Performance For CO2 Hydrogenation Research Articles

On the Capabilities of Transition Metal Carbides for Carbon Capture and Utilization Technologies.

The search for cheap and active materials for the capture and activation of CO2 has led to many efforts aimed at developing new catalysts. In this context, earth-abundant transition metal carbides (TMCs) have emerged as promising candidates, garnering increased attention in recent decades due to their exceptional refractory properties and resistance to sintering, coking, and sulfur poisoning. In this work, we assess the use of Group 5 TMCs (VC, NbC, and TaC) as potential materials for carbon capture and sequestration/utilization technologies by combining experimental characterization techniques, first-principles-based multiscale modeling, vibrational analysis, and catalytic experiments. Our findings reveal that the stoichiometric phase of VC exhibits weak interactions with CO2, displaying an inability to adsorb or dissociate it. However, VC often exhibits the presence of surface carbon vacancies, leading to significant activation of CO2 at room temperature and facilitating its catalytic hydrogenation. In contrast, stoichiometric NbC and TaC phases exhibit stronger interactions with CO2, capable of adsorbing and even breaking of CO2 at low temperatures, particularly notable in the case of TaC. Nevertheless, NbC and TaC demonstrate poor catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation. This work suggests Group 5 TMCs as potential materials for CO2 abatement, emphasizes the importance of surface vacancies in enhancing catalytic activity and adsorption capability, and provides a reference for using the infrared spectra as a unique identifier to detect oxy-carbide phases or surface C vacancies within Group 5 TMCs.

Flame Spray Pyrolysis Synthesis of Ultra-Small High-Entropy Alloy-Supported Oxide Nanoparticles for CO2 Hydrogenation Catalysts.

The synthesis of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with ultra-small particle sizes has long been a challenging task. The complex and time-consuming synthesis process hinders their practical application and widespread adoption. This study presents the novel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles loaded with a quinary high-entropy alloy through flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) for the first time. The extremely fast heating rate of flame combustion makes the precursor fast pyrolysis gasification, high temperature in the flame field promotes the metal vapor mixing uniformly, and the fast quenching process can reduce the particle aggregation sintering, the ultra-small particle size of HEA firmly attached to the TiO2 surface. The catalysts prepared via this gas-to-particle pathway exhibit excellent performance in CO2 hydrogenation, achieving a conversion rate of 62% at 450°C, and maintaining their activity for over 220h without significant particle agglomeration. This finding provides valuable insights for the future design of catalytically active materials with enhanced activity and long-term stability.

Rich oxygen vacancies in core–shell structured Co3O4-CuO-ZnO@ZIF-8 for boosting CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into high-quality methanol to alleviate the energy crisis is a promising strategy. However, as a traditional catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, Cu/ZnO exhibits low CO2 conversion and low methanol selectivity at low temperature. In order to improve the catalytic performance of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, Co3O4 was introduced to form Co3O4-CuO-ZnO with flower-like structure, and then diamond-shaped ZIF-8 particles with large specific surface area and rich oxygen vacancies were synthesized on the surface of Co3O4-CuO-ZnO by hydrothermal method. A series of characterizations showed that the synthesis of ZIF-8 greatly increased the specific surface area of the catalyst. The oxygen vacancy is the site of CO2 adsorption and activation, and stabilizes the reaction intermediate, which promotes the conversion of CO2 and the formation of methanol. The introduction of Co promotes the formation of the alloy phase, enhances the interaction between the metals, makes the active center more dispersed, reduces the sintering of the catalyst, and thus exhibits better catalytic performance. Among co-precipitated CuO-ZnO, hydrothermal CuO-ZnO, CuO-ZnO@ZIF-8, Co3O4-CuO-ZnO and Co3O4-CuO-ZnO@ZIF-8 catalysts, Co3O4-CuO-ZnO@ZIF-8 exhibits the best catalytic performance (CO2 conversion 16.06% and CH3OH selectivity 94.58%). Based on the above design, ZIF-8 and Co3O4 synergistic CuO-ZnO catalyst effectively improved CO2 conversion and CH3OH selectivity.

Preparation of palladium-based catalyst by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition and its applications in CO2 hydrogenation reduction

Supported Pd catalyst is an important noble metal material in recent years due to its high catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation. A fluidized-bed plasma assisted atomic layer deposition (FP-ALD) process is reported to fabricate Pd nanoparticle catalyst over γ-Al2O3 or Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 support, using palladium hexafluoroacetylacetonate as the Pd precursor and H2 plasma as counter-reactant. Scanning transmission electron microscopy exhibits that high-density Pd nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed over Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 support with an average diameter of 4.4 nm. The deposited Pd-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 shows excellent catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Under a typical condition of H2 to CO2 ratio of 4 in the feed gas, the discharge power of 19.6 W, and gas hourly space velocity of 10000 h−1, the conversion of CO2 is as high as 16.3% with CH3OH and CH4 selectivities of 26.5% and 3.9%, respectively.

In Situ Carbon-Confined MoSe2 Catalyst with Heterojunction for Highly Selective CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol.

The synthesis of methanol from CO2 hydrogenation is an effective measure to deal with global climate change and an important route for the chemical fixation of CO2. In this work, carbon-confined MoSe2 (MoSe2@C) catalysts were prepared by in situ pyrolysis using glucose as a carbon source. The physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of CO2 hydrogenation to yield methanol were compared with MoSe2 and MoSe2/C. The results of the structure characterization showed MoSe2 displayed few layers and a small particle size. Owing to the synergistic effect of the Mo2C-MoSe2 heterojunction and in situ carbon doping, MoSe2@C with a suitable C/Mo mole ratio in the precursor showed excellent catalytic performance in the synthesis of methanol from CO2 hydrogenation. Under the optimal catalyst MoSe2@C-55, the selectivity of methanol reached 93.7% at a 9.7% conversion of CO2 under optimized reaction conditions, and its catalytic performance was maintained without deactivation during a continuous reaction of 100 h. In situ diffuse infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy studies suggested that formate and CO were the key intermediates in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

The Pd/ZrO2 catalyst inversely loaded with various metal oxides for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide

The selectivity and stability of catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2 still remain to be enhanced. In this work, we synthesized a series of Pd/ZrO2 catalysts inversely loaded with various metal oxide promoters (ZnO, In2O3, and CeO2), those would partially cover Pd metal surface and form some new metal-promoter interface, to explore the nature in the performance of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The catalyst synthesized by this approach could limit the growth of Pd particles during the reduction and form new metal–metal oxide interfaces with different functions of CO2 hydrogenation, improving the reaction performance of Pd-ZrO2 catalysts. As a result, the ZnO-Pd/ZrO2 catalyst exhibited the highest CO2 conversion (12.0 %), methanol selectivity (95.6 %), and STY of methanol (472 gMeOHkgcat-1h−1), with excellent stability. The results of HRTEM, H2-TPR, XPS, and XAFS showed that the ZnO-Pd/ZrO2 catalyst had the typical Pd-ZnO interface with Pd2+ species after the H2 reduction, which could enhance the adsorption and activation of CO2. In addition, the in situ DRIFTS and NAP-XPS results implied that the Pd-ZnO interface significantly improved the formation of formate (HCOO*) and methoxy (H3CO*) species, which were considered to be the key intermediates of methanol generation, and thus greatly enhanced the selectivity of methanol.

Deciphering the structural evolution and real active ingredients of iron oxides in photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation

Photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation reactions can produce high-value-added chemicals for industry, solving the environmental problems caused by excessive CO2 emissions. Iron oxides are commonly used in photocatalytic reactions due to their various structures and suitable band gaps. Nevertheless, the structural evolution and real active components during photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation reaction are rarely studied. Herein, a variety of iron oxides including α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO were derived from Prussian blue precursors to investigate the CO2 hydrogenation performance, structural evolution and active components. Especially, the typical α- and γ-Fe2O3 are converted to Fe3O4 during the reaction, while Fe/FexOy remains structurally stable. Meanwhile, it is confirmed that Fe3O4 is the main active component for CO production and the formation of hydrocarbons (CH4 and C2–C4) are highly dependent on the Fe/FexOy heterojunctions. The optimal yields of CO, CH4 and C2–C4 hydrocarbons over the best catalyst (FeFe-550) can achieve 4 mmol g−1 h−1, 350 μmol g−1 h−1 and 150 μmol g−1 h−1, respectively due to their suitable metal/oxide component distribution. This work examines the structural evolution of different iron oxide catalysts in the photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation reaction, identifies the active components as well as reveals the relationship between components and the products, and offers valuable insights into the efficient utilization of CO2.

Exploiting Co-C interface and graphitic carbon belts for enhanced structural stability of a porous layered Co-C catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation

Addressing the urgent need for efficient CO2 reduction, a novel Co@C catalyst was synthesized through the pyrolysis of a unique layered metal–organic framework (MOF), featuring tunable thickness, pore sizes. The CO2 hydrogenation performance demonstrates an enhancement by an optimized structure that significantly improves stability, maintaining a 25% CO2 conversion rate over an extended 80-hour period. The catalyst's composite structure exhibits a dual-confinement effect, where the Co-C interface and graphitic carbon belt stabilize Co nanoparticles, preventing sintering during reaction cycles. This study delves into the structural modifications necessary for catalytic optimization in CO2 hydrogenation, offering valuable insights for designing efficient catalysts for CO2 reduction and advancing sustainable energy solutions.

Highly selective CuO-ZnO@Cu-MOR catalysts prepared by ultrafast solid processing for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol

The conversion of CO2 into methanol has emerged as a promising strategy for addressing climate change and optimizing the utilization of carbon resources. Conventional synthesis methods for Cu-based catalysts, such as co-precipitation, necessitate the consumption of substantial amounts of solvent and meticulous control over preparation conditions, while also being susceptible to deactivation by water during hydrogenation. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a catalyst that can be readily synthesized and exhibits outstanding performance and durability. In this study, we present an ultrafast (only 20 min), solid-phase grinding approach to fabricate CuO-ZnO@Cu-MOR catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The resulting catalysts were comprehensively characterized using XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, SEM, HRTEM, and In-situ-FTIR techniques. Notably, the CuO-ZnO@Cu-MOR catalysts with a distinctive capsule-like structure displayed a high catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation. The byproducts of methane and water produced by the CO2 hydrogenation process were able to be further converted to methanol through Cu-MOR, leading to a significant enhancement of the methanol selectivity (95.6 %) and CO2 conversion (22.8 %). Moreover, a long-term test lasting 300 h demonstrated constant catalytic performances and superior durability.

Boron-doped Cu-Co catalyst boosting charge transfer in photothermal carbon dioxide hydrogenation

Photothermal catalysis of CO2 hydrogenation holds great potential in achieving carbon neutrality. However, the rational design of cost-effective photothermal catalysts with high performance for CO2 hydrogenation is an ongoing challenge. Herein, we employed CuCoyBOₓ composite catalysts by incorporating both CuBOₓ and amorphous CoBOₓ to efficiently catalyze the CO2 hydrogenation. Besides the high selectivity (98.0%), the optimized CuCo5BOx demonstrated a remarkable CO yield of 124.7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under illumination at 300°C, which was 3 times higher than the traditional thermocatalysis. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrated CuBOₓ acted as a photocatalyst, donating electrons to CoBOₓ active sites. Coupling boron-oxygen species with CuCo bimetallic-oxides synergically enhanced the CO2 adsorption capacity and accelerated charge transfer, thereby enhancing the photothermal synergistic effect and consequently boosting the catalytic activity. This study establishes an approach for the rational design of non-precious metal-boride catalysts, enabling efficient photothermal conversion of CO2 into CO under mild conditions.

Review of Mechanism Investigations and Catalyst Developments for CO2 Hydrogenation to Alcohols

Heterogeneous thermal-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to alcohols using renewable energy is a highly attractive approach for recycling greenhouse gases into high-value chemicals and fuels, thereby reducing the dependence on fossil fuels, while simultaneously mitigating the CO2 emission and environmental problems. Currently, great advances have been made on the heterogeneous catalysts, but an in-depth and more comprehensive understanding to further promote this reaction process is still lacking. Herein, we highlight the thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of CO2 hydrogenation reaction firstly. Then, various reaction pathways for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and higher alcohols (C2+ alcohols) have been discussed in detail, respectively, by combining the experimental studies and density functional theory calculations. On this basis, the key factors influencing the reaction performance, such as metal dispersion, support modification, promoter addition and their structural optimization, are summarized on the metal-based and metal-oxide-based catalysts. In addition, the catalytic performance of CO2 hydrogenation to alcohols and the relationship between structure and properties are mainly summarized and analyzed in the past five years. To conclude, the current challenges and potential strategies in catalyst design, structural characterization and reaction mechanisms are presented for CO2 hydrogenation to alcohols.

Alkali metal promotion on Fe-Co-Ni trimetallic catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

The catalyst obtained by calcination of the precursor Fe-Co-Ni trimetallic MOFs has exhibited great CO2 hydrogenation performance. To further improve the selectivity of target product light olefins and the catalyst stability, alkali metal doping is used to modify the Fe-Co-Ni trimetallic catalyst, and the effects of different types of alkali metals and different doping methods are also studied. After alkali metal doping, the increased electron concentration around Fe atoms, the enhanced alkalinity of the catalyst surface and the weakened H2 activation can improve CO2 uptake while decreasing H2 affinity, thereby inhibiting the alkane formation. Among all the catalysts doped by alkali metal, FCN-K(a) obtained by potassium citrate impregnation after calcining has the largest specific surface area, the highest microporosity and the most alkaline sites on its surface, showing the best CO2 hydrogenation performance with a CO2 conversion of 47.5 % and selectivity of light olefins 46.8 %. Meanwhile, the catalyst stability is greatly improved after alkali metal doping during ∼ 50 h test. The characterization results of spent catalysts show that FCN-K(a) has the largest amount of active phase Fe5C2 for C–C coupling. Doping with a proper amount of K can promote the carbonization of Fe and improve the stability of the active phases.

Natural Sunlight‐Driven CO2 Hydrogenation into Light Olefins at Ambient Pressure over Bifunctional Cu‐Promoted CoFe Alloy Catalyst

AbstractThe natural sunlight‐driven conversion of CO2 into valuable C2+ products is urgently being pursued at ambient pressure, yet it poses a substantial challenge. Herein, a bifunctional Cu‐promoted CoFe alloy catalyst is designed for the natural light‐driven CO2 hydrogenation into light olefins. Under a weak solar‐irradiation intensity of 0.45 kW m−2 (0.45 sun), the optimal catalyst exhibits excellent activity and selectivity, with an impressive 73.7% selectivity for C2+ hydrocarbons and an outstanding 56.5% selectivity for C2‐4 olefins, which is the best catalyst for C2+ hydrocarbons photosynthesis from natural sunlight to date. The bifunctional design of the catalyst combines the advantages of both metallic Cu and CoFe alloy components, providing a synergistic effect that enhances the CO2 hydrogenation performance. The Cu promoter plays a crucial role in enhancing the adsorption of CO2 and hydrogen spillover, while the CoFe alloy provides a stable coupling site of the C1 intermediate for promoting the C2‐4 olefins. This study provides new insights into the design of bifunctional catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation and opens up new possibilities for sustainable production of light olefins from renewable resources.

Theoretical Insights into Amido Group-Mediated Enhancement of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol on Cobalt Catalysts.

Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into high-value-added products, such as methanol, is an effective approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect, and improving Co-based catalysts is anticipated to yield potential catalysts with high performance and low cost. In this study, based on first-principles calculations, we elucidate the promotion effects of surface *NHx (x = 1, 2, and 3) on the carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol from both activity and selectivity perspectives on Co-based catalysts. The presence of *NHx reduced the energy barrier of each elementary step on Co(100) by regulating the electronic structure to alter the binding strength of intermediates or by forming a hydrogen bond between surface oxygen-containing species and *NHx to stabilize transition states. The best promotion effect for different steps corresponds to different *NHx. The energy barrier of the rate-determining step of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is lowered from 1.55 to 0.88 eV, and the product selectivity shifts from methane to methanol with the assistance of *NHx on the Co(100) surface. A similar phenomenon is observed on the Co(111) surface. The promotion effect of *NHx on Co-based catalysts is superior to that of water, indicating that the introduction of *NHx on a Co-based catalyst is an effective strategy to enhance the catalytic performance of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Modulation of Al2O3 and ZrO2 composite in Cu/ZnO-based catalysts with enhanced performance for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts have been widely applied as industrial catalysts for methanol synthesis from syngas, but suffers low activity for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. This study establishes highly active Cu catalysts through modulation of the composite of Al2O3 and ZrO2 in Cu/ZnO-based catalysts. The composition of Al2O3 and ZrO2 impacts the Cu dispersion, exposed surface area of Cu, the Cu0/(Cu0+Cu+) ratio and surface basicity. An appropriate content of Al2O3 and ZrO2 presents the higher Cu surface area, desirable ratio of Cu0/(Cu0+Cu+) and moderate-strong basic sites for effective CO2 adsorption/activation, giving rise to higher space-time yield of methanol (up to 648 gCH3OH·kgcat−1·h−1) than the commercial Cu catalyst. STY of methanol can be correlated with Cu surface area and Cu0/(Cu0+Cu+) ratio under the investigated conditions. The mechanistic analysis demonstrates that surface formate and methoxy species are the major intermediates. The methanol formation principally follows the formate-methoxy intermediate pathway.

Effects of Ru particle size over TiO2 on the catalytic performance of CO2 hydrogenation

The influence of metal particle size over heterogeneous catalysts on the catalytic performance has always been an interesting subject due to its significance from both fundamental and practical perspectives. In this work, we regulated the synthesis of TiO2 by the hydrolysis of different titanium precursors, and as-prepared TiO2 supports were employed to load Ru with impregnation method. Interestingly, we synthesized three Ru-TiO2 catalysts with different Ru particle sizes of 1.1, 2.9 and 5.2 nm. The Ru-TiO2 catalysts were next tested for CO2 hydrogenation reaction, the results show that the medium Ru particles on TiO2 exhibited the best CO2 methanation activity. Based on the characterizations, we observed that the medium Ru particles exhibited the best redox properties compared with small and large Ru particles, which was beneficial to the H2 dissociation; in addition, the medium Ru particles exhibited a moderate ability to activate CO2, resulting in the most favorable formation and decomposition of bidentate bicarbonate. Consequently, the Ru-TiO2 catalyst with medium Ru particles showed the highest activity for CO2 methanation. This study provides a new method to prepare Ru-TiO2 catalysts with different Ru sizes and also presents an understanding of Ru particle size effects on CO2 hydrogenation.

Synergistic effects between Mn and Co species in CO2 hydrogenation over xCo/MnO catalysts

CO2 hydrogenation technology has great potential for mitigating the greenhouse effect and creating a green economy. The development of catalysts plays a key role in the progress of CO2 hydrogenation technology. In this study, the xCo/MnO catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation reaction were prepared by the impregnation method using MnOx as the catalyst support. And the effects of the Co loading on the CO2 hydrogenation performances of the prepared xCo/MnO catalysts were investigated. The active Co0 species on the xCo/MnO catalysts surface are the main active centers for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction, and the medium basic sites on the xCo/MnO catalysts are the main CO2 adsorption sites. The MnOx support possesses a large number of medium basic sites, which can enhance the CO2 molecules adsorption ability of the xCo/MnO catalysts. An effective regulation of the basic and hydrogenation active site numbers on the xCo/MnO catalysts surface can be achieved by changing the Co loading amount, which in turn can affect the CO2 molecules adsorption, activation and hydrogenation abilities of the xCo/MnO catalysts. Moreover, the Mn1-yCoyO solid solution was found to be formed in the prepared xCo/MnO catalysts, which is conducive to the dispersion of metal Co nanoparticles on the MnO surface and the generation of oxygen-deficient sites. The CO2 desorption amount on the 12Co/MnO catalyst reached 1.76 mmol/g, which provided the catalyst with strong CO2 adsorption and activation abilities, enabling it to exhibit great CO2 hydrogenation performance. Under the conditions of atmosphere and 420 °C, the CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity on the prepared 12Co/MnO catalyst reached 57.5 % and 78.8 %, separately. Furthermore, the CO2 conversion was able to consistently remain at the initial 57.5 %, and the CH4 selectivity was maintained above 70.0 % in the 10 times CO2 hydrogenation cycle tests on the 12Co/MnO catalyst. Our study highlights the potential of using MnOx as catalyst support in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction, and the findings will provide convenient for the future studies.

Copper nanoparticles encapsulated in zeolite 13X for highly selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol

High dispersion of active metal is always approved for better catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Herein, a strategy was proposed to encapsulate copper nanoparticles in supercages of zeolite 13X, and hence the growth of copper nanoparticles can be controlled. In the present work, catalysts were prepared using ion-exchange and hydrogen reduction at a tiny positive pressure. The results show that as-synthesized catalyst consists of metallic copper and FAU-type zeolite. Excessive amount of copper will destroy zeolite frameworks, and the amount of 5.9 at% is appropriate for considerable BET surface area and ideal copper dispersion. Meanwhile, copper nanoparticles may grow outside from zeolite at high reduction temperatures (≥220 °C), resulting in serious surface area decline and metallic copper agglomeration. Afterwards catalytic tests reveal good stability of the optimal CX-220 catalyst in continuous reactions. The CX-220 achieves remarkably high methanol selectivity of ≥ 95% within wide ranges of reaction temperatures and reaction pressures. Further analyses reveal that the encapsulation of copper nanoparticles reduces micropores and enriches mesopores in zeolite. The apparent activation energy for methanol synthesis over CX-220 catalyst has been lowered to a very low level because of the unique microstructure, and thus the methanol synthesis reaction is dominant in CO2 hydrogenation for dramatic methanol selectivity. Therefore, this work gives important insights and applicable routes for catalysts analyses of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

DUAL PROMOTION OF Cu/ZnO CATALYSTS MODIFIED BY ACETYLACETONE PRECURSORS FOR CO2 HYDROGENATION TO METHANOL

It is challenging to reveal the catalytic mechanism of Cu/ZnO catalysts with multivalent copper and improve the performance of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. We synthesized Cu/ZnO catalysts with different Cu:Zn ratios using acetylacetone salts as the precursors, in which Cu, Cu2O, CuO coexist. The catalytic activity was significantly associated with the abundance of Cu+ active sites on the surface and the formation of more Cu+-ZnO interfaces. When the ratio of Cu:Zn = 5:4, the catalyst without reduction pretreatment showed good performance, with a CO2 conversion rate of 12.9%, methanol selectivity of 85.1%, and the space-time yield of 0.238 gMeOH gcat-1 h-1. It was suggested that Cu+ tends to closely bind with ZnO, and the preparation method leads to more Cu+-ZnO interfaces. The synergistic interaction between Cu+ and ZnO promoted the adsorption and dissociation of CO2 and H2, verifying its dual effect on CO2 and H2 and promoting CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Bifunctional catalyst MoSx@H-Beta for highly selective conversion of CO2 to C2–6 hydrocarbons

MoSx clusters encapsulated in channels of H-Beta zeolite constitute a bifunctional catalyst and show excellent catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation: CO2 conversion >13%, C2–6 hydrocarbons selectivity >74% and stability >200 h on stream.