Performance Of Drip Irrigation System Research Articles

Effect of Fertigation Methods on Hydraulic Performance of Drip Irrigation System under Greenhouse Conditions

Effect of Fertigation Methods on Hydraulic Performance of Drip Irrigation System under Greenhouse Conditions

Performance of a Drip Irrigation System under the Co-Application of Water, Fertilizer, and Air

The co-application of water, fertilizer, and air is a new water-saving irrigation method based on drip irrigation technology, which can effectively alleviate the phenomenon of soil rhizosphere hypoxia, improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, and inhibit the clogging of irrigation equipment in drip irrigation systems. The performance of drip irrigation systems is one of the important factors affecting the effectiveness of the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air. However, the impact of factors such as the aeration method, fertilization device, and working parameters on the performance of drip irrigation systems for the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air is still unclear. Therefore, based on two typical aeration methods, i.e., micro-nano and Venturi aeration, the performance of a drip irrigation system under the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air was studied by comparing and analyzing the effects of different aeration methods, working pressures of the drip irrigation system, and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of fertilizer irrigation on the spatial distribution uniformity of water, fertilizer, and air in the drip irrigation pipeline network. The results showed that the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of fertilization irrigation had no significant impact on system performance, while the working pressure significantly affected system performance. Compared with the effective effect of Venturi aeration on system performance, micro-nano aeration can significantly affect drip irrigation system performance and effectively improve drip irrigation system performance. The micro-nano-aerated drip irrigation system with the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air under a working pressure of 0.1 MPa has better system performance. The research results are of great significance for revealing the mechanism underlying the impact of the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air on the performance of drip irrigation systems and constructing efficient drip irrigation technology for the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air.

Analysis of the Performance of Drip Irrigation System for Okra Production Using Wastewater at Zagyuri in Sagnerigu Municipal in the Northern Region of Ghana

In this study, a field evaluation was performed for the drip irrigation system. The results indicate that the average Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity (CU) for the drip up-stream of the plot system had a coefficient of uniformity (CU) value of 97.0% while the drip mid-stream was next with 96.0% and the least was the drip down-stream of 76.0% of (CU). Hence, the systems performed well. The average soil infiltration rate observed was 160.25 mm/ h. The crop water productivity of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) grown under drip irrigation was determined as 22.31 kg/m3 for the mid-stream, followed by 21.98 kg/m3 for the up-stream and down-stream was the least of 16.48 kg/m3.

Experimental study on clogging of three different types of emitters with similar properties

AbstractThe drip irrigation process has been designed to reduce water losses, and to combine irrigation, with the supply of fertilizers. However, in drip irrigation systems, the clogging of emitters is a major problem that significantly reduces the performance of drip irrigation systems. The water used in these systems is generally loaded with suspended matter, which might cause clogging of the emitters. This work was carried out in order to evaluate the clogging rate in three different types of emitters with roughly similar flow rates, tested in an experimental drip irrigation system, using water pumped from the Sebou River. Thus, a compensating‐pressure emitter named E1 and two non‐compensating‐pressure emitters named E2 and E3 were tested. Each dripper was subjected to 112 irrigations, which lasted 397 h and were spread over a period of 2 months. To evaluate the hydraulic performance of the emitters, the following three coefficients were used to measure the effect of clogging: (i) the variation of the flow ratio (Dra), which reflects the degree of clogging; (ii) the emission uniformity coefficient (EU); and (iii) the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU). No emitters became completely clogged during the experiment. However, as the clogging rate increased, the average flow rates measured in some emitters at the end of the test had decreased by 89% compared to the initial flow rates. During the experiment, flow fluctuations were observed during the evolution of the clogging, which could come from a partial recovery of flow.

Salinity threshold of desalinated saline water used for drip irrigating: The perspective of emitter clogging

High energy consumption of desalinated saline water (DSW) caused a bottleneck, hindering the application of DSW drip irrigation in agriculture. In fact, the appropriate salinity level for agriculture drip irrigation could be much higher than potable water. Therefore, new desalination technology (e.g. capacitive deionization, blended desalinated water), owing its low energy consumption and meet the target salinity threshold removal according to crop requirements, has attracted extensive attentions. However, the DSW target salinity threshold may drastically increase the risk of emitter clogging, and reduce the operational performance of drip irrigation systems. Thus, this study assessed the DSW salinity threshold from the perspective of emitter clogging. The results suggested that the DSW salinity threshold should be kept below 5 g/L to maintain the favorable anti-clogging performance of drip irrigation. Emitter clogging was increased gradually between the salinity 1–5 g/L, while, sharped increase was observed at salinity above 5 g/L. Compared with 5 g/L, the treatments 7–9 g/L, significantly increased calcium fouling (12.5–26.4 mg/cm−2) and silica fouling (5.3–11.9 mg/cm−2), which could be attributed to, the rapid increase of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate, and the key water quality parameter i.e. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations, which greatly enhance the flocculation between silica particles and accelerated the polymerization of silicon. Furthermore, 7–9 g/L treatments aggravated the synergistic interactions among calcium fouling and silica fouling. Overall, these findings would provide a new perspective for DSW salinity threshold selection, with potential implications for sustainable development of agriculture water desalination.

Ankara İli Ayaş İlçesi Çiftçilerinin Domates Tarlalarında Kullanılan Damla Sulama Sistemlerinin Performans Değerlendirmesi

The performances of drip irrigation systems used by farmers engaged in tomato cultivation were measured in the study. For this purpose, the technical performance of some drip irrigation systems in the villages of Ankara province Ayaş district in the Central Anatolia Region was measured. To measure the performance of drip irrigation systems, 4 lateral drip points on each manifold and 4 dripper points on each lateral were selected. In the study, the Application Efficiency (Ea) 29,5-63,6%, Uniformity Coefficient (CU) 81,4-94,3%, Distribution Uniformity (DU) 62.8-91.4%, Emission Uniformity (EU) 58,4-87,7%, Actual Application Efficiency of Lower Quarter (AELQ) 33,4%- 61,2% and Potential Application Efficiency of Lower Quarter (PELQ) 52,5-78,9% was determined. According to the findings obtained in the research, it was determined that there were design problems in the system in all tested areas.

Effect of Organic Matter And Soil Suspension on Clogging Drip Emitters under Application Two Different Water Qualities

       One of the most critical variables affecting the performance of drip irrigation systems is emitter clogging, which occurs quickly as a result of irrigation systems operating under insufficient pressure or due to poor water quality, not only affecting water distribution uniformity but also results in insufficient irrigation. To investigate the clogging potential of the drippers, two types of water quality were tested. Using local materials organic matter and soil suspension account for more than 47 percent of the clay content was applied with water. The tests identified the clogging severity of emitters with organic matter application for both water qualities Sumael (LSI) and Bazalan (LSII) respectively. In general, clogging ratios developed with time for both water qualities, the most distinct was organic matter application that reduced the discharge rate to 15.561% for Sumael water (LSI) corresponding to Bazalan water (LSII) was 38.002%. The flow rate of the drippers was also affected by the soil suspension particles. The percentages found in the Bazalan water was 5.62%, which was close to 5.575% in the Sumael water.

Effect of type of emitter self-cleaning mechanism and its structure on the performance of drip irrigation system using effluent of rainbow trout fish

Effect of type of emitter self-cleaning mechanism and its structure on the performance of drip irrigation system using effluent of rainbow trout fish

Hydraulic performance of existing drip irrigation system and effect of used plastic based mulching system on Rabi onion (Allium cepa)

Polythene mulches have been practiced for soil solarisation during winter months in various vegetable crops and have been found superior over other types of mulches, but plastics is create environmental problems. With this in view the present study has be undertaken on clay loam soil at Raipur, Chhattisgarh for Rabi onion. The aim of the experiment was to study the hydraulic performance of existing drip irrigation system under different operating pressure and prepare used plastic based mulching sheet to evaluate their performance in terms of change in micro-climate. In this study eight different types of mulching conditions were considered viz. black plastic mulch (BPM), silver plastic mulch (SPM), used reddish rice bag mulch (RBM), used whitish wheat flour bag mulch (WFBM), used yellowish cement bag mulch (CBM), Paddy straw mulch (PSM), soil mulch (SM) and without mulch (WM) (control) and comparison was done among them in micro-climatic condition. The main micro-climatic parameters like soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil moisture depletion were studied with randomized block designed in three replications. In Hydraulic performances of drip irrigation system were studied for 2.4 l h-1 inline emitters at 1, 1.2 and 1.5 kg cm-2 pressures, discharges from drippers were found to be 1.99 l h-1, 2.22 l h-1 and 2.33 l h-1, coefficient of variation 0.061, 0.044 and 0.029 were found and emission uniformity 95.59%, 96.54% and 96.69% were found, respectively. Also, from this study, it was found that during forenoon soil temperature increases with increasing soil depth but in afternoon the trend was vice-versa. The maximum soil moisture content (27.89%) was found under BPM and minimum soil moisture content (21.52%) was found under used WM. Similarly soil moisture depletion was found minimum in BPM (0.31 mm) and maximum under WM (3.08 mm) under all eight types of mulches. The study concludes that the hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system was found good and needs to be operated at 1.2-1.5 kg cm-2 pressure for 2.4 lh-1 inline emitter. At a particular spacing, the emission uniformity, uniformity coefficient and irrigation efficiencies increases when operating pressure is increased but coefficient of variation and emitter flow variation decreases when operating pressure is increased. Mulching roll can be prepared from used plastic bags which are available with the farmers in plenty and can be reused as mulching material satisfactorily by small and marginal farmers.

Performance of Drip Irrigation at Werer, Middle Awash, Ethiopia

Agriculture is the main contributor of the Ethiopian economy as it accounts for about 55% of the GDP, 60% of the foreign exchange earnings and provides livelihood to 85% of the population. The field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems werer agricultural research station, middle awash, Ethiopia. Middle awash is largest irrigated part of the country. It is well gifted with the land, sunshine and highly fortune in available water resources. Drip irrigation has greater water economy over other systems in arid and semi-arid regions characterized by high evaporation rates and it has the potential to increase yields of crops even with reduced irrigation water application. The performance of drip irrigation system was evaluated on the basis of parameters like emitter flow variation (q_var), distribution uniformity (DU), application uniformity (Ea), coefficient of variation (CV), statistical uniformity (SU) and Christiansen uniformity coefficient (UCC). High values of uniformity coefficient and uniformity of distribution are attributed to the effect land levelling. The hydraulic performance of drip irrigation result shows the emitter flow variation (0.07%), emission uniformity (92.2%), coefficient of variation (0.07%), Christiansen uniformity coefficient (90.8) and application efficiency of (85%).

Hydraulic Performance of Drip Irrigation System in a Sloped Greenhouse and Effects on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) Yield and Water Productivity

Hydraulic Performance of Drip Irrigation System in a Sloped Greenhouse and Effects on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) Yield and Water Productivity

EFICIÊNCIA DE IRRIGAÇÃO EM LAVOURAS DE CAFEEIROS CONILON NA REGIÃO CENTRO SERRANA DO ESPÍRITO SANTO

O café representa a principal fonte de renda dos produtores rurais de São Roque do Canaã, porém o município apresenta restrição hídrica ao cafeeiro devido à baixa e irregular distribuição de chuvas. Fato que implica na adoção de sistemas de irrigação para suprir as exigências hídricas do cafeeiro, onde é utilizado principalmente do tipo localizada por gotejamento. Porém, identifica-se a ausência de limpeza, manutenção e avaliações nestes sistemas de irrigação, o que reduz a eficiência e uniformidade de aplicação de água. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho, avaliar o desempenho de sistemas de irrigação localizada por gotejamento no município de São Roque do Canaã, visando determinação da uniformidade e eficiência de aplicação de água. Foram avaliados sistemas de irrigação em dez propriedades no município. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foram determinados e classificados o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC), o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD), Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatística (Us) e Eficiência de aplicação (Ea). Os sistemas de irrigação localizada por gotejamento apresentaram baixa uniformidade de aplicação de água, sendo necessário que algumas práticas de manutenção preventiva e corretiva sejam adotadas para que os sistemas operem com maior uniformidade, e em consequência, com maior eficiência no uso da água.

Performance Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System and Water Productivity (WP) of Rock Melon Grown inside Netted Rain House Shelter

The yield of the crops may be subject to the distribution of water directly to the plant root zone using drippers or emitters. To date, there has not been adequate work to evaluate irrigation system performance and water productivity (WP) specifically for rock melon inside a netted rain house shelter in tropical area. Amongst the problem of this system is the non-functional irrigation components after been used for specific of time, thus reducing the irrigation efficiencies and distribution uniformity. This study evaluates irrigation performance of drip irrigation system and estimates WP of rock melon cultivation in the netted rain house shelter. The results indicate that the operating pressure of the drip irrigation system tested varied from 0.8 to 3.0 psi with a discharge rate between 0.14 and 0.25 Lmin−1. Water application uniformity between laterals varied from 66.06 to 89.72%. The WP of rock melon was around 7.93 kg/m3, which is considerably high and in similar range as demonstrated in previous literature. The field evaluation also reveals that the manipulation of valve controller at lateral based on a few selected scenarios did not provide a significant difference in pressure and discharge at the head, middle, and tail section of the drip irrigation system. Such findings would be a very useful information for a precision water management particularly for rock melon cultivation grown under rain house shelter system.

Performance of Drip Irrigation Systems Used in Bursa Region

Tarımsal üretimin en önemli parametresi olan suyun, tasarruflu bir şekilde kullanılması hem su kaynaklarının korunmasını, hem de fazla sulamadan kaynaklanacak çevre sorunlarının bertaraf edilmesine katkı sağlar. Damla sulama yöntemi bu açıdan tam da istenilen faydaları sağlayabilecek bir sulama yöntemidir. Sistemin tasarım ve projelendirme aşamalarında, kurulumun yapılacağı arazi için gerekli testlerin ve ölçümlerin yapılması çok önemlidir. Ayrıca, sisteme uygun işletme biçimlerinin de belirlenip kullanıcıya benimsetilmesi diğer bir önemli husustur. Mevcut durumda sistemlerin büyük bölümü belirtilen şekilde kurulmadığı için her açıdan beklenilen katkıları, tasarrufları ve kolaylıkları sağlayamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Bursa ili sınırlarında meyve bahçelerinde kullanılmakta olan damla sulama sistemlerinin performansı incelenmiştir. Test edilen manifoldların Damlatıcı Debi Türdeşliği (EU) değerleri %60-89 arasında değişmiş olup, sadece 10 tane işletmenin EU değeri iyi sınıfta (%80 -89) yer almıştır. Dağılım Türdeşliği (DU) değerleri, %71-94, Türdeşlik Katsayısı (UC) değerleri % 81-97, İstatistiksel Eş Dağılım (Us) değerleri ise %68-96, Sistem Su Uygulama Randımanı (Ea) değerleri %85-95 ve Alt Çeyrek Gerçek Potansiyel Uygulama Randımanı (PELQ) değerleri ise %64-85 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, test yapılan işletmelerin hem damla sulama sistemlerinde hem de bunların işletilmesinde ciddi problemlerle karşı karşıya oldukları söylenebilir.

Performance Evaluation of Drip Irrigation Systems on Production of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) in Southwestern, Nigeria

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems on the production of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) in southwestern, Nigeria. Application of water to crops in an area of scarcity of water is very important to meet the food demand of the ever-increasing population and modified irrigation techniques that can assist the okra farmers to have affordable irrigation systems that will get them great yields at the end of the season was evaluated in this paper. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Department, School of Engineering Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado, Ekiti - State, Nigeria. The field area of 150 mby 400 m was properly cleared, stumped, ploughed and harrowed. The topography of the land was flat with its suitable soil structure, texture, retention capacity and loamy clay soil. The cultivated area of land was divided into three and on each experimental plot, high yield and disease resistant okra variety seeds obtained from a research institute (IITA) were carefully selected and planted at a regular interval of 0.6 m. Drip laterals were laid in between rows of okra plants with inline drippers at a spacing of 20 cm. The parameters measured include okra seed germination, plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and yield production. The study also includes soil properties, crop water requirement and crop water use efficiency. There were no significant difference in the okra agronomic parameters at each experimental plots under drip irrigation system. The water applied to crop was greater than the actual crop water requirement and the efficiency of the drip irrigation was 68.5%. There is high in seed germination percentage in with 3.5%, 3.6% and 3.8% at each experimental plot respectively. The selected okra agronomic parameters showed that okra performed very well under drip irrigation systems. Based on the results, water application through drip irrigation has a positive impact on growth and vegetative development of okra.

Influence of operating pressure on emitter anti-clogging performance of drip irrigation system with high-sediment water

Reducing emitters operating pressure has been widely acknowledged as one of the most effective approach to reduce drip irrigation system maintenance and operation costs. However, utilization of low-quality water, such as high-sediment water, reclaimed water, and brackish water, inevitably increases the emitters clogging risks. To examine the influence of different pressure levels on emitter clogging behavior and regulation path, an in-situ accelerated experiment of emitter clogging with high-sediment water was conducted with five operating pressure levels. The experiment was conducted from July 15, 2016, to October 15, 2016 with a total running time of 720 h. The results showed that emitter anti-clogging capability was gradually decreased as the operating pressure decreased below 100 to 60 kPa and was significant decreased as the operating pressure decreased below 60 to 40 kPa or lower. Therefore, the operating pressure should be kept above 60 kPa to maintain the favorable emitter anti-clogging performance. The change of the operating pressure directly and indirectly influenced the formation of clogging substance in the emitters. In addition, at different operating pressures, the anti-clogging performance parameters discharge ratio variation (Dra), coefficient of uniformity (CU), statistical uniformity coefficient (Us), emitter discharge variation (qvar), clogging substance within emitters (CSE) and clogging substance within laterals (CSL) were linearly correlated with anti-clogging performance parameters (Dra, CU, Us, qvar, CSE, CSL) of 100 kPa. Therefore, basing the Dra, CU, Us, qvar, CSE and CSL at 100 kPa, a simple linear model was established to predict anti-clogging performance parameters at the different pressures e.g. 20, 40, 60 and 80 kPa. This study could provide technical support for the application and promotion of the drip irrigation system with high-sediment water.

Connecting Drip Irrigation Performance to Farmers’ Practices: The Case of Greenhouse Horticulture in the Algerian Sahara

AbstractDrip irrigation is widely used in a range of different farming systems. Farmers generally adapt drip irrigation systems to their specific conditions. Irrigation performance is usually related to the hydraulic parameters of drip irrigation, and is usually expressed as a single static value. We developed a comprehensive approach to account for irrigation performance as a dynamic process, which evolves continuously due to changes in the way farmers schedule irrigation and renew irrigation equipment. The performance of drip irrigation systems used for greenhouse horticulture was evaluated in south‐east Algeria in the 2012–2013 growing season. Two indicators were evaluated—distribution uniformity and water stress level. The approach was applied to 25 greenhouses owned by 13 farmers. Results revealed that the performance of drip irrigation systems is a dynamic process. We showed that farmers have integrated certain irrigation performance indicators such as distribution uniformity and water stress levels in their practices, as they have visible effects on crop production. Conversely, the relative irrigation supply does not directly interest the farmers, and was consequently not incorporated in their irrigation practices. We conclude that measuring drip irrigation performance must be accompanied by a broader understanding of the farming systems in which drip irrigation is used. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Technology Smart Approach to Keep Drip Irrigation Systems Functional

AbstractInnovative technology that uses ultrasonic sound to clean drip pipes was developed to embrace the efficiencies offered by drip irrigation in order to preserve precious water resources and to get a return on the investment. The technology known as Greendrum technology uses only sound for cleaning and maintenance of drip irrigation pipes. It uses ultrasonic sound in a small body of water to effectively and quickly clean drip irrigation lines and pipes with ease. It is environmentally friendly and does not use any chemicals.Through testing by the Agricultural Research Council–Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ARC‐IAE), results were obtained and analysed that gave some insight into the performance of drip irrigation systems under field conditions and how effective the cleaning process of the Greendrum technology was.There was a tendency that the emission uniformity (EU) and coefficient of variation (CV) as measured in the field of all the dripper types, deteriorated over time.Greendrum dripline cleaning machine results showed that there was a 73% positive change in the CV of the dripper line from a bad CV of 10.6% to an excellent CV of 2.85%. As the drippers could not be cleaned in any other way, the Greendrum ultrasonic sound way was extremely effective and totally restored the drippers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A field study on hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system for optimization of operating pressure

Drip irrigation technology will undoubtedly plays an important role in the future of the agriculture. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of drip system with five operating pressure viz. I1 (0.4 kg/ cm2), I2 (0.6 kg/cm2), I3 (0.8 kg/cm2), I4 (1.0 kg/cm2), I5 (1.2 kg/cm2). It was observed that the average discharge of drippers was 1.08 lph, 1.24 lph, 1.50 lph, 1.62 lph and 1.74 lph and emission uniformity was 80.55%, 84.89%, 86.30%, 88.88% and 90.80 in each treatment respectively and coefficient of variation was observed 0.12, 0.13, 0.12, 0.11, and 0.09. Flow component was found 0.450 and the value of k was 0.572 while R2 was observed 0.986.Based on the result it can be concluded that the operation of drip irrigation system at 1.2 kg/cm2 pressure head, gives the maximum efficiency in respect of discharge, emission uniformity and coefficient of variation.

Efficient Design of Drip Irrigation System using Water and Fertilizer Application Uniformity at Different Operating Pressures in a Semi‐Arid Region of India

AbstractPerformance evaluation of irrigation has been an important area of research for better management of water resources. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drip lateral lengths and system operating pressures on water and fertilizer application uniformity at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. The following parameters of nutrients and water were studied to design and evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems: (i) uniformity coefficient; (ii) discharge variation; (iii) distribution uniformity; (iv) statistical uniformity. Drip‐line lengths and system operating pressures (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) significantly affect the different parameters of fertilizer and water application. The highest values of uniformity coefficient (99.2%), statistical uniformity (99.2%) and distribution uniformity (97.4%) for irrigation water were observed at a pressure of 1.5 kg cm−2 with a 25 m long drip‐line. Lower values of discharge variation (2.65%) and coefficient of variation (0.04) were observed at the same operating pressure (1.5 kg cm−2) and drip‐line length. However, the lowest value of the uniformity coefficient (88.1%), statistical uniformity (93.7%) and distribution uniformity (93.2%) for irrigation water were recorded at 0.5 kg cm−2 pressure with a 100 m long drip‐line length. The highest values of urea, potassium and phosphorus distribution uniformity were found to be 97.8, 97.1 and 98.2%, respectively, at 1.5 kg cm−2 pressure with 25 m long drip‐line, and lower values of urea, potassium and phosphorus distribution uniformity (93.1, 92.6 and 93.2%, respectively) were recorded at 0.5 kg cm−2 pressure with a 100 m long drip‐line. Water and fertilizer distribution uniformity decreased with increase in drip‐line length, and increased with increase in system operating pressure. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.