high–signal‐to‐noise ratio region and, thus, can efficiently evaluate the operational bound of a PLC system.

선박에서 나노 결정질 합금 및 페라이트 커플링 장치의 유도전력선통신 성능 비교

선박에서 나노 결정질 합금 및 페라이트 커플링 장치의 유도전력선통신 성능 비교

Case Study:Performance of Power Line Communications under Various Loads Conditions

The widespread and availability of electrical network, attracts the attention of engineers to use this vast network as communication media to transmit and receive data over 50 Hz or 60Hz power line, this technology is known Power Line Communications. This technology enables the two-ways communications which will helps in effective monitoring and controlling of grid resources makes our electrical gird into smart electrical grid. This paper reports the performance of Power Line Communications under various conditions such as type of electrical and electronics appliances, distance between PLC transmitter and receiver, distance from appliance to PLC receiver, frequency of operation etc. Experimental setup is made using server-client communication where DLMS Energy meter simulator acts as client and DLMS Explorer as server.

Performance Evaluation of Networking Protocols for Connected Vehicles

Modern cars feature many embedded systems that monitor and manage all the critical sensors and actuators. The interconnection of such systems is a challenging task since the information to be exchanged is of mission-critical nature and affects the driving experience. The vehicle connectivity can be further extended with Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology, which allows cars to exchange sensory information and even act on it. In this article a unified networking architecture is presented, starting from the inside of the vehicle and the interconnection of various control units and ultimately targeting Car-to-Car communications which enable smarter, safer and more efficient transportation. The researchers review and evaluate the performance of Power Line Communications as a solution for in-car networking. Then the safety-critical data as well as multimedia originating from each individual vehicle's in-car network are broadcasted to other neighbouring vehicles via IEEE 802.11p in a simulation environment featuring realistic vehicular mobility.

PLC performance evaluation with channel gain and additive noise over nonuniform background noise phase

AbstractOwing to its huge potential to provide easy access to high‐speed video and data, power line communication (PLC) has recently grabbed the attention of the researchers. The PLC is an emerging field of communication for the home area network of smart grid. Because power lines were not initially designed for communication purposes, they offer a difficult communication environment in the form of impulsive noise and multiplicative noise, in addition to the background noise. This elucidates the need for evaluating the performance of PLC systems by taking into account all these factors. The performance of a PLC system under the influence of Rayleigh distributed channel gain, background noise (with nonuniform phase), and impulsive noise is comprehensively studied in this paper. We evaluate closed‐form expressions of the average bit error rate and outage probability for different cases depending on the presence or absence of impulsive noise and channel gain. We provide a further insight into the system by obtaining the diversity of the PLC system. Simulation results closely match with our analysis, thereby establishing the validity of the derived expressions.

Effect of transient and non-transient models on the performance of PLC

This paper presents the characteristic analysis of channel gain for two conductor type power line communication (PLC) system using analytical transient model. The analysis of frequency responses is presented by incorporating various lengths of transmission lines and loads at terminal side. It is suggested that variations in the frequency responses of PLC channel, especially under transient condition within the transmission line (TL) can be investigated more effectively by using the transient model. Performance of transient model is found to be significantly better than the previously available work in the literature. More accurate results are achieved in simulation as compared to results obtained from typical $$\pi $$? model of lumped circuit.

Performance analysis of power line communication in industrial power distribution network

Power line communication (PLC) seems to be one of the best trade-off between cost and benefit for implementing Smart Grids in industrial context. Unfortunately, industrial environment may compromise the reliability of PLC technologies due to noisy communication channel and interfering/competing PLC systems. In this work, a multi-protocol instrument for PLC performance estimation is presented. The proposed solution is able to characterize and to decode several PLC systems with different physical modulations using a software-defined architecture. A working prototype of the proposed instrument has been characterized and used in a real industrial plant in order to study potential issues affecting PLC.

Comparative Study on Application Performance of PLC of Electric Energy Data Acquisition System

The electric energy data acquisition system is an important part of smart grid construction, and as well it is the essentail platform and core support of intelligent electricity service system. As the “neural network” of electric energy data acquisition system, the communication technology plays a vital role for improving the system performance. In this paper, we performed a comparative test associated with the application performance of electric energy data acquire solution, whilst considing both narrowband power line communication (PLC) and broadband PLC technologies. While comparing the test resuls in both laboratory ideal environment and comprehensive interference environment, it provides an important data support to master the performance of different PLC technologies in electric energy data acquisition system.

Research on Power Line as Communication Channel with Multi-Tap and Multi-Branch Configuration

To study the effect of different branch configuration on transmission characteristic in-home low-voltage (LV) communication power line communication (PLC) channel, the influences of branch length, number of branch and tap, and branch terminal impedance on the performance of PLC are investigated. The two type power line network structures of the one-tap with multi-branch (OTMB) and the multi-tap with multi-branch (MTMB) are studied. The transmission characteristics of the PLC channel are simulated by varying the length and terminal impedance of the branch for two configurations. Simulation results show that the length and terminal impedance of the branch have significant influence on the amplitude and phase response of the transfer function. The position and number of notches and crests in the amplitude responses are affected by different branch types and the configurations of branch length and branch terminal impedance. The models developed in this paper can easily handle an arbitrary topology of power line channel and provide accurate calculation for the channel responses of the all kinds of channel branch structures in indoor LV power line network

Research on TWACS Interference Suppression Based on the RLS Algorithm

TWACS (Two Way Automatic Communication System) has advantages such as economical and practical use, strong interference capability, long transmission distance and so on. But the noise in China's industrial distribution power grid owns the characters of strong interference randomness and even annihilation of the modulated signal. So the noise has a negative impact on power line communication performance. While the adaptive filter does not need to know in advance on the statistical characteristics of the input signal and noise, and has nothing to do with the spectral characteristics of the input signal. Based on this, it’s premised that the modulation signal is basically known, and the signal beyond modulation domain is regarded as reference signal to design an adaptive filter applied to TWACS by referring to the block diagram of the adaptive filter model to adjust the variable parameters of the RLS algorithm. Finally, the field test signal simulations show good effect of the adaptive filter design

가스방전관(GDT)을 적용한 서지보호장치 회로의 DC 동작전압 최적조건 고찰

It is made compulsory to install SPD for the purpose of protecting electric and electronic devices when an abnormal voltage such as lightning occurs to power line using power frequency of 60Hz. Recently, the high speed communication technology utilizing power line is receiving attention again as a communication technology for smart grid. The SPD influences the performances of power line communication when using SPD and power line communication system together. In order to improve the performance of power line communication, a proposed scheme for series connection of gas discharge tube to ZnO varistor was presented. This paper measured the impacts of series connection of GDT to SPD using ZnO varistor on the limit voltage of Class III SPD. This paper also presented the DC operating voltage of GDT which satisfies the limit voltage of power line communication system and SPD simultaneously.

Power line enhancement for data monitoring of neural electrical activity in the human body

Distance and real-time data monitoring are the necessary condition that makes any system in good working order. Recent advancements in micro-electronics and wireless technology enable the application of wireless sensors in both industry and wild environments. However, Long-distance wireless communication has several drawbacks like limited bandwidth, considerable costs and unstable connection quality. Therefore, Power Line Communication (PLC) using pre-established Power Lines (PL) becomes more attractive for high data transmission technology. This paper reviews the existing distance data monitoring systems and presents a case study for data transferring of temperature and heart beat measurement. The simulations were carried out on the detected and transmitted signals of medical data using Matlab program. Furthermore, a framework of Intelligent Neural Monitoring System (INMS) is proposed for future works. The performance of PLC as a channel to transfer the patient Heart Rate (HR) is evaluated based on the Bit Error Rate (BER). Key words: Power line communication, electrical signals, data monitoring, lectrocardiogram, electromyogram, neural interfacing.

Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation With Iterative Decoding in Impulsive Noise

Power-line communications (PLC) suffers performance degradation due mainly to impulsive noise interference generated by electrical appliances. This paper considers the application of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) in Class-A impulsive noise environment to improve the spectral efficiency and error performance of PLC. In particular, the optimal soft-output demodulator and its suboptimal version are presented for an additive Class-A noise channel so that iterative demodulation and decoding can be performed at the receiver. The effect of signal mapping on the error performance of BICM-ID systems in impulsive noise is investigated, with both computer simulation and a tight error bound on the asymptotic performance. Extrinsic information transfer chart analysis is carried out to illustrate the convergence properties of different mappings. The superior performance of BICM-ID compared to the orthogonal frequency-division multiplex technique is also clearly demonstrated