Performance Evaluation Of Communications Research Articles

Evaluation of underwater laser communication performance across different water types

Abstract This paper demonstrates underwater communication using a green laser with On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation. The study focuses on communication performance between an underwater platform and an air-based platform under varying conditions, including different weather, saline, and clear water environments. A photovoltaic (PV) cell is used as a receiver to detect signals. The experiment analyzes data transmission from air to underwater across various conditions, including with and without sunlight. The results indicate that green lasers are optimal for underwater communication, with improved performance as the water depth increases, making them particularly suitable for underwater communication systems.

Joint Communication and Sensing System Performance Evaluation and Testbed: A Communication-Centric Approach

Joint Communication and Sensing System Performance Evaluation and Testbed: A Communication-Centric Approach

Collective Communication Performance Evaluation for Distributed Deep Learning Training

In distributed deep learning, the improper use of the collective communication library can lead to a decline in deep learning performance due to increased communication time. Representative collective communication libraries such as MPI, GLOO, and NCCL exhibit varying performance based on server environment and communication architecture. In this study, we investigate three key aspects to evaluate the performance of the collective communication libraries in a distributed deep learning setting in an intra-node environment. First, we conduct a comparison and analysis of collective communication library performance within common distributed deep learning architectures, such as parameter servers and ring all-reduce methods. Second, we evaluate the performance of these libraries in different environments, including various container platforms and bare metal setups, considering the scalability and flexibility advantages offered by cloud virtualization. Last, to ensure practicality, we assess the libraries’ performance in a Linux shell and within the PyTorch framework. In the cross-docker virtualization environment, NCCL shows up to 213% higher latency compared to single docker, while GLOO exhibits 36% lower latency in single docker than in cross docker, and NCCL achieves up to 345% lower execution time in all-reduce operations compared to other libraries (MPI and GLOO). These findings will inform the selection of an appropriate collective communication library for designing effective distributed deep learning environments.

FedCGS: Leverage Feature Compression and Conditional GAN for Privacy Protection and Efficient Communication in Federated Learning

Federated learning is a distributed machine learning technique that can train models from decentralized data, collaboratively building central models and protecting data privacy by passing partial model updates rather than raw data in each iteration of model learning. However, recent work has shown that the information during the exchange between the server and the client is still vulnerable to gradient-based privacy attacks, and traditional privacy protection methods can incur significant costs (such as communication consumption and performance evaluation). Therefore, we need an algorithm that can protect data privacy while reducing communication costs and performance losses. Here, we propose a federated learning framework FedCGS that leverages conditional generation adversarial networks and feature compression in order to achieve privacy protection while maintaining competitive model performance and effectively improving communication efficiency. We divided the local network of each client into feature extractor and public classifier, and kept the extractor local to protect privacy, and sent classifier and client generator to the server for aggregation and update through singular value decomposition, so as to improve the performance of the local network and efficient communication. A lot of experimental data prove that FedCGS can improve the performance of local model better than traditional federation learning, and improve the communication efficiency better than common conditional generation adversarial network. Therefore, we believe that FedCGS has better federal learning potential

A Path to Industry 5.0 Digital Twins for Human–Robot Collaboration by Bridging NEP+ and ROS

The integration of heterogeneous hardware and software components to construct human-centered systems for Industry 5.0, particularly human digital twins, presents considerable complexity. Our research addresses this challenge by pioneering a novel approach that harmonizes the techno-centered focus of the Robot Operating System (ROS) with the cross-platform advantages inherent in NEP+ (a human-centered development framework intended to assist users and developers with diverse backgrounds and resources in constructing interactive human–machine systems). We introduce the nep2ros ROS package, aiming to bridge these frameworks and foster a more interconnected and adaptable approach. This initiative can be used to facilitate diverse development scenarios beyond conventional robotics, underpinning a transformative shift in Industry 5.0 applications. Our assessment of NEP+ capabilities includes an evaluation of communication performance utilizing serialization formats like JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) and MessagePack. Additionally, we present a comparative analysis between the nep2ros package and existing solutions, illustrating its efficacy in linking the simulation environment (Unity) and ROS. Moreover, our research demonstrates NEP+’s applicability through an immersive human-in-the-loop collaborative assembly. These findings offer promising prospects for innovative integration possibilities across a broad spectrum of applications, transcending specific platforms or disciplines.

Experimental evaluation of downlink communication performance of IEEE 802.11ax wireless LAN: OFDM vs. OFDMA

Experimental evaluation of downlink communication performance of IEEE 802.11ax wireless LAN: OFDM vs. OFDMA

Cost-effective and highly accurate antenna with built-in calibration for V2X communications

This paper presents a phased array system (PAS) with built-in calibration to reduce cost and improve the accuracy for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. Unlike other high-complexity and high-cost calibration methods, our proposed built-in calibration achieves a lower cost and low complexity by detecting only the magnitude. Conventional built-in calibration uses a mixer, thus causing high power consumption and high cost. However, our proposed built-in calibration method searches for the minimum of the vector-sum point from the signal by sampled lines on-board, resulting in a higher accuracy. The vector-sum point goes to a minimum when the phase and magnitude are in balance. Therefore, the phase and magnitude imbalance can be easily monitored by controlling phase shifters and attenuators in PAS. To verify our proposed built-in calibration in PAS, a T/Rx with four RF-chains and sampled lines was fabricated at 5.8 GHz. Its performance was then demonstrated through simulated and measured results. Moreover, a communication performance evaluation using an actual vehicle was performed both before and after calibration. As a result, we found that a signal without distortion was transmitted after calibration.

Construction and Analysis of the EMC Evaluation Model for Vehicular Communication Systems Based on Digital Maps

With the development of vehicular communication technology, the electromagnetic compatibility requirements of vehicular communication systems are becoming more demanding. The traditional four-level electromagnetic compatibility evaluation model is widely applied in many scenarios. However, this model neglects the mutual interference of electronic devices inside a vehicle, and it cannot evaluate whether reduced radio receiver sensitivity, antenna isolation, and communication distance satisfy the system requirements for vehicular communication, thus making it unsuitable for digital communication systems. With the development of remote sensing technology, high-precision digital maps are easy to acquire and thus widely used. In this work, a modified five-level evaluation model based on digital maps is proposed, where digital maps are employed to support receiver sensitivity, antenna isolation, and communication performance evaluation. Through remote sensing technology and digital maps, a terrain profile is obtained, and a more accurate vehicle communication propagation model is established. In the experiment, an actual armored vehicular communication system example is applied to verify the performance of the proposed five-level evaluation model. Compared with the free-space propagation model, the error of the actual power received by the receiver is reduced by 0.97%, and the error of the communication distance where the sensitivity of the receiver is reduced by more than the system EMC threshold is reduced by 16.78%. The calculated antenna isolation degree is basically consistent with the actual measurement data. The model is able to evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility of an armored vehicular communication system more quickly, accurately, and comprehensively compared to previous evaluation models.

Characterization of Low-Latency Next-Generation eVTOL Communications: From Channel Modeling to Performance Evaluation

Next-generation wireless communication networks are expected to offer extremely high data rates supported by very low latency and radically new applications, which require a new wireless radio technology paradigm. However, it is crucial to assist the radio link over the fast varying and highly dynamic channel to satisfy the diverse requirements of next-generation wireless networks. Recently, communication via autonomous electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) has gained momentum, owing to its potential for cost-effective network deployment. It is considered one of the most promising technologies conceived to support smart radio terminals. However, to provide efficient and reliable communications between ground base stations and eVTOLs as well as between eVTOLs and other eVTOLs, realistic eVTOL channel models are indispensable. In this paper, we propose a nonstationary geometry-based stochastic channel model for eVTOL communication links. The proposed eVTOL channel model framework considers time-domain nonstationarity and arbitrary eVTOL trajectory and is sufficiently general to support versatile C bands. One of the critical challenges for eVTOL is the fast vertical takeoff and landing flight patterns affecting the regular propagation communication channel. Moreover, we present a new method for estimating the SNR over the non-stationary fast dynamic time-variant eVTOL channel by utilizing the sliding window adaptive filtering technique. Furthermore, we present an information–theoretic approach to characterize the end-to-end transmission delay over the eVTOL channel and prove that the optimal transmission scheme strongly depends upon the eVTOL link configuration. In addition, to analyze the occurrence of deep fade regions in eVTOL links, we analyze the outage probability, which is an important performance metric for wireless channels operating over dynamic fading channels, and make an important observation that the outage probability increases non-linearly with the eVTOL height. Furthermore, we consider the commercially available eVTOL specifications and data to validate the channel model and analyze the Doppler shift and latency for the exponential acceleration and exponential deceleration velocities profiles during the takeoff and landing operation. This paper provides a new and practical approach for the design, optimization, and performance evaluation of future eVTOL-assisted next-generation wireless communications.

Evaluation of massive multiple-input multiple-output communication performance under a proposed improved minimum mean squared error precoding

<span lang="EN-US">The fundamental of a downlink massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) energy- issue efficiency strategy is known as minimum mean squared error (MMSE) implementation degrades the performance of a downlink massive MIMO energy-efficiency scheme, so some improvements are adding for this precoding scheme to improve its workthat is called our proposal solution as a proposed improved MMSE precoder (PIMP). The energy efficiency (EE) study has also taken into mind drastically lowering radiated power while maintaining high throughput and minimizing interference issues. We further find the tradeoff between spectral efficiency (SE) and EE although they coincide at the beginning but later their interests become conflicting and divergent then leading EE to decrease so gradually while SE continues increasing logarithmically. The results achieved that for a single-cellular massive MU-MIMO downlink model, our PIMP scheme is the appropriate scenario to achieve higher precoding performance system. Furthermore, both maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and PIMP are suitable for performance improvement in massive MIMO results of EE and SE. So, the main contribution comes with this work that highest EE and SE are belong to use a PIMP which performs better appreciably than MRT at bigger ratio of number of antennas to the number of the users. </span>

Instagram Social Media Marketing Communication Performance Evaluation @Baturadenpalawi

This research discusses the evaluation of marketing communication performance on Instagram by user @baturadenpalawi in Wana Wisata Baturaden (Baturraden District), Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The researcher used the Concept of Tourism Marketing Communication Objectives by Nurdin Hidayah to inform, persuade, and remind. The data was collected through observations, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies. Analysis, questionnaires, and interviews are used to obtain the results. This research leads to the evaluation of marketing communications and produces recommendations for each dimension (to inform, to persuade, and to remind) on Instagram account @baturadenpalawi.

Advancing the Security of LDACS

The “Single European Sky” air traffic management master plan foresees the introduction of several modern digital data links for aeronautical communications. The candidate for long-range continental communications is the L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS). LDACS is a cellular, ground-based digital communications system for flight guidance and communications related to safety and regularity of flight. Hence, the aeronautical standards, imposed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), for cybersecurity of the link and network layer, apply. In previous works, threat-and risk analyses of LDACS were conducted, a draft for an LDACS cybersecurity architecture introduced, algorithms proposed, and the security of a Mutual Authentication and Key Establishment (MAKE) procedure of LDACS formally verified. However, options for cipher-suites and certificate management for LDACS were missing. Also, previous works hardly discussed the topic of post-quantum security for LDACS. This paper proposes a cell-attachment procedure, which establishes a secure LDACS communication channel between an aircraft and corresponding ground-station upon cell-entry of the aircraft. Via the design of a hybrid LDACS Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), the choice of a pre-or post-quantum Security Level (SL) is up to the communications participants. With that, this work introduces a full LDACS cell-attachment protocol based on a PKI, certificates, certificate revocation and cipher-suites including pre-and post-quantum options. Evaluations in the symbolic model show the procedure to fulfill LDACS security requirements and a communications performance evaluation demonstrates feasibility, matching requirements imposed by regulatory documents.

Envelope Distribution of Two Correlated Complex Gaussian Random Variables and Application to the Performance Evaluation of RIS-Assisted Communications

The operation of point-to-point communication assisted with reconfigurable intelligent surface, where the multi-hop channels between the source and the destination are subject to Rician fading but are not necessarily independent, is investigated. Considering binary phase-shift keying signaling for the data transmission and optimal maximum-likelihood detection at the receiver, a system performance evaluation is conducted in terms of reliability and capacity. For such, the distributions of the magnitude of the product of the complex channel gains are first obtained for both, the case when the channel gains are independent and the case when they are correlated. Subsequently, expressions of the system’s error rate and the upper-bounds on the average capacity are obtained for the said correlated and uncorrelated channel cases. Numerical results corroborating the analysis are also presented. In particular, it is revealed that correlation between the channels has negligible effect on the error rate when the fading is Rayleigh distributed, and that an increase in the value of the Rician parameter pertaining to the channel between the receiver pair has reduced impact on the reduction of the error rate, which provides practical guidelines for system deployments with high reliability.

Performance Evaluation of 5G Millimeter-Wave-Based Vehicular Communication for Connected Vehicles

Due to the drastic increase in the volume of data generated by connected vehicles (CVs), future vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) applications will require a communication medium that offers high-speed and high bandwidth communication while maintaining reliability in high-mobility traffic scenarios. The 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) can solve the communication issues related to V2I applications. However, the performance of the 5G mmWave for vehicular communication in high-mobility urban traffic scenarios is yet to be evaluated. This study presents a case study on assessing the performance of the 5G mmWave-based vehicular communication in such traffic scenarios. We have designed three realistic use cases for performance evaluation based on three challenges: dynamic mobility, increased CV penetration level, and V2I application specifications, such as data rate and packet size. We have also created a simulation-based experimental setup using a microscopic traffic simulator (SUMO) and a communication network simulator (ns-3) to simulate the use cases. We have used delay, packet loss, throughput, and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) as the communication performance evaluation metrics. Our analyses found that the CV penetration level is the primary determinant of the performance of the 5G mmWave. Moreover, once the data rate is increased by a factor of 40, delay and packet loss increase by factors of 6.8 and 2.8, respectively.

Performance Evaluation and Diversity Analysis of RIS-Assisted Communications Over Generalized Fading Channels in the Presence of Phase Noise

In this paper, we develop a unified theoretical framework for analyzing the outage performance of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs)-assisted communication systems over generalized fading channels and in the presence of phase noise. Fox&#x2019;s H function theory is then utilized to derive the outage probability for various channel fading and phase noise distributions in closed-form. We further conduct an asymptotic outage analysis to obtain insightful findings. In particular, we present the maximum diversity order achievable over such channels and demonstrate the performance variation in comparison to conventional Rayleigh channels. Then, based on upper bounds and lower bounds, we propose a design criteria for RISs to achieve the maximum diversity order in the presence of phase noise. More specifically, we show that if the absolute difference between pairs of phase errors is less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pi /2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, RIS-assisted communications achieve the full diversity order over independent fading channels, even in the presence of phase noise. The theoretical frameworks and findings are validated with the aid of Monte Carlo simulations.

Performance Evaluation of Short Packet Communications in NOMA VLC Systems With Imperfect CSI

In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the impacts of imperfect channel state information (CSI) of the short packet communication (SPC) in a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) visible light communication (VLC) system. We consider a downlink NOMA VLC system, in which one light emitting diode (LED) serves two single-photodiode users with the channel estimation error. To this end, we derive the closed-form expression for the block error rate (BLER) with imperfect CSI by using a Gaussian Chebyshev quadrature method, from which the expressions of reliability, latency, and throughput are carried out. Then, we compare the performance of the SPC in the NOMA VLC system to that of the OMA VLC system. The results show that the SPC-NOMA VLC system outperforms the SPC-OMA VLC system for all power allocation strategies and channel estimation errors. We examine the impact of the imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) at a near user and the impact of choosing LED semi-angle on the system throughput. Furthermore, we use the functional-iteration-based one-dimensional search method to get maximum throughput at the near user while guaranteeing a certain throughput at the far user.

Prediction of Communication Effectiveness During Media Skills Training Using Commercial Automatic Non-verbal Recognition Systems.

It is well recognised that social signals play an important role in communication effectiveness. Observation of videos to understand non-verbal behaviour is time-consuming and limits the potential to incorporate detailed and accurate feedback of this behaviour in practical applications such as communication skills training or performance evaluation. The aim of the current research is twofold: (1) to investigate whether off-the-shelf emotion recognition technology can detect social signals in media interviews and (2) to identify which combinations of social signals are most promising for evaluating trainees’ performance in a media interview. To investigate this, non-verbal signals were automatically recognised from practice on-camera media interviews conducted within a media training setting with a sample size of 34. Automated non-verbal signal detection consists of multimodal features including facial expression, hand gestures, vocal behaviour and ‘honest’ signals. The on-camera interviews were categorised into effective and poor communication exemplars based on communication skills ratings provided by trainers and neutral observers which served as a ground truth. A correlation-based feature selection method was used to select signals associated with performance. To assess the accuracy of the selected features, a number of machine learning classification techniques were used. Naive Bayes analysis produced the best results with an F-measure of 0.76 and prediction accuracy of 78%. Results revealed that a combination of body movements, hand movements and facial expression are relevant for establishing communication effectiveness in the context of media interviews. The results of the current study have implications for the automatic evaluation of media interviews with a number of potential application areas including enhancing communication training including current media skills training.

Cellular and Virtualization Technologies for UAVs: An Experimental Perspective.

The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) ecosystem is exponentially growing in both recreational and professional fields to provide novel services and applications to consumers from multiple engineering fields. However, this technology has only scraped the surface of its potential, especially in those cases that require fast reaction times. Accordingly, the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project aims at efficiently managing the air traffic for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations, including those cases where UAVs might be remotely managed from a completely different geographical location. With these considerations in mind, this article presents a cellular-assisted UAVs testbed used to complete a mission managed beyond the radio line-of-sight (BRLoS), as well as introducing a virtualization platform for deploying services using containerization technology. In addition, the article conducts a communication performance evaluation in order to determine if the testbed equipment meets the requirements to carry out this BRLoS management. Finally, indoor flight operations are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and proper operation of the testbed.

Short Communication Development and performance evaluation of an environment and health friendly water pumping system

Short Communication Development and performance evaluation of an environment and health friendly water pumping system

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine erişmede hemşirenin önemi

Bu çalışmada, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşmak için hemşirenin rolünü ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, son yüzyılın en çok kullanılan kavramlarından biridir. Geçtiğimiz 50 yıl içerisinde sürdürülebilir kalkınma giderek önem kazanmış ve çevre sorunları üzerine odaklanmıştır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri; dünyanın refahını, barışını güçlendirmeyi, yoksulluk ve açlığın giderilmesini aynı zamanda çevreyi korumayı hedefleyen bir eylem planı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu eylem planı, 2015 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından dikkate alınmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler 2030 yılına kadar ortaya konan eylem planındaki 17 hedef ile ilgili çalışmalar başlatmıştır. Bu amaçla uluslar, mevcut politika ve stratejilerinde değişikliklere gitmişlerdir. Örneğin; doğal kaynakları korumak, sağlıkta ihtiyaçları karşılamak vb. sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın hedeflerine erişmede ekip çalışması, iletişim, objektif performans değerlendirme gibi faktörler söz konusudur. Hemşireler, toplum ve çevre sağlığının gelişmesinde önemli role sahiptir. Uluslararası Hemşireler Birliği; sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşmada hemşirelerden birey, meslek üyesi ve multidisipliner ekibin üyesi olarak yapması gereken sorumlulukları yerine getirmesini beklemektedir. Böylece hemşireler sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine erişmede değişim ve gelişim ajanı olarak görülebilir.