Performance Liquid Chromatography-photo Diode Research Articles

Analysis of polyphenols and anti-oxidant activity of Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa L.) from Himachal Pradesh-A North-Western State of India

Boerhavia diffusa L. (family Nyctaginaceae) is also known as Punarnava in Indian medicine and has been used as rasayana herb in Ayurvedic medicine since ancient times. Plant has anti-aging, rejuvenating, cell-strengthening, mind-enhancing and preventative properties. The present study aims to investigate the different plant parts of the species B. diffusa for phytochemicals and antioxidants characterization for the first time from Bilaspur (31.33 oN 76.75 oE), Himachal Pradesh of North-Western India. The methanol: water extracts (leaf, stem and root) of B. diffusa were tested for in vitro antioxidant activity by various assays such as DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)], FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) and RP-HPLC-PDA (Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array Detector), which showed that B. diffusa root had the highest antioxidant activity i.e. DPPH (93.11±0.152g %), ABTS (89.70±0.207g %) and FRAP (88.67±0.251g %). This suggests that plant-derived polyphenols are good sources of natural antioxidants. Further, in the present study, three polyphenols, such as rutin, syringic acid, and epicatechin, were also determined through RP-HPLC-PDA method and found to be maximum in root extract. The results indicated that the methanolic extract of B. diffusa could be a potential herbal medicine against free radicals.

Electrooxidation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution with graphite electrodes: Optimization of degradation and deciphering of byproducts using HRMS

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as antibiotics have become a matter of worry in aquatic environments worldwide. Their presence in the environment has been increasing due to the inability of conventional wastewater and water treatments to annihilate them. Hence, attempts have been made to remove CECs using electrochemical oxidation (EO). Present study employed the low cost, active carbon based graphite sheet electrodes as anode and cathode to oxidize and degrade Amoxicillin (AMOX)- a β-lactum thiazolidine antibiotic. Optimization studies found pH 9, 45 mA cm−2, 81 cm2 electrode surface area, 6 mM electrolyte concentration and 60 min treatment time to be optimal for AMOX removal. Studies with varying concentrations of AMOX (20 mg L−1, 30 mg L−1 and 40 mg L−1) found that increase in concentrations of AMOX require higher current densities and treatment time for better TOC removal. High performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) studies found 94% removal for 40 mg L−1 of AMOX at optimal conditions with 90% COD and 46% TOC removal. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS) identified major degradation mechanisms to be hydroxylation, β-lactum ring cleavage, breakage of thiazolidine ring chain from the aromatic ring and piperazinyl ring formation. The final byproducts of AMOX oxidation were carboxylic acids.

Assessment of Total Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, β-Carotene Bioaccessibility, HMF Formation, and Color Degradation Kinetics in Pumpkin Pestils

Pestil, often known as fruit leather, is one of the most significant traditional foods manufactured and consumed throughout Türkiye. Due to its practical consumption, the availability of numerous nutrients, and the ability to meet energy requirements, pestil is recognized as a snack food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOC), and β-carotene in pumpkin pestils dried by hot air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VCD), and microwave drying (MD) methods using an in vitro digestion model. Additionally, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation and color degradation of pestils were evaluated. Changes in TPC and AOC were determined using spectrophotometric methods, whereas the detections of β-carotene and HMF were carried out with high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector (HPLC–PDA). Significantly higher TPC (10.99–105.70%) and AOC (15.30–118.58%, 21.88–401.04% and 89.28–482.14%, in CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays, respectively) values were observed after drying (p<0.05). Moreover, it was observed that there were statistically significant increases in TPC and AOC values after digestion for all pumpkin pestils compared to undigested samples (p<0.05). Drying process resulted in lower β-carotene content (between 32.15–61.11%) in pumpkin pestils; however, it increased the percentage of bioaccessible β-carotene (max 62.16%) in the pestil samples. Compared to HD and VCD techniques, pumpkin pestils dried with MD exhibited significantly higher TPC, AOC and β-carotene content (p<0.05). All of the pumpkin pestils except those dried by MD at 180 W contain HMF below the Turkish Standards Institute legal limit of 50 mg/kg. L* value of pestils were described adequately to the zero- and first-order kinetic models while a* and b* values were only fitted to zero-order model. In conclusion, the findings obtained in this study pointed out that drying processes (especially by MD method) increased the bioaccessibility of TPC, AOC, and β-carotene.

Identification of Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) in Cosmetic Hair Dye Preparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Photo Diode Array

Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) is a prohibited component in cosmetics, particularly in hair color formulations. The purpose of this investigation is to discover the coloring additive Acid Red 73 in cosmetic hair dye formulations. Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) is a sulfonated azo dye that is manufactured to be more hazardous than other colors and is damaging to the body. Based on variations in polarity and solubility, Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) is separated from the sample matrix and identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA). The findings obtained from the tested samples satisfied the criteria since they did not include Acid Red 73 (CI 27290), as indicated by the difference in retention time and wavelength between the sample, the standard solution, and the spiked sample solution on the chromatogram.

Validasi Kurkumin Hasil Isolasi Rimpang Kunyit Dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi Photodiode Array Detector

Curcumin is the main compound in turmeric and has problems in its stability. The analytical method used to determine curcumin levels is by using high performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Photodiode Array Detector (PDA). HPLC has a high separation capability and good reproducibility with a low detection limit. The purpose of this research is that the isolation curcumine determined by HPLC-PDA and has been validated can be applied as a standard in quantitative analysis in the laboratory. The validation parameters specified include accuracy, precision, linearity, detection limits and quantification limits. The results of HPLC-PDA research used acetonitrile mobile phase condition : buffer phosphate pH 3,5 (70:30 v/v), flow rate of 1 mL/min, wavelength 426 nm showed curcumin from isolation had resolution (Rs= 5.7172), linearity (r=0.9991), accuracy (0.5 and 1 ppm), presicion at a concentration of 5 ppm %RSD < 20.0%, and BD values also BK are 0.1122 and 0.3401 ppm. Validation of curcumin from isolation using HPLC-PDA has the requirements as a good validation and can be used as a reference in the laboratory.

Evaluation of the gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties by Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann hydroethanolic extract of leaves.

Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae), is a climber native to Brazil, found in all Brazilian biomes. It is mostly known in Brazil as "carajiru," and home medicines made from the leaves have been used to cure disorders including stomach ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of the study was to investigate the F. chica hydroethanolic extract of leaves (HEFc) preventative and curative antiulcer gastrointestinal efficacy as well as the mechanisms of action using in vivo rodent models. F. chica was collected in the municipality of Juína, Mato Grosso, and its leaves were used to prepare the extract by maceration technique (70% hydroethanol in the 1:10 ratio, w/v) to obtain the HEFc. The chromatographic analysis of HEFc was carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS)- LCQ Fleet™ system. To determine the potential antiulcer potential of HEFc (1, 5 and 20mg/kg, p.o.), the gastroprotective activity was assessed in various animal models of stomach ulcers caused by acidified ethanol, water constraint stress, indomethacin, (acute), and acid acetic (chronic). Additionally, the prokinetic properties of the HEFC were assessed in mice. The gastroprotective underlying mechanisms were evaluated by the histopathological analysis and determination of gastric secretion (volume, free and total acidity), gastric barrier mucus, activation of PGs, NO, K+ATP channels, α2-adrenoceptor, antioxidant activity (GSH, MPO and MDA), NO and mucosal cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) levels. The chemical composition of HEFc was analyzed and apigenin, scutellarin, and carajurone were identified. HEFc (1, 5 and 20mg/kg) showed effect against acute ulcers induced by HCl/EtOH with a reduction in the ulcerated area of 64.41% (p<0.001), 54.23% (p<0.01), 38.71% (p<0.01), respectively. In the indomethacin experiment, there was no change in the doses tested, whereas in the water immersion restraint stress ulcer there was a reduction of lesions at doses of 1, 5, and 20mg/kg by 80.34% (p<0.001), 68.46% (p<0.01) and 52.04% (p<0.01). HEFc increased the mucus production at doses of 1 and 20mg/kg in 28.14% (p<0.05) and 38.36% (p<0.01), respectively. In the pyloric ligation-induced model of gastric ulceration, the HEFc decreased the total acidity in all doses by 54.23%, 65.08%, and 44.40% (p<0.05) and gastric secretory volume in 38.47% at dose of 1mg/kg (p<0,05) and increased the free acidity at the dose of 5mg/kg by 11.86% (p<0.05). The administration of EHFc (1mg/kg) showed a gastroprotective effect possibly by stimulating the release of prostaglandins and activating K+ATP channels and α2-adrenoreceptors. Also, the gastroprotective effect of HEFc involved an increase in CAT and GSH activities, and a reduction in MPO activity and MDA levels. In the chronic gastric ulcer model, the HEFc (1, 5 and 20mg/kg) decreased the ulcerated area significantly (p<0.001) at all doses by 71.37%, 91.00%, and 93.46%, respectively. In the histological analysis, HEFc promoted the healing of gastric lesions by stimulating the formation of granulation tissue and consequently epithelialization. On the other hand, regarding the effect of HEFc on gastric emptying and intestinal transit, it was observed that the extract did not alter gastric emptying, but there was an increase in intestinal transit at the dose of 1mg/kg (p<0.01). These outcomes confirmed the advantages of Fridericia chica leaves for the treatment of stomach ulcers, which are well-known. HEFc was discovered to have antiulcer characteristics through multitarget pathways, which might be related to an increase in stomach defense mechanisms and a decrease in defensive factor. HEFc can be regarded as a potential new antiulcer herbal remedy because of its antiulcer properties, which may be attributed to the mixture of flavonoids, apigenin, scutellarin and carajurone.

A Fast and Robust Analytical Method Based on QuEChERS Technique using UPLC- PDA for Quantification of Carcinogenic Arylamines in Consumer Goods inclusive of Leather

Arylamines present in leather and textile products are reduced in vivo by cleavage of azo groups to form highly mutagenic and carcinogenic products that pose consumer’s health risk. The major textile and leather products that are offered to consumers need to be safe. In order to ensure safety as per the global regulations, the allowed limit of carcinogenic amines in textile and leather products cannot be more than 20 mg/kg. There are several methods that have been used for extracting the azo dyes and analyzing them in textile and leather products. Most of these methods are polluting from high solvent usage, time consuming, laborious, and have lower recovery rates. In the present study QuEChERS method, (dispersive solid phase extraction-dSPE) method was utilized for extraction of carcinogenic arylamines from dyed leather and textile products. The released arylamines are extracted into acetonitrile using QuEChERS salt and analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (UPLC-PDA). The extracted product was further confirmed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The method proposed in this study is novel as it eliminates all significant concerns associated with the official ISO-17234-1 &amp;14362-1 test methods, such as use of solvents like tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) and the long duration of analysis. The sample preparation time is minimized from 120 min to 20 min. The developed method is easy to adopt with efficient recovery rate of arylamines in comparison to the official ISO method.

A Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC-PDA Method for Tolnaftate: Identification, Characterization and In Silico Toxicity Predictions of Major Degradation Products.

Simple and rapid stability indicating High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) method was developed and validated for the estimation of tolnaftate in the presence of its forced degradation products. The method employed SunQSil C18 column (250mm × 4.6mm, 5μm) as stationary phase and acetonitrile:water (85:15, v/v) as mobile phase. Retention time of tolnaftate was 6.9min. Acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, photo degradation and thermal degradation studies were carried out to evaluate the degradation behavior of tolnaftate. The developed and optimized method was validated as per International Conferences on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.092 and 0.276μg/mL, respectively. Linearity was observed in a concentration range of 0.276-6μg/mL with R2= 0.9936. %Recovery was found to be between 98.28% and 100.71%. The developed and validated Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was successfully applied for quantification of tolnaftate in in-house topical solution. Major base and oxidative degradation products were identified and characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The probable mechanisms for the formation of degradation products were predicted based on the fragmentation pattern of degradation products. The in silico dermal penetration predictions and carcinogenicity of degradation products were evaluated by using QikProp and CarcinoPred-EL functionality.

Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array method for the quantification of donepezil in human plasma and its application

Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array method for the quantification of donepezil in human plasma and its application

Phenolic Composition, In Vitro Alpha-Amylase and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Effects, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Ephedra altissima

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the crude extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) obtained from the aerial parts of Ephedra altissima. The characterization of the phenolic compounds in crude extracts was performed by high performance liquid chromatographyphotodiode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and the in vitro alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities were evaluated using starch and p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrates, respectively. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by bovine serum albumin denaturation method and the antioxidant capacity was assessed using five different assays. Flavonol and ï¬avone glycoside derivatives and phenolic acids, especially isovitexin-2-O-rhamnoside and vicenin II were the major compounds in the n-butanol extract. Otherwise, the ethyl acetate extract presented kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and protocatechuic acid as its main compounds. The n-butanol extract revealed the highest content of total phenolic compounds. The results for antioxidant activity showed that ethyl acetate extract possesses the strongest activity in all the tested methods. Moreover, the ethyl acetate extract displayed the best anti-inflammatory, alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 126.43, 9.02 and 289.11 μg/ml, respectively. These results give obvious support to the use of Ephedra altissima in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetic diseases. Also, the moderate alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of Ephedra altissima extracts make advantage of its therapeutic applications compared to the synthetic drugs, since their strong alphaamylase inhibitory effects are associated to many digestive adverse effects including the abnormal bacterial fermentation in the colon.

Evaluation of 30-days stability of morphine hydrochloride and clonidine at high and low concentrations in polypropylene syringes

ObjectivesClonidine is an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist and is frequently combined with opioids (ie, morphine hydrochloride (HCl)) for the management of chronic pain. In palliative care, the administration of clonidine and...

Quality Distinguish of Red Ginseng from Different Origins by HPLC–ELSD/PDA Combined with HPSEC–MALLS–RID, Focus on the Sugar-Markers

Red ginseng (RG) has been extensively utilized in Asian countries due to its pharmacological effects. For the quality evaluation of RG, small molecules, such as ginsenosides, have been widely considered as candidates of its quality markers (Q-markers), and various analytical techniques have been developed in order to identify these compounds. However, despite the efforts to analyze the hydrophobic constituents, it is worth pointing out that about 60% of the mass of RG is made of carbohydrates, including mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides. Consequently, the quality differentiation and identification of RG from the perspective of sugar-markers should be focused. High performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC–ELSD) method for the determination of disaccharides in RG was established. Furthermore, high performance size exclusion chromatography–multi-angle laser light scattering–refractive index detector (HPSEC–MALLS–RID) for the determination of molecular weight and high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array (HPLC–PDA) for the determination of compositional monosaccharides in RG polysaccharides were also established. HPLC–ELSD/PDA combined with HPSEC–MALLS–RID could be used to determine the contents of disaccharides, molecular weights, and compositional monosaccharides of RG polysaccharides, which could be used for quality control, and this is a new view on the sugar marker to quality differentiation of various origins of RG.

Establishment of an HPLC Method for Determination of Coumarin-3-Carboxylic Acid Analogues in Rat Plasma and a Preliminary Study on Their Pharmacokinetics.

A simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid analogues (C3AA) in rat plasma and a preliminary study on pharmacokinetics. Ferulic acid (FA) was used as the internal standard substance, and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (C3A) was used as a substitute for quantitative C3AA. After protein precipitation with methanol, the satisfactory separation was achieved on an ODS2 column when the temperature was maintained at 30 ± 2°C. The correlation coefficient r in the C3A linear equation is equal to 0.9990. Pharmacokinetic parameters for t1/2, Tmax, Cmax, area under the curve (AUC)0-t, average residence time (MRT), apparent volume of distribution (V z/F) and clearance (Cl/F) were 1.89 ± 0.03 h, 0.39 ± 0.14 h, 1.81 ± 0.10 g· mL-1 ·h, 7.88 ± 0.24 g·mL-1·h, 3.23 ± 0.14 h, 0.43 ± 0.03 (mg·kg-1)·(g·mL-1)-1·h-1, respectively. The high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method established in this study can be used to separate and determine the content of C3AA in plasma of rats after 60% ethanol extraction by gavage. The plasma concentration-time curve and pharmacokinetic parameters reflect the absorption of C3AA in rat blood after oral administration to some extent.

Total Flavonoids of Crocus sativus Petals Release tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in BRL-3A Cells.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities in vitro of saffron petals were examined in this study for better utilizing saffron (Crocus sativus L.) biowaste. Using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging method, we compared the antioxidant activity and the content of total flavonoid extracts from petals (TFESP), stamens (TFESS), and both saffron petals and stamens (TFEMS). The results showed that the antioxidant capacity and the flavonoid content of TFESP were higher than those of TFESS and TFEMS. Then, the hepatoprotective activity of TFESP was determined, and the silymarin was used as a positive control. The main components of TFESP were analysed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) photodiode array (PDA)/mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The result showed that (1) TFESP could release oxidative liver injury induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). (2) TFESP could reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH); and then improve the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in BRL-3A cells. (3) TFESP could enhance the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and decrease the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9; increase the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1), nuclear factor, erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); and downregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor kappa B-9 (NF-κB-9). (4) The main hepatoprotective component of TFESP was identified as kaempferol-3-o-sophoroside. The mechanism may be that kaempferol-3-o-sophoroside can protect t-BHP-induced cell injury by regulating the expression of antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory genes. Thus, saffron petals are a potential hepatoprotective resource worthy of development.

Simple HPLC method for rapid quantification of nicotine content in e-cigarettes liquids

AbstractElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) are gaining popularity in Jordan as alternatives to tobacco cigarettes with an estimation of 10% of tobacco smokers switching to ENDs. Since nicotine is toxic and highly addictive substance, it is important to develop and validate an easy and rapid analytical method to accurately measure nicotine level in e-liquids. A simple high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection (HPLC–PDA) method was developed and validated for rapid determination of the actual nicotine content in 11 of the most popular e-liquids brands available in the Jordanian market and compared to the nicotine levels appeared in the labeled packaging. The new method of analysis showed an excellent linearity with correlation factor equal to 0.9994 with analytical range between 100 and 1,000 µg/mL, and Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) of 32.6 µg/mL and 98.9 µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the actual measured nicotine concentrations ranged from 0 to 25.81 mg/mL with percent deviation ranged from 63.1% less than to 3.24% more than the labeled concentration on packaging. And more than 10% deviation difference in actual nicotine concentrations versus labeled were found in 9 of the 11 e-liquid products (82%). In conclusion, nicotine labelling among e-liquids products have not accurately reflect the actual content which may have potential negative impact on users.

Determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline residues in seafood products of Saudi Arabia using high performance liquid chromatography–Photo diode array detection

Residues of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline in seafood products of Saudi Arabia were detected by using a simple, sensitive and rapid method via HPLC-PDA.The protein precipitation method that was used for sample extraction demonstrated high recoveries of OTC, TC and CTC. The limits of detection were 0.015 µg/g and 0.025,0.062 µg/g for all TCs in fish and shellfish, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.125 µg/g and 0.175 µg/g for all TCs in fish and shellfish, respectively. The method was precise and accurate since the RSD was less than 2%, while the % recovery was 95–105%. This study determined the occurrence of OTC, TC and CTC in seafood products that are sold in KSA’s markets. The overall occurrence of these three medications in 249 seafood products was 24%(n = 60), while 15%(n = 37) exceeded the MRL. Thus, our recommendations are to enhance the monitoring of food production prior to marketing and to educate people regarding the proper disposal of antibiotics.

Quality Control and Discrimination of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting Combined with Chemometric Approaches

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees is a potential medicinal herb used to treat a wide range of diseases. Various geographical origins of this herb might lead to the diversity of the herbal quality. The research aims to establish the chemical fingerprint for quality control of Andrographis paniculata and to find out the chemical markers for discrimination from different origin through the chemometrics approach. A high performance liquid chromatography photo diode array method was developed for simultaneous quantification of five marker compounds and for establishing the chemical fingerprint of Andrographis paniculata from 28 different locations of Eastern India. Chemometrics techniques including hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used. The similarities between each fingerprint of the sample and the simulative mean chromatogram were greater than 0.90. The relative standard deviation of relative retention time and relative peak area of precision, stability and repeatability of 12 characteristic peaks in these samples were less than 1 % and 3 %, respectively. The andrographolide content in the Odisha region varied in the range of 2.68-5.47 %. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that Andrographis paniculata could be successfully grouped into two groups in accordance with the origin. Andrographolide (visual infusion phlebitis score >1.5) was the key discriminatory marker for discriminating the samples. The high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint combined with chemometric approaches could be used as an effective tool for discriminating the herb from different origins and quality control of Andrographis paniculata.

Evaluation of Moist Beef Jerkys (dendeng lambok) Nutrition as a Specific-Spiced Traditional Food at West Sumatera, Indonesia

Moist beef jerky (dendeng lambok) is one of traditional food in Indonesia that potential to be introduced to the world. This kind of food is a form of diversification of processed beef products that use natural spices as ingredients that can improve the taste and nutritional value of beef. In this study, the nutritional changes of the beef on the production of moist beef jerky as a specific-spiced traditional food at West Sumatera, Indonesia were evaluated. The production of traditional moist beef jerky that treated with some specific spices prior to frying, might induced the nutritional compound of the raw beef therefore the nutritional properties such as proximate contents, amino acids, fatty acids and in-vitro protein digestibility of the raw beef was compared with the spiced-fried beef. The Association of Official Analytical Chemist’s method, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array Detection, Gas Chromatography-Flame ionization Detection and in-vitro enzymatic analysis were used to analyze proximate contents, amino acids, fatty acids and in-vitro protein digestibility of the samples respectively. As the result, the moisture content and carbohydrate content of fried beef decreased significantly compared to the raw beef while the protein and fat content increased. Moreover, the frying process of spiced beef could increased the amino acids, fatty acids and in-vitro protein digestibility of the beef. The present study showed that the quality characteristics of moist beef jerky were significantly improved compared to the raw beef especially on protein profile, fat profile and in-vitro protein digestibility. The utilization of specific spices and frying process on the production of moist beef jerky not only contribute to nutritional properties, but also contribute to its taste and flavor. The increment of amino acids and fatty acids might contribute to the emergence of specific aroma and flavor of produced moist beef jerky. Moreover, the specific study on the interaction of moist beef jerky’s spices on its nutritional properties should be clarified further.

Callicarpa japonica Thunb. ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by suppressing NF-κB activation and upregulating HO-1 expression

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCallicarpa japonica Thunb., as an herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China and Korea. Materials and methodsUltra performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array–quadrupole time–of–flight mass spectrometer (UPLC–PDA–QTof MS) was used to detect the major phenylethanoid glycosides in the C. japonica extract. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) (on days 0 and 7) and challenged by OVA aerosol (on days 11–13) to induce airway inflammatory response. The mice were also administered with C. japonica Thunb. (CJT) (20 and 40 mg/kg Per oral) on days 9–13. CJT pretreatment was conducted in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated A549 cells. ResultsCJT administration significantly reduced the secretion of Th2 cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine, and the recruitment of eosinophils in an OVA-exposed mice. In histological analyses, the amelioration of inflammatory cell influx and mucus secretion were observed with CJT. The OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), iNOS expression and NF-κB activation were effectively suppressed by CJT administration. In addition, CJT led to the upregulation of HO-1 expression. In an in vitro study, CJT pretreatment suppressed the LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 cells and attenuated the PMA-induced IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion in A549 cells. These effects were accompanied by downregulated NF-κB phosphorylation and by upregulated HO-1 expression. ConclusionThese results suggested that CJT has protective activity against OVA-induced airway inflammation via downregulation of NF-κB activation and upregulation of HO-1, suggesting that CJT has preventive potential for the development of allergic asthma.

Separation and quantification of nine bioactive compounds in traditional Unani formulations by High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detector

Abstract A new High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC–PDA) method has been developed for the chromatographic separation and simultaneous quantitative determination of nine bioactive compounds, i.e. four phenolic (gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, and tannic acid), two flavanoids (rutin and quercetin), two anthraquinones (sennoside A and B) and one oxygenated hydrocarbon (vitamin C) in a well-known Unani polyherbal formulation namely Itrifal's. Separation was accomplished on a C18 LiChrospher 100 column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm) with a gradient elution and recorded at 254 nm. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate, economic, and suitable for the quality control of traditional polyherbal Unani formulations containing complex compounds with different structures such as Itrifals.