Gain Performance Research Articles

Quad ports dielectric resonator antenna with simple feed network and high gain performance

This paper presents a quad-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) single cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) for X-band applications. This approach is mainly based on selecting the proper feeding structure for each port as well as implanting vertical metallic vias (VMVs) to diminish the mutual coupling over a wide bandwidth. Two orthogonal apertures and two vertical probes are utilized as feeding structures to realize good isolation between all port combinations. For coupling mitigation between port1 and port2 that is due to the field distribution of the excited modes at these ports, four VMVs are inserted between them in appropriate positions to produce field orthogonality along wide bandwidth. The excited modes inside the proposed CDRA are HE52δ+2x,HE52δ+2y, HE32δ + 2, and TM12δ + 2. Isolation better than -15 dB is attained across the overlapping band of 340 MHz (4 %); from 8.2 to 8.54 GHz. Moreover, the proposed DRA provides a gain of 5.17, 7.21, 7.77, and 7.78 dBi for the four ports at 8.45 GHz and the total efficiencies at all ports are from 65 to 85 % across the operating band. The MIMO performance of the proposed design shows a good envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL) and mean effective gain (MEG) through the whole band for all ports.

Electrical Properties and Gain Performance of 4H-SiC LGAD (SICAR)

Electrical Properties and Gain Performance of 4H-SiC LGAD (SICAR)

Development model of a high-performance multiple input multiple output microstrip antenna based on a planar series array with 8×2 elements for 5G communication systems

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) makes a major contribution to 5G communication systems by increasing network capacity and spectrum efficiency. In 5G, MIMO enables the use of multiple antennas at base stations and user devices, allowing simultaneous sending and receiving of data over multiple paths. This significantly increases data throughput and connection reliability, especially in environments with high user density. In addition, MIMO technology supports the implementation of beamforming, which focuses signals on a specific direction, reduces interference, and improves signal coverage and quality, making it one of the keys to achieving faster and more responsive 5G performance. Therefore, antennas with wide bandwidth, high gain and MIMO performance are crucial for supporting 5G communication systems. This paper proposes a high-performance MIMO microstrip antenna based on a series planar array with 8×2 elements operating at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication systems. A spiral stub and a feed inset are proposed to control the reflection coefficient and bandwidth of the antenna while the series planar array is proposed to increase the gain. To support the MIMO communication system, the proposed antenna is separated into two different ports with a certain distance. From the measurement results, the proposed antenna has high performance indicated by a wide bandwidth of 680 MHz (3–3.68 GHz) and a high gain of 17.8 dB at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna has high mutual coupling and diversity indicated by ECC and DG of 0.001 and 9.99 dB, respectively. This work provides a solution to design a high-performance microstrip antenna and can be implemented as a receiving antenna for 5G communication systems

Super Low Profile 5G mmWave Highly Isolated MIMO Antenna with 360∘ Pattern Diversity for Smart City IoT and Vehicular Communication

This study introduces a planar folded super low profile 5G mmWave monopole antenna for small IoT devices with superior efficiency and gain. Low-loss Rogers RT-5880 substrate material has been utilized to achieve higher efficiency, gain, and diversity performance in a relatively compact size. The unit element planar monopole antenna has been designed within 6.15×5.13×0.8mm3 with a partial ground. Four unit element antenna was orthogonally arranged on alternating sides of the substrate plane with narrow inter-component spacing in the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system. The integration of the double negative (DNG) metamaterial array on the antenna led to a cumulative improvement in the overall performance of the antenna, which includes gain, efficiency, and isolation. The minimum isolation of the antenna increased by 11 dB with substrate-loaded metamaterial. The proposed MIMO antenna model with substrate-loaded metamaterial demonstrates 8 GHz instantaneous bandwidth (33.1 GHz - 41.1 GHz), 0.001 envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG) greater than 9.99 dB, channel capacity loss (CCL) less than 0.2bits/s/Hz, and a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) of 25 dB, which suggests that the diversity characteristics of the MIMO antenna system is impressive. Moreover, a densely packed 12-element antenna model has been introduced in this study with 360∘ pattern diversity, capable of receiving signals from any direction. Three 4-element MIMO systems have been arranged in an architecture to develop the 12-element MIMO system, and the size of the 12-element MIMO architecture is 15×15×15mm3. Despite having this compact size and dense packing, the 12-element MIMO antenna model shows similar diversity performance as the 4-element antenna model. Analog equivalent circuit models or resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) equivalent systems for the antenna models were created. A concept of a 128-element massive MIMO antenna has been presented to support the end devices, creating an application scenario of an IoT-interconnected smart city.

Evaluating Inclusion of Commercial Pistachio By-Product as a Functional Ingredient in Rainbow Trout Fishmeal and Plant Meal-Based Diets.

To meet the growing demand for sustainable aquaculture, plant proteins are being explored as alternative sources in fish diets. However, some plant proteins can have adverse health effects on fish, prompting research into functional feed ingredients to mitigate these issues. This study investigated pistachio shell powder (PSP), rich in antioxidants, as a functional feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The effects of PSP inclusion (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) on growth performance, intestinal health, and gut microbiota were assessed in fish fed either a fishmeal (FM) or plant meal (PM) diet over a 12-week feeding period. The results indicated that PSP inclusion at 1% significantly (p < 0.05) improved weight gain and growth performance in FM treatments, with no impact on growth in PM treatments. No significant differences were observed in other growth parameters, intestinal morphology, or oxidative stress markers, although a trend toward the downregulation of inflammatory genes was noted in PM treatments at 2% PSP inclusion. PSP inclusion did not significantly alter gut microbiota alpha diversity but affected beta diversity at the 0.5% level in the FM treatments (p < 0.05). Differential abundance analysis of gut microbiota revealed taxa-specific responses to PSP, particularly the genus Candidatus arthromitus, increasing in relative abundance with PSP inclusion in both the FM- and PM-based treatments. Overall, PSP inclusion up to 2% did not have significant adverse effects on the growth, intestinal health, or antioxidant status of rainbow trout.

Gain performance and thermal effects of Nd:Glass and Nd,Y:SrF2 crystal

The gain performance and thermal effects of Nd:glass (N31) and Nd,Y:SrF2 crystal are investigated and compared. The results show that, under the same pump conditions, Nd,Y:SrF2 can provide a small-signal gain similar to that of N31. The main advantages of Nd,Y:SrF2 are its weaker thermal effects and greater thermal-fracture limitations compared with those of N31. In this paper, the two gain media are compared in the form of rods whose diameter is 5 mm and length is 60 mm. The small-signal gain coefficients of N31 and Nd,Y:SrF2 are 1.39 and 1.46, respectively, at a pump energy of 1.5 J/1 Hz. The pump energy is set at 1.5 J/8 Hz to experimentally investigate their thermal effects. The thermal wavefront of N31 is 0.987λ at a repetition rate of 10 Hz, whereas that of Nd,Y:SrF2 is 0.679λ. In thermal destructive experiments, N31 fractured at an average pump power of 15 W (1.5 J/10 Hz), whereas Nd,Y:SrF2 fractured at a higher power of 27 W (1.5 J/18 Hz) owing to its excellent thermal conductivity, which is 7.28 times that of N31. These results indicate the potential of Nd,Y:SrF2 crystal as a gain medium for high-repetition-rate laser amplifiers.

Compact Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna for 5G Communication Systems

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is highly respected in modern communication systems because it can enable high-speed, high-data-rate communication over short distances. It is still difficult to achieve optimal multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) performance in real-world multipath settings, even with breakthroughs in traditional antenna designs. UWB-MIMO antenna solutions have been created and simulated in order to address this problem and fulfill present demands. Nevertheless, maintaining high antenna efficiency and the requirement for antenna designs tailored to a particular bandwidth are two of the difficulties UWB systems must overcome. Recently, a variety of optimization strategies have been employed to obtain high gain and UWB performance by fine-tuning antenna characteristics. The major obstacles are resolved by the optimization process, including the time and computational resource requirements. The difficulty is further compounded by the intricacy of accurately modifying antenna settings to maximize gain. A multi-objective advancement for the design and improvement of the reduced UWB-MIMO test radio wire for 5G was offered as a solution to these problems. In order to attain the UWB feature, we first aim to use a single elliptical-square form antenna that operates from 3.4 to 70 GHz with isolation larger than 29.54 dB. Furthermore, we optimize the impedance bandwidth by tuning the parameters of the structural dimensions using the improved proportional topology optimization (IPTO) technique. Additionally, we present the orthogonal correction using the binarized convolutional neural network (BCNN).

Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) Cascode Low-Noise Amplifier with Switchable Degeneration Inductor for Carrier Aggregation.

This paper presents a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) cascode low-noise amplifier with inductive degeneration for inter- and intra-band carrier aggregation. The proposed low-noise amplifier has two output ports for flexible operation in carrier aggregation combinations for band 30 and band 7. However, during inter- and intra-band operation, gain variation occurs depending on the output mode. To compensate for this, a switching circuit is proposed to adjust the degeneration inductor, optimizing gain performance for both modes. The switching operation can minimize the control for the dynamic range in the receiver system to support carrier aggregation. The designed low-noise amplifier was fabricated using a 65 nm CMOS process, occupying an area of 2.1 mm2. In inter-band operation, the small-signal gain was measured by 18.9 dB for band 30 and 18.6 dB for band 7, with the noise figures of 1.03 dB and 1.07 dB, respectively. For intra-band operation, the small-signal gain was 17.3 dB and 17.2 dB, with the noise figures of 1.3 dB and 1.41 dB. The IIP3 values were measured by -7.6 dBm and -6.7 dBm for inter-band, and -6.3 dBm and -6.2 dBm for intra-band. Power consumption was 8.04 mW and 7.68 mW in inter-band, and 17.04 mW and 17.64 mW in intra-band depending on the output configuration.

Advanced Metamaterial-Integrated Dipole Array Antenna for Enhanced Gain in 5G Millimeter-Wave Bands

A metamaterial-based non-uniform dipole array antenna is presented for high gain 5G millimeter-wave applications with a wideband characteristic. Initially, a non-uniform dipole array is designed on a 0.202 mm thick Rogers RO4003C substrate, offering a wide operating bandwidth ranging from 23.1 GHz to 44.8 GHz. The dipole array antenna emits unidirectional end-fire radiation with a maximum gain of 8.1 dBi and an average gain of 6.7 dBi. Subsequently, to achieve high gain performance, a 5 × 7 metamaterial structure is designed in the direction of the antenna radiation. The implemented metamaterial structure is optimized for the operating frequency, enhancing the directivity of the antenna radiation and resulting in a gain increment of more than 3 dBi compared to the dipole array alone. The developed metamaterial-integrated dipole array antenna offers an operating bandwidth (S11 &lt; −10 dB) of more than 21 GHz (63.92%), ranging from 23.1 GHz to 44.8 GHz, covering the most commonly used 5G millimeter-wave frequency bands (n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261). Furthermore, the presented antenna yields a stable high gain with a peak gain of 11.21 dBi and a good radiation efficiency of more than 64%. The proposed antenna is an excellent option for millimeter-wave 5G systems due to its overall properties, particularly its high gain and end-fire radiation characteristics, combined with a wide operating bandwidth.

ℒ2-gain performance of nonlinear sampled-data systems with gain-scheduled control

This paper presents new sufficient conditions for stabilisation of sampled-data nonlinear systems, recast as quasi-linear parameter-varying models. The adopted control strategy considers gain-scheduled state-feedback controllers subject to induced input delay. The L 2 -gain performance is investigated in the sense of Lyapunov. After the proposition of a Lyapunov function and with the application of Wirtinger's inequality, the derived conditions are rewritten in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Aiming at the enlargement of the aperiodic sampling time and at the minimisation of the L 2 -gain, the effectiveness of the developed approach is assessed through numerical simulations.

Exponential stability and non-weighted L 2-gain analysis for switched neutral systems with unstable subsystems

Exponential stability and non-weighted L 2 -gain are studied for switched neutral systems with unstable subsystems. Initially, a time scheduling strategy is introduced to formulate switching-signal-based multiple discontinuous Lyapunov functions. Multiple discontinuous Lyapunov functions can be applied to each subsystem, thereby relaxing the limitations of traditional Lyapunov functions. Meanwhile, mode-dependent average dwell times are utilised to design fast and slow switching signals, ensuring stability in switched neutral systems where the switching between unstable and stable subsystems is arbitrary. Moreover, in the presence of external disturbances, the non-weighted L 2 -gain performance is discussed. Sufficient conditions are proposed to achieve the stability of switched neutral systems and non-weighted L 2 -gain performance using the linear matrix inequality method. The validity of this study is ultimately demonstrated through simulation examples.

Active Role of Lactoferrin on Arsenic and Imidacloprid Toxicity in Broiler Chicks

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the lactoferrin (LF) effect on arsenic (As) and imidacloprid (IMI) toxicity in broiler chicks. One-week old broiler chicks (n=105) were divided into seven groups (x15 each). The animals were orally supplemented with As, IMI, and/or LF for 4 weeks as follows: Control (G1) no supplements, G2 supplemented with As, G3 supplemented with IMI, G4 supplemented with As+IMI, G5 supplemented with As+LF, G6 supplemented with IMI+LF, G7 supplemented with As+IMI+LF. Body weight and weight gain were recorded on weekly interval. Blood, serum, liver, kidney, and muscle samples were collected at the end of the experimental period for biochemical and histopathological examination. Body weight performance, hematological, serum, and liver tissue biochemical analysis revealed adverse changes in G2, G3, and G4 compared to control, G5, G6, and G7. There was higher tissue residue of As and IMI in G4 and G5 compared to G5, G6, and G7. Liver histopathological changes in the groups supplemented with As and/or IMI were observed with necrosis, congestion, and inflammatory cell aggregates. The use of LF in broiler chicks improves weight gain performance and modulates the adverse effects of As and/or IMI toxicity.

Pico-ampere resolution current measurement circuit using Gm-C filter sigma-delta modulator for low-power nanopore DNA sequencing

New generation DNA sequencers use an array of electrochemical cells equipped with nanopores, which produce pico-ampere current levels. Due to the large number of channels, low current levels and bandwidths in the order of a few kHz, in the design of these readout circuits, 2D arrays of in-channel, low noise and low power analog to digital converters are preferred. Previously many different sigma-delta modulators have been presented to convert the nanopore current signal into a digital code. Conventionally, the opamps required in these converters will eventually increase the power dissipation of each channel. In this paper a novel Gm-C filter based second order sigma-delta converter is proposed. In the given design, rather than relying on multiple opamps to achieve the necessary gain and noise performance, only a 4 transistor Gm block is used. Evaluations show that while the input referred noise remains close to previous methods, the power dissipation is considerably reduced. A prototype is also implemented to show the effectiveness of the approach. In a 180-nm design, an ENOB of 12.16 bits, RMS input referred noise of 0.2 pA at 10 kHz bandwidth and power dissipation of 8.27 μW is obtained per channel.

Microplastics caused embryonic growth retardation and placental dysfunction in pregnant mice by activating GRP78/IRE1α/JNK axis induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Microplastics (MPs), a brand-new class of worldwide environmental pollutant, have received a lot of attention. MPs are consumed by both humans and animals through water, food chain and other ways, which may cause potential health risks. However, the effects of MPs on embryonic development, especially placental function, and its related mechanisms still need to be further studied. We investigated the impact on fetal development and placental physiological function of pregnant mice by consecutive gavages of MPs at 0, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight during gestational days (GDs 0–14). The results showed that continuous exposure to high concentrations of MP significantly reduced daily weight gain and impaired reproductive performance of pregnant mice. In addition, MPs could significantly induce oxidative stress and placental dysfunction in pregnant mice. On the other hand, MPs exposure significantly decreased placental barrier function and induced placental inflammation. Specifically, MPs treatment significantly reduced the expression of tight junction proteins in placentas, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in placentas. Finally, we found that MPs induced placental apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the GRP78/IRE1α/JNK axis, leading to placental dysfunction and decreased reproductive performance in pregnant mice. We revealed for the first time that the effects of MPs on placental dysfunction in pregnant animals. Blocking the targets of MPs mediated ER stress will provide potential therapeutic ideas for the toxic effects of MPs on maternal pregnancy.

CINNAMON-ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECT ON VISCERAL ORGANS OF BROILER CHICKENS REARED IN NIGERIA

Broiler production has been challenged by excessive heat production due to climatic change. This has resulted into oxidative stress , depressed weight gain and growth performance. Phytogenic supplements have been reported to enhance antioxidant enzymes which improves the ability of broilers to cope with stress conditions. Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the visceral organ weights of broiler chicks given cinnamon-zinc supplementation in Nigeria. Two hundred and forty (240) arbor acre broiler chickens with an average initial weight of 40g +_2 were grouped into five treatments (48 chicks/treatment) and randomly replicated thrice with 16 chicks per replicate. Experimental design included T1 (modified cooler environment), T2 no administration (Control), T3-800 mg of Cinnamon powder/kg basal diet, T4-800 mg of Cinnamon powder+40mg Zinc/kg basal diet and T5-1000 mg Cinnamon powder+40mg Zinc/kg basal diet. This study was carried out for 10 weeks with environmental temperature and relative humidity of 30OC and 70% respectively. Parameters measured include; live, liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, gizzard, heart, and small intestine weights. Result revealed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in relative organ weights of the lung and liver in birds given 1000 mg/kg of Cinnamon powder + 40mg of Zinc per kg basal diet, compared to values across other treatments, while the observed abdominal fat weights reduced in birds given 800 mg/kg basal diet. This revealed that cinnamon-zinc supplementation could be safely used to improve the performance of birds during environmental stress.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SNAIL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS USING CROPS AS COVER: GROWTH PARAMETERS AS INDICATORS

This study was carried out to evaluate the different snail production systems using crops as cover. Open and screened paddocks systems of rearing snails were compared with the conventional snailery. The conventional system involved raising snails in pens. In the open and screened paddocks, leaves from four different plants (Pueraria phaseoloides, Centrosema mole, Calapogonium mucunoides and Manihot esculenta) commonly called Puereria, Centrosema, Calapogonium and Cassava, respectively. were cultivated to simulate the natural environment of the snails. A total number of three hundred and twenty (320) apparently healthy Archachatina marginata with liveweight between 50 to 60 g were used in the study, which was laid out in a 2 X 4 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. Data collected on body weight changes were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using GenStat version 12.0 statistical software. Significant level was taken at P &lt; 0.05. The conduct of the study spanned through three climatic conductions (0 week -Cold wet; 6 weeks -Cold dry; 12 weeks - Hot dry). There was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) in the body weight of the snails among the four cover treatments when compared on the basis of the production systems. The snails in the Calapogonium, Centrosema, Puereria and Cassava screened paddock recorded 10.75, 5.90, 5.63 and 4.43 g body weight gain, respectively while the snails reared under the open paddock in Calapogonium, Pueraria, Centrosema and Cassava had weight gain of 4.28, 3.7, 2.9 and -2.8 g, respectively. The snails in the conventional paddock had an average weight gain of 6.5 g. It is therefore evident that weight gain and other performance indices of snail is a function of the nutritional composition of their diet and the environment in which they are reared.

Research on CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots-Doped Polymer Fibers and Their Gain Characteristics.

Polymer fibers are considered ideal transmission media for all-optical networks, but their high intrinsic loss significantly limits their practical use. Quantum dot-doped polymer fiber amplifiers are emerging as a promising solution to this issue and are becoming a significant focus of research in both academia and industry. Based on the properties of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and PMMA material, this study experimentally explores three fabrication methods for CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-doped PMMA fibers: hollow fiber filling, melt-drawing, and melt extrusion. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and key issues in fiber fabrication are analyzed. Utilizing the CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-doped PMMA fibers that were fabricated, we theoretically analyzed the key factors affecting gain performance, including fiber length, quantum dots doping concentration, and signal light intensity. Under the conditions of 1.5 W power and 445 nm laser pumping, a maximum on-off gain of 16.2 dB was experimentally achieved at 635 nm. Additionally, using a white light LED as the signal source, a broadband on-off gain with a bandwidth exceeding 70 nm and a maximum gain of 12.4 dB was observed in the 580-650 nm range. This research will contribute to the development of quantum dots-doped fiber devices and broadband optical communication technology, providing more efficient solutions for future optical communication networks.

Effect of inorganic compound size on the relative gain of polymer-based optical waveguide amplifiers

Polymer based waveguide amplifiers are the key devices to improve the performance of integrated communication systems. However, due to their comparatively low relative gain, their widespread practical application has been limited. In polymer based optical waveguide amplifiers, the size of inorganic compounds in the composite gain media has a significant impact on the gain performance of the amplifier. Up to now, there has been limited research on the size influence of inorganic compound on the gain variation in organic polymer based optical waveguide amplifiers. In this study, a series of NaLu0.8-xYxF4: Yb, Er-PMMA composite polymer were used as gain media to prepare organic waveguide amplifiers working in the C-band (1530–1565 nm). The size of NaLu0.8-xYxF4: Yb, Er compounds varies between 20 nm and 150 nm. In the polymer based optical waveguide amplifiers, variations in the size of the inorganic NaLu0.8-xYxF4:Yb,Er compound affects not only the C-band emission intensity but also the relative gain. When the size of the inorganic compound is 65 nm, the composite gain media exhibits the maximum emission peak intensity at 1550 nm and the corresponding device achieves a maximum relative gain of 19.3 dB/cm. Our results show that the size of inorganic compounds affects the variation of luminescence intensity and ultimately the gain of waveguide amplifiers. The gain of future polymer optical waveguide amplifiers can be improved by this method.

Broadband high gain performance MIMO antenna array for 5 G mm-wave applications-based gain prediction using machine learning approach

This paper presents the findings about implementing a machine learning (ML) technique to optimize the performance of 5 G mm wave applications utilizing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas operating at the 28 GHz frequency band. This article examines various methodologies, including simulation, measurement, and the utilization of an RLC-equivalent circuit model, to evaluate the appropriateness of an antenna for its intended applications. In addition to its compact dimensions, the proposed design exhibits a maximum gain of 10.34 dBi, superior isolation exceeding 26 dB, and a broad bandwidth of 16.56 % Centered at 28 GHz and spanning from 25.905 to 30.544 GHz. Another supervised regression machine learning technique is utilized to predict the antenna's gain accurately. Machine learning (ML) models can be assessed by several measures, such as the variance score, R square, mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Among the six machine learning models considered, it is seen that the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model exhibits the lowest error and achieves the highest level of accuracy in forecasting gain. The antenna under consideration has promising qualities for its intended use in high-band 5 G applications. This is evidenced by the modelling findings obtained from Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and Advanced Design System (ADS)and the measured and projected results derived using machine learning methodologies.

Moringa leaf meal exerts growth benefits in small ruminants through modulating the gastrointestinal microbiome

This study investigated the impact of feeding 17% moringa leaf meal (MLM) on the ruminal and fecal microbial composition and body weight gain (BWG) performance of lambs (Ovis aries) and kids (Capra hircus). A total of n = 28 lambs (n = 14, no-moringa, n = 14, 17% moringa) and 24 kids (n = 12, no-moringa, n = 12, 17% moringa) were involved in the experiment and body weight was recorded fortnightly. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing was performed on 28, 22, and 26 ruminal solid, liquid fraction, and fecal samples from lambs, and 23, 22, and 23 samples from kids. Moringa supplementation significantly increased BWG in lambs (21.09 ± 0.78 to 26.12 ± 0.81 kg) and kids (14.60 ± 1.29 to 18.28 ± 1.09 kg) (p-value ≤ 0.01). Microbiome analysis revealed an elevated Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in the moringa diet group. Moringa-fed animals exhibited increased microbial genera associated with volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production (Prevotella, Anaerovibrio, Lachnospiraceae, Butyrivibrio, Christensenella) and starch and fiber digesters (Proteobacteria, Ruminococcus). The increase in the bacterial genus Sharpea suggested possible methane reduction and decreased proportion of pathogens, Aliarcobacter_ID28198, Campylobacter_ID194 and Campylobacter_ID1660076 suggest health benefits. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis demonstrated significant alterations in microbial gene pool and metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate, protein, lipid and energy metabolism, indicating potential improvements in animal health. Overall, moringa feeding showed higher energy recovery, improved growth, and potential benefits in methane reduction and reduced pathogenic bacteria.