Performance Of Perovskite Solar Cells Research Articles

Spatial Conformation Engineering of Aromatic Ketones for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Carbonyl-containing materials employed in state-of-the-art hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit a strong structure-dependent electron donor effect that predominates in defect passivation. However, the impact of the molecular spatial conformation on the efficacy of carbonyl-containing passivators remains ambiguous, hindering the advancement of molecular design for passivating materials. Herein, we show that altering the spatial torsion angle of aromatic ketones from twisted to planar configurations, as seen in benzophenone (BP, 27.2°), anthrone (AR, 15.3°), and 9-fluorenone (FO, 0°), leads to a notable increment of the electron cloud density around the carbonyl group, thus improving the passivation ability for lead-based defects. Consequently, the PSC performance also relies on the torsion angle of the aromatic ketones, with the coplanar FO-based PSC achieving a highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.13% and retaining 92% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h of operation at the maximum power point under continuous 1-sun illumination (ISOS-L-1I). Moreover, a perovskite mini-module (14.0 cm2) containing FO exhibits a PCE of 20.19%. Our findings highlight the influence of molecular conformation on the passivation effect of the carbonyl group, offering deeper insight into the design and development of aromatic ketones as passivators for highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Terminal Effects of Fulleropyrrolidine Electron Transport Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractFullerene (C60) and its derivatives are the most prevalent and efficient electron transport materials (ETMs) for state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Benefiting from the high performance, simple synthesis, and easy availability of raw materials, fulleropyrrolidine derivatives (FDs) are potential next‐generation ETM alternatives to currently used fullerene materials. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of FDs still lags far behind that of methanofullerene derivatives such as [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Moreover, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this work, six FD ETMs are designed and synthesized, i.e., CN‐TPAX (X = H, Me, OMe, Cl, Br, I), for p‐i‐n PSCs, and obtained a champion PCE of over 25% for the CN‐TPACl ETM, outperforming all reported FDs until now. Subsequently, their performance is systematically characterized in terms of molecular characteristics, including single‐crystal structure, electronic properties, film formability/morphology, and electron dynamics, which helped reveal the terminal effects of FD ETMs on the molecular characteristics and photovoltaic performance of PSCs. This approach clarified the structure–performance relationships between the FDs and the resulting devices, highlighting the importance of the terminal design of fullerene ETMs for high‐performance PSCs.

Enhanced Performance and Stability of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells Using Trioctylphosphine Oxide Additive.

This study investigates the application of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) as an additive to enhance the performance of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The addition of TOPO and TPPO passivates surface defects, increases grain size, and reduces surface trap states, leading to better light absorption and accelerated carrier transport. These modifications lead to an optimized energy level distribution, resulting in a significant increase in power conversion efficiency from 5.14 to 9.21% with TOPO and from 5.14% to 7.28% with TPPO. Furthermore, the long alkyl chains in TOPO provide effective isolation from air and water, significantly enhancing device stability for over 2400 h without packaging. The findings demonstrate that oxygen phosphine additives with long alkane chains are more effective in improving PSCs than those with aromatic hydrocarbons, offering new insights for the use of passivators in perovskite solar cells.

Enhancing FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Performance and Stability Through Bespoke Graphene Quantum Dots

ABSTRACTA novel approach to enhancing the efficiency and long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is presented through strategic interfacial modification using bespoke graphene quantum dots (GQDs). GQDs with controlled alkylamine chain lengths, such as butylamine (C4), octylamine (C8), and dodecylamine (C12), were customized to have the proper optical and electronic properties toward specific interfaces within the PSCs. The incorporation of C4‐GQDs significantly improved the energy level alignment and conductivity of the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL), while C12‐GQDs effectively reduced trap density on the perovskite surface, leading to enhanced defect passivation. These modifications resulted in a substantial increase in power conversion efficiency of 24.41% in a unit cell and 18.91% in a mini‐module, respectively. Notably, the maximum power point tracked perovskite mini‐module retained 89% of its initial efficiency during 1000 h of continuous light soaking condition at 25°C under 35% relative humidity. This work highlights the potential of bespoke GQDs to advance both the performance and durability of PSCs, providing a scalable approach for future photovoltaic applications. image

Enhancing the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells by Extending the Terminal Conjugation of Spiro‐Type Hole Transport Material

Hole transport materials (HTM) play a vital role in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Optimizing the molecular structure of HTMs has been proven to be an important method for improving PSCs’ efficiency and stability. Herein, a novel dibenzofuran‐terminated spiro‐type HTM with extending π‐conjugation is designed and developed, named spiro‐BNF. The structure–property relationship is also studied with spiro‐OMeTAD and spiro‐DBF as the reference. The results show that spiro‐BNF has improved hole mobility and glass transition temperature (reaching 198 °C) than spiro‐OMeTAD and spiro‐BDF. spiro‐BNF also exhibits matched highest occupied molecular orbital level with perovskite and superior morphology on the perovskite layer. Accordingly, the PSCs employing spiro‐BNF display a higher power conversion efficiency of 23.65% and improved stability than the device employing spiro‐OMeTAD or spiro‐BDF. The findings provide a new insight for enhancing the performance of PSCs.

Construction of ultra-smooth and void-free buried interface via bilateral chemical bridging for efficient and hysteresis-suppressed perovskite solar cells

The surface properties are vital aspects in improving photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Except for the upper surface of perovskite, the hidden buried interface which supports the beginning of perovskite film crystallization is of equal great importance for the construction of high-efficiency PSCs. Herein, we use urea phosphate (UPP) to build a bilateral chemical bridge in the buried interface under perovskite layer, to simultaneously improve the properties of SnO2 ETL and the upper perovskite. On one hand, the interaction between UPP and SnO2 passivates the defects of the SnO2 and facilitates the formation of ultra-smooth surface for superior interfacial contact. On the other hand, the chemical interaction between UPP and perovskite contributes to the optimization of crystal nucleation and growth, which improves the crystalline quality of perovskite, inhibits the formation of voids at the buried interface and reduces the defects of the grain boundary. Benefiting from the optimized buried interfacial contact, suppressed defects, accelerated charge extraction and modified energy level alignment, the UPP-processed device delivers an improved power conversion efficiency of 24.54 %, with effective suppression of hysteresis. Moreover, the stability of device is also improved owing to the reduction of trap defects. This work provides a feasible strategy to tune the buried interface between the charge transfer layer and perovskite layer for fabrication of efficient and stable PSCs.

Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with a Multifunctional Spiro‐Based Hole Transport Material

AbstractThe widely used spiro‐OMeTAD exhibits moderate interaction with the perovskite layer, which does not decrease the defect on the perovskite surface, thus limiting the photoelectric performance of perovskite solar cells. In this work, the spiro‐OMeTAD structure is functionalized with chlorine (Cl), resulting in a new material labeled spiro‐mCl, which interacts more effectively with the perovskite and passivating interface defects. In addition, the strong electronegativity of Cl lowers the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO) energy level of spiro‐mCl, resulting in a better match with the valence band of perovskite. Additionally, the asymmetry introduced by Cl enhances the hole mobility and increases the glass transition temperature of spiro‐mCl. As a result, the device incorporating spiro‐mCl achieved an open‐circuit voltage of 1.16 V and a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 25.26% (certified at 24.88%), marking it as one of the highest‐performing spirobifluorene‐based HTMs in PSCs. Importantly, this device also demonstrated significantly improved operational stability compared to the one utilizing spiro‐OMeTAD.

Investigating the performance of Tin-based perovskite solar cell with Cadmium Sulphide as etm and graphene as htm using SCAPS-1D

Solar cells based on lead-free perovskite have demonstrated great potential for renewable energy. The SCAPS-1D simulation software was used in this study to perform device modelling of a lead-free perovskite solar cell of the architecture Glass/FTO/CdS/CH3NH3SnI3/Graphene/Pt. For the performance evaluation, an optimization process of the different parameters such as thickness of the ETM, Absorber, Bandgap energy of the hole transport material was conducted. Extensive discussion on its effect on the performance of the solar cell parameters were stated. An optimal ETM and Absorber layer thickness was achieved at 40nm and 950nm. The Bandgap energy gave an optimal performance of device parameters at 0.9eV. Temperature variations were simulated and it was noted that the device had a minimal decrease in PSC parameters performance with increasing temperature. The final optimized device structure achieved a PCE, Voc, Jsc and FF of 25.65%, 0.9606 V, 33.2491(mA/cm2), and 80.32% respectively. Therefore, we expect that our findings will pave the way for the development of lead-free and highly effective perovskite solar cells.

Achieving 31.16 % efficiency in perovskite solar cells via synergistic Dion-Jacobson 2D-3D layer design

Among environmental friendly energy sources solar energy is prominent one that can be harnessed via photovoltaic (PV) cells. The hybrid organic & inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs), have shown appealing PV performance. Halide-based perovskites (PVSK) offer several advantages, including low cost, high efficiency, and ease of fabrication. However, there are stability issues with these 3D perovskite materials. The solar device based on 2D PVSK materials are being used more and more in modern applications to address these problems. Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) & Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phases are the two main forms of 2D PVSK. These materials offer significantly greater stability compared to 3D perovskites, making them a promising alternative. In this study, we combine 2D and 3D perovskites to strengthen both reliability as well as efficiency of 3D PSCs. The present work explores the combined effect of DJ 2D-3D PVSK layers on device performance. The DJ 2D material used is PeDAMA4Pb5I16, while the 3D material is the lead-free, stable CsGeI3-xBrx (with x = 1). The optimized solar cell structure developed in this work consists of (Au/Cu2O/PeDAMA4Pb5I16/CsGeI3-xBrx/PCBM/FTO). A thorough analysis was performed on the impact of various ETLs and HTLs, as well as factors such as defect density (Nt), 2D-3D layer thickness, shallow acceptor density (NA), series (RS) and shunt resistances (RSh), and temperature variations. In the present work, PCE has significantly improved, reaching an amazing 31.16 %. Other noteworthy metrics include a JSC 22.55 mA.cm−2, FF 88.47 % and VOC 1.5617 V, all demonstrating exceptional performance. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in strengthening the efficiency and performance of DJ 2D-3D PSCs, highlighting their potential for future applications.

Minimizing vacancy defects with Eu passivation strategy to enable highly efficient perovskite photovoltaics

The intrinsic ionic nature of metal halide perovskites facilitates the formation of abundant defects at grain boundaries (GBs) and surfaces, consequently diminishing the stability and photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Due to the low formation energies and instability of Pb-I bonds, iodine (I) and lead (Pb) vacancies are prevalent high-density point defects. In this study, we explore the use of europium (Eu) as a novel passivator to concurrently address I and Pb vacancies through first-principles calculations. Our results demonstrate that Eu significantly lowers the defect formation energies and adjusts the bandgap, enlarged by vacancy defects, to align with the ideal Shockley-Queisser limit, indicating a strong potential for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE). Furthermore, Eu passivation markedly increases the activation energy barriers for ion migration, resulting in substantially reduced migration rates. This suggests a minimal likelihood of I and Pb ion migration on defected surfaces, underscoring Eu’s potential to mitigate hysteresis effects and enhance stability. This work advances our understanding of the passivation effects of rare earth elements and establishes a foundation for designing highly effective passivation strategies to achieve stable and efficient PSCs.

Solution‐Processed Zinc‐Tin‐Based Ternary Oxide Electron Transport Layers for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have acquired popularity owing to their high efficiency, ease of fabrication, and affordability. In this context, the development of electron transport layers (ETLs) for highly efficient planar photovoltaic devices has received considerable attention. This study investigates the potential of zinc‐tin‐based ternary metal oxide ETLs for application in planar PSCs. Solution‐processed methods are used to fabricate crystalline zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4), amorphous zinc‐tin oxide (ZTO), and Zn2SnO4/ZTO‐based bilayer films, and their structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties are thoroughly studied. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show enhanced crystallite size and better surface morphology of perovskite films deposited on bilayer ETL. Photoluminescence (PL) studies and Hall effect measurements reveal superior charge extraction, improved charge carrier mobility (21.84 cm2 V−1 s−1) and enhanced n‐type conductivity in the bilayer ETL. Moreover, contact angle analysis of perovskite layer deposited on bilayer ETL shows increased resistance to moisture erosion (52.20°), which is particularly significant given the detrimental effects moisture can have on the performance of PSCs.

Thiol Groups Reutilization on Chemical Bath Deposited Tin Oxide Surface Achieving Interface Anchoring and Defects Passivation for Enhancing the Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Due to its simple process and adaptability to large-area deposition, chemical bath deposition (CBD) is one of the preparation methods for the SnO2 layer in highly efficient "n-i-p" structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the residual thioglycolic acid (TGA) on the CBD-SnO2 surface affects the stability of PSCs and the carrier transport at the CBD-SnO2/perovskite interface, hindering the further development of this method. This work demonstrates a method for the reutilization of surface groups to construct molecular bridges. This strategy utilizes the substitution reaction between the residual thiol group on the CBD-SnO2 surface and the iodine group of iodoacetamide (IAM) to form the IAM structure. The IAM structure not only assists the perovskite grain crystallization but also increases the electronic cloud density of the CBD-SnO2 surface. Consequently, the charge mobility of the CBD-SnO2 is enhanced and the energy band alignment at the CBD-SnO2/perovskite interface is optimized. A champion device with the IAM structure achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.41% while it maintained 80% of its original PCE after placing at 65°C in nitrogen filled atmosphere for over 300h and in an environment at 25°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for over 1000h, respectively.

A facile approach for fabricating efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) can be produced using a variety of methods, such as different fabrication methods, device layout modification, and component and interface engineering. The efficiency of a perovskite solar cell is largely dependent on the overall quality of the perovskite thin-film in every scenario. The utilization of spin-coating followed by the antisolvent pouring (ASP) method is prevalent in nearly all fabrication techniques to achieve superior perovskite thin-films. Nevertheless, there are a few guidelines that must be followed precisely when using the ASP approach, including the antisolvent amount, duration, and area for dropping. The aforementioned challenging and necessary strategies frequently result in perovskite thin-films with pinholes, tiny grains, and broad grain boundaries, which impair the performance of PSCs. Therefore, the implementation of a straightforward approach that does not require the use of such complex ASP steps is crucial. Here, we employ a simple process that involves the hot-dipping of lead iodide (PbI2) thin-films in a hot solution of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and formamidinium iodide (FAI) in isopropanol (IPA) to produce high-quality perovskite thin-films. As the time required for the desired perovskite to crystallize is critical, we carefully examined various hot-dipping process times, such as 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, and 40 seconds. These time intervals yielded thin-films, which were named PSK-10, PSK-20, PSK-30, and PSK-40, respectively. Morphological and optoelectronic characterization demonstrated the high quality of the perovskite thin-films obtained through dipping PbI2 for 30 seconds. Consequently, the PSK-30-based PSCs produced higher PCEs of up to 21.52% compared to those of the ASP-based devices (20.79%). Furthermore, the unsealed PSCs prepared with PSK-30 and ASP were assessed for 252 hours at 25 °C and 40-45% relative humidity in order to determine their operational stability. The ASP-based device showed poor stability, retaining only 10% of its original PCE, whereas the PSK-30-based device retained 70% of its initial PCE. These results offer a new and viable approach for producing highly efficient and stable PSCs.

T-Shaped-N-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A New Concept of Dopant-Free Organic Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Although metal halide perovskites are positioned as the most powerful light-harvesting materials for sustainable energy conversion, there is a need for a thorough understanding of molecular design principles that would guide better engineering of organic hole-transporting materials, which are vital for boosting the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. To address this formidable challenge, here, we developed a new design strategy based on the curved N-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon merged with T-shaped phenazines being decorated with (phenyl)-di-p-methoxyphenylamine (OMeTAD)─N-PAH23/24 and -3,6-ditertbutyl carbazole (TBCz)─N-PAH25/26. As N-PAH23/24 exhibited satisfying thermal stability, the comparative studies performed with various experimental and simulation methods revealed a pronounced correlation between the depth of the central cyclazine core and the form of the T-shape units. This proved to be a crucial factor in controlling their π-π intermolecular interaction as well as self-assembly behavior with the perovskite layer, leading to enhanced humidity resistance, operational stability, and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 20.39% denoted for N-PAH23, which is superior to the benchmarked device with doped spiro-OMeTAD (19.23%). These studies not only resulted in optimized stability and device performance but also opened a conceptually new chemical space in the photovoltaic technology.

6-Trifluoromethylnicotinamide Bilaterally Anchored All Cations Implementing Efficient and Humidity-Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

For organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the volatilization of organic components and the presence of undercoordinated Pb2+ ions are the primary causes of device stability imbalance. These factors also serve as significant determinants that restrict the commercialization scale of PSCs. Here, 6-trifluoromethylnicotinamide (TNA) molecules, featuring amide and trifluoromethyl groups at both ends, were introduced as Lewis additives into the precursor solution of perovskite to anchor all cation defect sites and optimize the crystallization process of perovskite. Theoretical calculations confirmed that the -NH2 and C═O groups within the amide group on one side of the TNA molecule synergistically passivated the undercoordinated Pb2+ ions, whereas the trifluoromethyl group on the other side formed hydrogen bonds with the organic components of perovskite. The scorpion-like bilateral all-cation anchoring ability of TNA molecules was further substantiated through experimental characterization. Upon optimization of the TNA treatment concentration, a perovskite film characterized by large grains and a reduced defect density of states was achieved. The photovoltaic performance of PSCs incorporating TNA exhibited significant enhancement with an increase in efficiency from 22.42% (Control) to 24.15%. Under a harsh high-humidity environment, the comprehensive cation passivation effect of TNA significantly hindered the decomposition and phase transition of perovskite films, thereby ensuring excellent humidity stability for the PSCs.

Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Inhibiting Voids via a Green Additive.

The buried interface in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is critical for determining device performance. However, during annealing, the perovskite crystallized downward from the film's top surfaces, and the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) often resulted in voids at the perovskite bottom surface, which negatively impacted PSC performance. In this study, a green solid-state additive, piracetam (PA), was introduced into a perovskite precursor to reduce void formation. Due to the stronger interaction with perovskite components than DMSO, nonvolatile PA could remain within the perovskite films during thermal annealing to avoid volume collapse, thereby preventing the formation of voids at the buried interface as well as passivating the defects of undercoordinated Pb2+. Additionally, the introduction of PA could effectively enhance the crystallization of perovskite, leading to an improved quality of the perovskite films and depressed nonradiative recombination. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs increased significantly from 20.95 to 23.42% with excellent operational and thermal stability.

Investigations on interfacial complex dynamic processes of Er-BiFeO3 based perovskite solar cell heterostructures

In the present investigations, we critically examine the response of thickness variation of the photoactive layer on I-V characteristics of the final optimized Er-doped BiFeO3 (Er-BF) designed devices (Er: 0 %, 4 %, 8 %, and 12 %). The recombination rate, energy band diagrams obtained at a final simulated thickness of the absorber and at the back contact metal work function were investigated for the purpose of barrier formation analysis. To establish the presence of deep defects in the perovskite based heterostructure devices, the measurements of respective designed devices related to capacitance–voltage (C-V), Mott-Schottky (MS) (1/C2-V), and conductance-voltage (G-V) characteristics were thoroughly performed and examined. The change in capacitance (or dielectric constant) induced thermally in the respective designed devices was investigated with the temperature-dependent capacitance-frequency (C-f) characteristics performed under the illumination and dark conditions, respectively. Further, the voltage dependent Nyquist plots were studied. Overall, this work provides critical insights into the impedance response of doped BiFeO3 absorber-based designed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with cell structure FTO/ZnO/Er-BF/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. It further facilitates the understanding of various complex electrical processes taking place at the different interfaces during the device operations which are significant for the better optimization and play crucial role in enhancing the overall photovoltaic performance of PSCs.

FAPbI3-nanoparticles with ligands act synergistically in absorbent layers for high-performance and stable FAPbI3 based perovskite solar cells

The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) depends on the quality of the perovskite absorber layer. In this study, oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) ligand-capped formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated into the formamidinium iodide (FAI) solution, which is one of the precursors for the sequential deposition of the FAPbI3 layer. The synergistic effect of the FAPbI3-NPs and the capped ligand substantially improves the crystallinity, uniformity, and morphology of the bulk FAPbI3 perovskite films. The enhancements lead to a reduction in charge recombination and a boost in charge transfer efficiency, enabling the optimized PSCs to achieve a remarkable peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.68 %. Moreover, these PSCs show good stability, with unencapsulated devices maintaining 93 % of the peak performance under ambient air (RH 50 %) for 1000 hours.

Exploring the Potential and Hurdles of Perovskite Solar Cells with p-i-n Structure.

The p-i-n architecture within perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is swiftly transitioning from an alternative concept to the forefront of perovskite photovoltaic technology, driven by significant advancements in performance and suitability for tandem solar cell integration. The relentless pursuit to increase efficiencies and understand the factors contributing to instability has yielded notable strategies for enhancing p-i-n PSC performance. Chief among these is the advancement in passivation techniques, including the application of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which have proven central to mitigating interface-related inefficiencies. This Perspective delves into a curated selection of recent impactful studies on p-i-n PSCs, focusing on the latest material developments, device architecture refinements, and performance optimization tactics. We particularly emphasize the strides made in passivation and interfacial engineering. Furthermore, we explore the strides and potential of p-i-n structured perovskite tandem solar cells. The Perspective culminates in a discussion of the persistent challenges facing p-i-n PSCs, such as long-term stability, scalability, and the pursuit of environmentally benign solutions, setting the stage for future research directives.

Minimizing interfacial energy losses via fluorination strategy toward high-performance air-fabricated perovskite solar cells

Sub-bandgap state-induced radiative recombination and trap-assisted nonradiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite layer and hole transport layer in n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs) significantly limit further improvements in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. In this work, we introduce a simple yet effective fluorination strategy to mitigate these recombination losses by simultaneously achieving defect passivation, tensile strain release, and modulation of interfacial energy band alignment. The incorporation of fluorine (F) groups not only enhances defect passivation through strong chemical bonding but also improves the moisture resistance of perovskite films and devices. We reveal the critical influence of the number and position of F groups on the benzene ring in determining device photovoltaic performance. PSCs modified with 3,5-difluoro-benzamidine hydrochloride (3,5-DFBH) demonstrate a remarkable PCE of 24.57 %, coupled with enhanced long-term stability. These PSCs, among the highest-performing devices fabricated in ambient air, maintained over 90 % of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 2700 h of storage at 10 % to 20 % relative humidity, and withstood 1700 h of exposure to heat at 65 °C. This work provides a viable pathway to simultaneously improve both the photovoltaic performance and stability of PSCs by mitigating sub-bandgap and trap-assisted recombination through fluorination.