Shot Performance Research Articles

The effects of pressure on anticipatory postural adjustments during a jump shot in basketball

BackgroundAnticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) play an important role in feedforward control of dynamic movements, such as jump shot performance in basketball. It is known that jump shot performance declines under pressure from a defender (shot blocker). Research questionDoes pressure from a shot blocker affect the APAs of a jump shot in basketball? Is jump shot performance in basketball associated with APAs? MethodsFourteen healthy male university basketball players performed jump shots under pressure and non-pressure (free) conditions by a shot blocker. Using a force plate, the APAs were defined as occurring until the point of thrust (TH) phase, and ground reaction force (GRF) and center of pressure (COP) at that moment were assessed. To assess jump shot performance, the maximum GRF during the TH phase (THmax), jumping height, and success score of the shot (accuracy score: AS) were measured by using the vertical component of the force plate. Two-way ANOVA examined the effects of the phase and condition on APA duration. The effects of pressure from a shot blocker on each variable (subjective pressure intensity, AS, GRF, and COP) were analyzed using a pairwise t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Relationships between changes in jump shot performance and GRF or COP variables were assessed via Spearman’s correlation analysis. Differences between the pressure and free conditions were denoted by p/f (pressure/free). ResultsThe APA duration was shorter under the pressure condition compared to the free condition. The THmax and jump height values were greater under the pressure condition relative to the free condition. Across conditions, changes in COP sway velocity of the APA phase were significantly and negatively correlated with AS. SignificanceThe results of this study suggest that pressure from a shot blocker shortens APA duration and decreases jump shot performance.

Shot performance characteristics of badminton players of different skill levels

Shot performance characteristics of badminton players of different skill levels

Coach Competences and Their Impact on Athlete Performance in Discus and Shot Put

This study investigated the relationship between coach competencies and athlete performance in discus and shot put, focusing on technical skills, communication, and training principles. It aimed to assess differences based on athlete profiles and develop a coach development program based on the findings. The methodology for this study uses a descriptive, comparison, and correlational method and used 325 respondents from Bengbu Medical University, Anhui University, Bengbu University, Anhui University of Science and Technology, and Anhui Normal University. The study found that coach competencies in Chinese universities' discus and shot-put programs moderately influence athlete performance, with no significant differences based on athlete profiles. A strong positive relationship between coach competencies and athlete success highlights the need for an enhanced coach development program to optimize performance. The recommendations focus on enhancing coach development programs by improving key competencies such as technical expertise, biomechanics, communication, and personalized coaching strategies. By providing targeted training and fostering collaboration across universities, the aim is to improve athlete performance in discus and shot put, ensuring equal support for all athletes.

Peran Kekuatan Perut dalam Meningkatkan Performa Tolak Peluru pada Atlet

The aim of this research is to determine the role of abdominal strength in improving shot put performance in athletes. This research uses a literature review method by collecting information by looking for relevant references and facts from journals and theses that have been previously researched. The literature is then compared and linked to provide an overview of the topic under study. Qualitative research is used as a type of research. This research explores the role of abdominal muscle strength in improving shot put performance in athletes. Shot put requires the right combination of strength, technique and coordination to achieve optimal results. One key element that is often overlooked is abdominal muscle strength or core strength. This research outlines how abdominal muscle strength contributes to body stability, efficient energy transfer, and optimization of shot put technique. Through literature analysis and research findings, it was concluded that integrated abdominal strength training in athlete training programs can help improve shot put performance by optimizing stability, energy transfer and movement technique. The practical implication is the importance of including abdominal strength training in the training program to achieve maximum performance in shot put and reduce the risk of injury. Further research could explore more deeply the long-term influence of abdominal strength training on the performance of shot put athletes.

Golf shot performance analysis: the effects of ground slope on weight transfer and shot characteristics

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the elite golf players’ centre of force (COF) displacements and golf shot performance during golf shots on three different ground inclinations. Twenty elite golf players were asked to hit golf shots on flat surface, 10° uphill and 10° ball above feet using their six irons. COF displacements (TekScan MatScan® force platform) and golf shot performance (TrackMan® golf radar system) were analysed. In this study, golf players’ weight transfer was similar in each shot (p > 0.05), except higher A-P sway during the ball above feet golf shots (p < 0.05). Reduced control of balance during shots from ball above feet resulted in shorter shot length than flat surface, even if the angles of attacks were similar (p < 0.05). In addition, increased COF distance during flat ground and ball above feet golf shots improved clubhead speed and shot length (p < 0.05). These results show that ball above feet slope condition, rather than uphill, alters postural control and golf swing characteristics. In order to improve the performance of these shots, it is recommended to add balance training and weight transfer techniques in A-P direction to the training programmes.

The Effect of Attention Focus on Heart Rate During Dart Throws In Recreation Dart Players

The Heart Rate Variability (HRV), which affects dart shot performance, is an important psycho-physiological parameter in that it provides data on the sympathetic also parasympathetic sections of the Central Nervous System. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Internal and External Attention Foci on Heart Rates during dart shot. A total of 34 students, who were studying at Physical Education Sports Sciences Faculty, participated in the study. According to the t-test results, the HF/LF ratio measured under External Attention focus conditions was higher than the HF/LF ratio measured under Internal Attention conditions. This explains that there is a relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and fine motor skill performance. The heart rate changed according to the attention focus during motor skill (p

The effect of combined educational exercises (Physical-skills) to develop student’s special force and technical performance in shot put

The effect of combined educational exercises (Physical-skills) to develop student’s special force and technical performance in shot put

Radiochemical diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility.

Since the National Ignition Facility (NIF) was commissioned in 2009, radiochemical techniques have been viewed as a potential method for diagnosing the performance of an NIF fusion shot. Radiochemical methods can also be used in conjunction with NIF shots to measure nuclear reaction cross sections in regimes that are inaccessible at accelerator facilities and can provide a route to produce radioactive tracer materials that can be used for other applications. This review presents the current status of radiochemical diagnostics at the NIF. Experimental results and the status of both solid and gaseous debris collection radiochemistry are presented.

Noisy condition and three-point shot performance in skilled basketball players: the limited effect of self-talk.

In modern basketball, the three-point shot plays an important tactical role. Basketball players often face the distraction from audience and opponents, necessitating psychological skill to maintain their performance. The study examined the effects of self-talk interventions on the three-point shot performance under quiet and noisy conditions. It involved 42 national second-level basketball players and used a 2 (Condition: quiet condition, noisy condition) × 3 (Intervention: control group, motivational self-talk, instructional self-talk) mixed design to investigate the performance of the static and dynamic three-point shots tasks. The results revealed that the static three-point shot score was significantly lower in noisy condition compared to quiet condition (p = 0.016), while the main effect of Intervention and the interaction effect of Condition × Intervention were not significant. Post-hoc analysis indicated that only the control group showed significantly lower scores in the noisy condition (p = 0.043). For the dynamic three-point shots performance, there were no significant main effects of Intervention or Condition, nor any significant interaction effect between Condition and Intervention. In conclusion, noise distraction negatively affects the static three-point shots task, and although self-talk interventions can mitigate such negative effects, their effectiveness is limited for dynamic three-point shots task with high physical demands.

EFEITO DOS DETERMINANTES DE DESEMPENHO NA DIFERENÇA FINAL DE GOLS DA NHL

ABSTRACT Introduction: In ice hockey games, the team's performance is influenced by many contextual factors, and understanding playing styles allows to reveal how key performance indicators vary under different situations. Objective: This research aims to explore the playing styles of elite ice-hockey teams and to identify key performance aspects under different final goal difference situations. Methods: This article analyzed compared the match performance of 31 National Hockey League teams during 1271 matches considering their playing styles and final goal difference. Results: The principal component analysis obtained 8 performance components describing the technical-tactical styles of the teams. The subsequent analysis found that there was significant difference between three match outcomes in unfavorable state, major penalties, puck possession maintaining ability, shot defending ability, aggressive performance (p&lt;0.001; = 0.007-0.273). Conclusions: Higher-ranked teams winning the unbalanced games showed better performance in shot defending ability and aggressive performance. Lower-ranked teams losing in unbalanced games kept less possession of the puck and were more likely to be shorthanded (p&lt;0.05, ES=0.131-1.410). The study demonstrates how playing styles can be used to contextualize key determinants from ice hockey games. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

Exploring Predictors of Team Performance in Curling Championships: An Investigation of Factors Predicting Success

Curling is one of the most popular sports of the Olympic Winter Games. As strategy is very important for curling, it is called “chess on the ice”. Given the exponential surge in sports-related data, the analysis of game performance has assumed paramount importance, as it provides a valuable avenue for improving overall athletic performance. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of some parameters on championship performance of elite level curling teams. The data used in this study were taken from the World Curling Federation Historical Results database. World Mens/Womens Curling Championships (2021 – 2022 – 2023) and European Mens/Womens Curling Championships results (2019 – 2021 – 2022) included in the study. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which the independent variables, namely Draw Shot Challenge distance, shot performance, stolen points for, stolen points against, hammer efficiency, force efficiency, and difference of generated and given points, explained team success. Statistical Package for Social Sciences 24.0 software used for statistical analyses. The results revealed an R-value of 0.902 and an adjusted R-squared value of 0.804. In the study investigating the factors influencing team success in World and European Curling Championships, it was concluded that the difference of points generated and given points, Draw Shot Challenge distance, and hammer use efficiency predicts championship success.

Examining the Link between Isokinetic Strength Metrics and Ball Speed in Women’s Soccer

The shot performance of female soccer players is one of the most critical factors in winning a soccer match. It is essential to thoroughly clarify the kinetic factors that can improve shot performance. This study explores the connections between ball velocity post-shooting and isokinetic knee extension (EXT) and flexion (FLX) strength performances among female soccer players. Thirteen voluntary players from professional leagues took part in the research study. The study analyzed the average and peak concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) torques, isometric (Iso) strength performances at angular velocities of 60°/s, 180°/s and 300°/s, the time required to reach peak torque, and ball velocities during shooting. The relationships among these variables were investigated separately for the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs. The analysis unveiled significant correlations between ball velocities and D-EXT (Absolute) peak torque at an angular velocity of 60°/s (r = 0.597; p &lt; 0.05), D-%IPS (r = −0.580; p &lt; 0.05), and ND-FLX (Absolute) average torque (r = 0.559; p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, notable associations were observed between ball velocities and ND-EXT (Absolute) (r = 0.581; p &lt; 0.05), as well as ND-FLX (Absolute) (r = 0.602; p &lt; 0.05) average torques at an angular velocity of 180°/s. Additionally, significant relationships were found between ball velocities and peak (r = 0.664; p = 0.013) and average (r = 0.660; p = 0.014) torques generated during ND-EXT (Absolute) at an angular velocity of 300°/s. However, the connections between the time to reach peak torque, eccentric and isometric forces, and ball velocities were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). The results of the study indicate that enhancing concentric isokinetic strength development at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s angular velocities, along with balanced strengthening of the ND extremity, holds paramount importance in elevating shot performance among female soccer players, particularly in the context of rapid shot strategies.

Examining the Physical and Psychology Traits to Three-point Shot Performance in Basketball

Examining the Physical and Psychology Traits to Three-point Shot Performance in Basketball

Computer simulation on the cueing movements in cue sports: a validation study.

Simulation models have been applied to analyze daily living activities and some sports movements. However, it is unknown whether the current upper extremity musculoskeletal models can be utilized for investigating cue sports movements to generate corresponding kinematic and muscle activation profiles. This study aimed to test the feasibility of applying simulation models to investigate cue sports players' cueing movements with OpenSim. Preliminary muscle forces would be calculated once the model is validated. A previously customized and validated unimanual upper extremity musculoskeletal model with six degrees of freedom at the scapula, shoulder, elbow, and wrist, as well as muscles was used in this study. Two types of cueing movements were simulated: (1) the back spin shot, and (2) 9-ball break shot. Firstly, kinematic data of the upper extremity joints were collected with a 3D motion capture system. Using the experimental marker trajectories of the back spin shot on 10 male cue sports players, the simulation on the cueing movements was executed. The model was then validated by comparing the model-generated joint angles against the experimental results using statistical parametric mapping (SPM1D) to examine the entire angle-time waveform as well as t-tests to compare the discrete variables (e.g., joint range of motion). Secondly, simulation of the break shot was run with the experimental marker trajectories and electromyographic (EMG) data of two male cue sports players as the model inputs. A model-estimated muscle activation calculation was performed accordingly for the upper extremity muscles. The OpenSim-generated joint angles for the back spin shot corresponded well with the experimental results for the elbow, while the model outputs of the shoulder deviated from the experimental data. The discrepancy in shoulder joint angles could be due to the insufficient kinematic inputs for the shoulder joint. In the break shot simulation, the preliminary findings suggested that great shoulder muscle forces could primarily contribute to the forward swing in a break shot. This suggests that strengthening the shoulder muscles may be a viable strategy to improve the break shot performance. It is feasible to cater simulation modeling in OpenSim for biomechanical investigations of the upper extremity movements in cue sports. Model outputs can help better understand the contributions of individual muscle forces when performing cueing movements.

Brain endurance training improves shot speed and accuracy in grassroots padel players.

Evidence that mental fatigue impairs sport performance has created a demand for countermeasures. We examined the effects of brain endurance training, a form of fatigue-inoculation, on shot performance in grassroots padel players. A pre-, mid- and post-test design, with participants randomized to brain endurance training (n = 30) or control (n = 31) groups. During testing, participants completed a Padel Stroke Performance Test, before and after a demanding 30-min cognitive task (Stroop). Training comprised 3 sessions/week for 6 weeks. In each training session, participants completed 10-min warm-up, 15-min technical drills, 15-min tactical drills, and 20-min simulated games. These physical activities were intermixed with short 4-min periods of Stroop (brain endurance training group) or rest (control group) totaling 20-min. Performance was measured by shot speed and accuracy of padel strokes. Mental fatigue indices were measured before and after the Stroop task using a visual analog scale rating, a psychomotor vigilance task, and a go/no-go task. During testing, the 30-min Stroop task elicited a state of mental fatigue, confirmed by higher subjective ratings, slower responses during the psychomotor vigilance task, and slower saccade latencies during the go/no go task. Compared to pre-testing, in mid- and post-testing, the brain endurance training group hit progressively faster and more accurate padel shots after the Stroop task compared to controls. Brain endurance training enhanced skill-based psychomotor performance when fatigued compared to standard padel training. Brain endurance training is a countermeasure that promotes mental fatigue durability.

Extra Local: Extras as Actors in &lt;i&gt;Breaking Away&lt;/i&gt;

"Extra Local" interweaves cumulative and recursive approaches to videographic analysis in order to examine modes of performance in a brief sequence shot in Breaking Away (1979). Multiple viewings of the clip direct attention to distinctions on a continuum of acting and not-acting. Cumulative multiscreen techniques contextualize the scene in director Peter Yates’ career, the history of postwar realism, and the local experience of the film in relation to the performances of local extras.

Multimodal video abstraction into a static document using deep learning

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Abstraction is a strategy that gives the essential points of a document in a short period of time. The video abstraction approach proposed in this research is based on multi-modal video data, which comprises both audio and visual data. Segmenting the input video into scenes and obtaining a textual and visual summary for each scene are the major video abstraction procedures to summarize the video events into a static document. To recognize the shot and scene boundary from a video sequence, a hybrid features method was employed, which improves detection shot performance by selecting strong and flexible features. The most informative keyframes from each scene are then incorporated into the visual summary. A hybrid deep learning model was used for abstractive text summarization. The BBC archive provided the testing videos, which comprised BBC Learning English and BBC News. In addition, a news summary dataset was used to train a deep model. The performance of the proposed approaches was assessed using metrics like Rouge for textual summary, which achieved a 40.49% accuracy rate. While precision, recall, and F-score used for visual summary have achieved (94.9%) accuracy, which performed better than the other methods, according to the findings of the experiments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Automated X-Ray Tomographic Defect Analysis in High Density Carbon Capsules

High density carbon capsule ablators are of primary interest for National Ignition Facility experiments. Two of the major contributors to hydrodynamic instabilities in these capsules are voids and high-density inclusions, where the quantity and size of these defects can result in lower yields in inertial confinement fusion. To aid in capsule selection, General Atomics developed a LabVIEW analysis routine to quantify these defects based off a large field-of-view tomographic dataset and to provide insight into the quality of the capsule. This analysis determines if there are large voids or inclusions that may affect shot performance and helps rank which capsules should be used.

The Relationship between Specific Game-Based and General Performance in Young Adult Elite Male Team Handball Players

Physical performance is an essential factor for becoming a top elite team handball player; however, the relationship between specific and general physical performance is not well known. Consequently, the aim of the study was (1) to analyze the relationship between specific game-based and general physical performance in young elite male team handball players, and (2) to reduce the number of tests for a more practical implementation of physical performance diagnostics in team handball. Twenty young adult elite male team handball field players (18.6 ± 2.1 years) performed the team handball game-based performance test (GBPT), including specific movements in offense and defense such as catching, passing and throwing a ball, sprinting, stops, changes in direction, jumping, checking and screening, as well as general tests, including a 20 m sprinting test, a repeated sprint ability test (RSA), a modified t-test, countermovement (CMJ), squat (SJ) and drop jump test (DJ), a standing long jump test, a single-leg lateral three jumps test, a standing throw test, and the determination of the one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press, bench pull, front squat, and deadlift. Significant correlations were mostly found between different sprinting and jumping tests as well as between different strength tests. The principal component factor analysis revealed four components (power and speed, strength, jump shot performance, and endurance) including 21 variables of high loads (&gt;0.60 or &lt;−0.60). Due to the correlations between the different tests, we suggest a more practicable testing procedure including the 20 m sprinting test, CMJ test, 1RM in the bench press and front squat, as well as the GBPT for elite teams, or the t-test and the YoYo intermittent recovery test for youth and non-elite teams. Despite some correlations between specific and general tests, we suggest using the GBPT to measure specific performance in team handball.

Does success breed success? An investigation of momentum in elite recurve archery

We investigate the existence of momentum or the “hot hand” phenomenon in recurve archery, in which archers have three shots per set. We collected the performance of archers along with the control variable (player difference) and game data (set score difference, shooting order and game type). We set out to compare the outcome (bullseye, 10 points, probability) and performance (scores of the third shot) in a range of cases with the previous two shots. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is the powerful evidence for positive momentum in recurve archery. The key finding that hitting the bullseye creates momentum and momentum leads to better performance has been confirmed as the “success breeds success” mechanism. Furthermore, the performance of the third shot is influenced by competitive ability and match importance (Olympic Games or not).