Performance-based Models Research Articles

Exploring Alternative Revenue Models for Construction Consulting Firms in the Digital Era

The AEC industry, including construction consulting, is experiencing digitalization through technologies like Building Information Modeling (BIM), impacting firms’ business models. The traditional hourly-based model does not align with shortened project timelines driven by digitalization, design automation, and product-based approaches. This study uses a case study approach and explores and evaluates four selected alternative revenue models (freemium, subscription, out-come-based, and performance-based) for value creation using a digital tool developed by the consulting firm. The freemium model enhances market reach but requires a high conversion rate. The subscription model offers steady recurring revenue and supports client relationships. Out-come-based and performance-based models link payments to client outcomes and performance metrics, fostering efficiency and competitive advantages. The study identified multiple target markets for this tool and emphasized the importance of a portfolio revenue model to meet specific client needs in the digital era. Implementing alternative revenue models aids return on investments and avoids the digitalization paradox. Construction consulting firms must adeptly manage these models’ complexities to address diverse client needs and leverage digital transformation opportunities.

In-vehicle battery capacity fade: A follow-up study on six European regions

This work presents a follow up of previous case studies from the authors on the estimation of the in-vehicle battery capacity fade with performance-based models of Lithium-ion batteries applied to real-world vehicles’ activity data. The mobility pattern database is significantly enlarged compared to previous works from the authors, encompassing now six European regions, including 508,609 private vehicles which corresponds to 1.78 billion GPS records, 9.1 million trips and parking events and a total driven distance of 106.1 million kilometres. The capacity fade is derived at given years and mileage thresholds under different driving and recharging scenarios, supporting the concept of setting minimum performance requirements for traction batteries in future road transport policies. The vast majority of the considered scenarios do not lead to a battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than five calendar years or 100,000 driven kilometres and below 70% in less than 8 years or 160,000 driven kilometres. The results of this work contributed to inform the new UN ECE Global Technical Regulation No. 22 on in-vehicle battery durability.

Grice's Café: coffee, cream, and metaphor comprehension

Some theorists argue that Grice's account of metaphor is intended as a rational reconstruction of a more general inferential process of linguistic communication (i.e., conversational implicature). However, there is a multi-source trend which treats Grice's remarks on metaphor as unabashedly psychological. The psychologized version of Grice's view runs in serial: compute what is said; reject what is said as contextually inappropriate; run pragmatic processing to recover contextually appropriate meaning. Citing data from reaction time studies, critics reject Grice's project as psychologically implausible. The alternative model does not rely on serial processing or input from what is said (i.e., literal meaning). I argue the serial processing model and its criticisms turn on a misunderstanding of Grice's account. My aim is not to defend Grice's account of metaphorper se, but to reinterpret auxiliary hypotheses attributed to him. I motivate two points in relation to my reinterpretation. The first point concerns the relationship between competence and performance-based models. To the second point: Several of the revised hypotheses make predictions that are largely consistent with psycho and neurolinguistic data.

Development of performance-based models for green concrete using multiple linear regression and artificial neural network

Development of performance-based models for green concrete using multiple linear regression and artificial neural network

Durability of concrete coupled with life cycle assessment: Review and perspective

Extending the service life of structures is an important strategy to mitigate the environmental impacts, in particular, the global warming potential, of the building sector. As a key factor determining service life, the durability performance of reinforced concrete has been investigated for decades. Yet, durability's impact on the eco-efficiency of materials and structures has not been well realized until the early 2010s. Today, an increasing number of publications focus on concrete durability coupled with life cycle assessment (LCA), an important tool for analyzing eco-efficiency. However, the gap between the two research fields, i.e., durability and LCA, has led to divergent methodologies, which hinders the consensus between studies. To bridge this gap, this review covers the recent advances in durability-based LCA. Three aspects were highlighted: 1) how durability influences the eco-efficiency of cementitious materials; 2) how LCA models these effects; and 3) how we come to more justified results. The review argues the necessity of a unified methodology in this field and identifies the importance of performance-based models in justifying durability-based LCA. Further, a framework grounded on the prescriptive and performance-based design methods was proposed to unify the existing divergent methodologies. This framework will facilitate improving the future engineering codes underlining sustainability.

Obtaining performance-based aging models through multidimensional fitting of Li-ion cell testing data

In modern battery electric vehicles, it is fundamental to ensure the chemical and electrical characteristics of the battery pack for the whole vehicle lifetime. A new regulatory framework prescribing minimum performance requirements for in-vehicle battery durability has been recently adopted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Therefore, the development of advanced procedures to estimate the electric vehicle battery state of health is of key importance. This work presents a methodology to derive performance-based models of the capacity cycle ageing from sets of available cell testing data at different Depth of Discharge, C-rates and temperatures by a multidimensional fitting procedure. The obtained models will be implemented into the JRC TEMA platform, to simulate the battery aging and explore the potential of big data in supporting transport policy assessments.

Novel physical performance-based models for activities of daily living disability prediction among Chinese older community population: a nationally representative survey in China

BackgroundPhysical performances including upper and lower limb functions have predictive roles in activities of daily living (ADL) disability, but they have rarely been incorporated into prediction models. This study primarily aimed to develop and validate novel physical performance-based models for ADL disability among Chinese older adults. Comparisons of predictive performance across multiple models were performed, and model simplification was further explored.MethodsData were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in the 2011 and 2015 waves, containing 2192 older adults over 60 years old. Our models were constructed by logistic regression analysis, using a backward stepwise selection. Model performance was internally validated by discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) and Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) were used to assess the incremental benefit of the extended models. Moreover, nomograms were built for visualization.ResultsWe selected gender, age, smoking, self-report health condition, BMI, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function into the fundamental model (Model 1). Based on Model 1, five novel prediction models were constructed by adding handgrip strength (Model 2), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (Model 3), gait speed (Model 4), handgrip strength plus SPPB (Model 5), and handgrip strength plus gait speed (Model 6), respectively. Significant improvement in predictive values were observed for all five novel models compared with Model 1 (C-index = 0.693). The lower limb model (Model 3 SPPB model: C-index = 0.731) may play a key role in the prediction of ADL disability, reflecting a comparable predictive value to the comprehensive models combining both upper and lower limbs (Model 5 handgrip strength + SPPB model: C-index = 0.732). When we simplified the lower limb models by replacing SPPB with gait speed, the predictive values attenuated slightly (C-index: Model 3 vs Model 4: 0.731 vs 0.714; Model 5 vs Model 6: 0.732 vs 0.718), but still better than the upper limb model (Model 2 handgrip strength model: C-index = 0.701).ConclusionsPhysical performance-based models, especially lower limb model, provided improved prediction for ADL disability among Chinese older adults, which may help guide the targeted intervention.

Performance-based pharmacy payment models: key components and critical implementation considerations for successful uptake and integration.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, the shift towards value-based health care seeks to improve patient outcomes while reducing health care spending. Although the federal government has led the implementation of performance-based models for physicians and health care systems, commercial entities have largely been responsible for the development of similar models within pharmacy. For the purposes of this study, performance-based pharmacy payment models (PBPPMs) were defined as prescription drug payment models that determine reimbursement or fees for community pharmacies based in part on measured performance. These PBPPMs incentivize pharmacies to improve patient care by linking reimbursement to performance measures. However, the design and implementation of PBPPMs lack transparency and have not been described in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To (1) describe the structure of PBPPMs in the United States and (2) identify contextual and motivational influences that need to be considered for successful uptake and integration of these models. METHODS: A search of peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken. In addition, semi-structured stakeholder interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 17 individuals who were community pharmacists, payers, quality measure developers and vendors, academics, and pharmacy advocacy organization leaders. Data were analyzed to understand the current structure of PBPPMs and opportunities for improvement, as well as implementation considerations that included facilitators, barriers, and key insights. RESULTS: This study identified 4 major components of US PBPPMs: attribution, performance and quality measures, incentive structures, and patient care services. A number of barriers (eg, lack of alignment) and recommendations to improve the current structure of PBPPMs (eg, the need for adequate incentives to facilitate change) were highlighted. Notable implementation considerations centered around (1) establishing common ground among stakeholders to avoid misalignment and encourage engagement; (2) the importance of a quality-driven, innovative, and flexible organizational culture with access to data infrastructure, adjusted workflows, and relevant trainings; (3) supporting the cultural transition to value-based health care; and (4) application of financial incentives at the pharmacy or pharmacist level. CONCLUSIONS: To better develop and implement PBPPMs, it is first critical to understand the key components that define these models and the needed changes to their structure. In addition, identifying the contextual and motivational factors that influence their successful integration can improve future uptake. This study illustrates the landscape of PBPPMs in the United States, as well as makes recommendations for improvement in their design. To improve future development and implementation of these models, the following recommendations are highlighted: (1) increase transparency and alignment of measures with the incentive structure; (2) embrace innovative business models; (3) carefully plan and use roadmaps that outline successful uptake and implementation; and (4) foster culture of quality at all levels of health care. DISCLOSURES: This study was sponsored by Pharm-Alliance, an alliance between the pharmacy schools of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Monash University, and University College London. Urick reports consulting fees from Pharmacy Quality Solutions and Cardinal Health, unrelated to this work. The other authors have nothing to disclose. This study was a podium presentation under the title "What Makes Performance-Based Pharmacy Payment Models Work?" at AMCP Nexus Virtual, October 2020.

The Added Value of Combined Timed Up and Go Test, Walking Speed, and Grip Strength on Predicting Recurrent Falls in Chinese Community-dwelling Elderly.

PurposeTo determine whether combined performance-based models could exert better predictive values toward discriminating community-dwelling elderly with high risk of any-falls or recurrent-falls.Participants and MethodsThis prospective cohort study included a total of 875 elderly participants (mean age: 67.10±5.94 years) with 513 females and 362 males, recruited from Hangu suburb area of Tianjin, China. All participants completed comprehensive assessments.MethodsWe documented information about sociodemographic information, behavioral characteristics and medical conditions. Three functional tests—timed up and go test (TUGT), walking speed (WS), and grip strength (GS) were used to create combined models. New onsets of any-falls and recurrent-falls were ascertained at one-year follow-up appointment.ResultsIn total 200 individuals experienced falls over a one-year period, in which 66 individuals belonged to the recurrent-falls group (33%). According to the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the cutoff points of TUGT, WS, and GS toward recurrent-falls were 10.31 s, 0.9467 m/s and 0.3742 kg/kg respectively. We evaluated good performance as “+” while poor performance as “–”. After multivariate adjustment, we found “TUGT >10.31 s” showed a strong correlation with both any-falls (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.025; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.425–2.877) and recurrent-falls (adjusted OR=2.150; 95%CI=1.169–3.954). Among combined functional models, “TUGT >10.31 s, GS <0.3742 kg/kg, WS >0.9467 m/s” showed strongest correlation with both any-falls (adjusted OR=5.499; 95%CI=2.982–10.140) and recurrent-falls (adjusted OR=8.260; 95%CI=3.880–17.585). And this combined functional model significantly increased discriminating abilities on screening recurrent-fallers than a single test (C-statistics=0.815, 95%CI=0.782–0.884, P<0.001), while not better than a single test in predicting any-fallers (P=0.083).ConclusionElderly people with poor TUGT performance, weaker GS but quicker WS need to be given high priority toward fall prevention strategies for higher risks and frequencies. Meanwhile, the combined “TUGT–, GS–, WS+” model presents increased discriminating ability and could be used as a conventional tool to discriminate recurrent-fallers in clinical practice.

The Utilisation of Payment Models Across the HIV Continuum of Care: Systematic Review of Evidence

The increasing chronicity and multimorbidities associated with people living with HIV have posed important challenges to health systems across the world. In this context, payment models hold the potential to improve care across a spectrum of clinical conditions. This study aims to systematically review the evidence of HIV performance-based payments models. Literature searches were conducted in March 2020 using multiple databases and manual searches of relevant papers. Papers were limited to any study design that considers the real-world utilisation of performance-based payment models applied to the HIV domain. A total of 23 full-text papers were included. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, the multiple types of interventions and its implementation across distinct areas of HIV care, direct comparisons between studies were deemed unsuitable. Most evidence focused on healthcare users (83%), seeking to directly affect patients' behaviour based on principles of behavioural economics. Despite the variability between interventions, the implementation of performance-based payment models led to either a neutral or positive impact throughout the HIV care continuum. Moreover, this improvement was likely to be cost-effective or, at least, did not compromise the healthcare system’s financial sustainability. However, more research is needed to assess the durability of incentives and its appropriate relative magnitude.

Real-World Mobility and Environmental Data for the Assessment of In-Vehicle Battery Capacity Fade

This work develops scenario-based analyses for predicting in-vehicle performance degradation of automotive traction batteries. It combines recent capacity performance-based models of NCM-LMO Li-ion (Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide—Lithium Manganese Oxide) variant batteries with real-world vehicle driving data from different geographical areas of Europe. The analysis addresses different battery and vehicle architectures (PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) and BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles)) combined with different recharging strategies and mobility patterns and environmental temperatures. The mobility pattern datasets used in this analysis refer to six European cities and include up to 508,609 private vehicles, corresponding to 1.78 billion GPS records, 9.1 million trips and parking events and a total driven distance of 106.1 million kilometers. The results show the effect that the environmental temperature, the recharging power, and the driven kilometers have on the calendar and cycling aging. The majority of the combinations of the considered vehicle architectures and recharge strategies do not lead to battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than five calendar years for a usage profile of up to 1000 km/month.

Seismic behaviour of RC jacketed columns under different axial loads

This study examines the flexural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened through a seismic jacket technique developed using a prefabricated steel bar unit that forms peripheral closed hoops and supplementary V ties, satisfying the design requirements of the ACI 318-14 seismic provisions. Three RC jacketed columns were prepared with a parameter of axial load levels and tested under a constant concentric axial load and cyclic lateral loads. Analytical approaches were also applied to examine the axial load–moment interaction of the RC jacketed columns when considering the confinement effect provided by the jacket section and to investigate the applicability of the previous performance-based design models proposed for virgin seismic columns. The test results show that the developed jacket technique possesses a good potential in enhancing the flexural stiffness, strength and ductility of deficient columns, even under a high axial load. Reinforced concrete jacketed columns possess a higher ductility than that estimated using the ductility parameter model, regardless of the axial load level. Thus, the jacket section including the seismic details of a transverse reinforcement can be conservatively designed, based on the axial load–moment interaction and ductility parameter model for the moment and ductility enhancements required by deficient columns.

A performance-based budget in the judiciary: allocation of resources and performance variability in first instance courts. An analysis of three case studies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the different performance-based budgeting models used in the judiciaries of three European countries: Italy, Finland and the Netherlands. In particular, this paper focusses on the criteria adopted by these three countries to fund the courts, and it analyses the effects of these criteria on the distribution of resources and performance variability among first instance courts.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory research is based on a literature review and data analysis of three case studies. Equity in resource distribution and equality in courts' performance are assessed using the coefficient of variation.FindingsThe preliminary findings suggest the following: (1) funding models with a close link between performance and budget better guarantee equitable allocation of resources among courts and, therefore, more equal performance among courts within a country; (2) unbalanced allocation of resources is associated with disparities among courts in terms of judicial efficiency and effectiveness and consequently, unequal treatment of/outcomes for citizens coming before the law.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is part of a broader research project aimed at analysing the impact of performance budgeting on the efficiency, quality, organization and values of judiciaries. This study only considers quantitative aspects of performance, but it will be followed by further analysis that will explore performance and judicial budgeting from other perspectives.Practical implicationsThis paper describes examples of three different models of performance-based judicial budgeting from other countries, which aim to reform the budgeting processes of the judiciaries in question. The paper emphasizes the importance of adopting rational and transparent funding criteria in order to ensure judicial independence and accountability and to balance courts' performance, guaranteeing the principle that every citizen must obtain the same treatment before the law.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the existing performance-based budgeting literature by studying its application to the judiciary, which, due to its peculiarities, is an area that has been overlooked in previous studies and deserves further attention. This study contributes to the court administration literature by exploring the issue of budgeting, which, despite its importance, is still a neglected subject.

From Form-Based to Performance-Based Codes

The performance of the built environment is an important concern affecting the quality of life and plays a critical role in every urban milieu. However, it generally disappears in the drawing plans. Current planning regulations do not always include performance requirements as part of the planning demands. Additionally, decision-makers lack the methodology and tools to demonstrate the expected performance of the built environment. Therefore, an examination of the performance of the designed area is sometimes neglected in the planning process. Current urban plans focus mainly on technical issues, counting the number of residential units, density measures, etc. The trend of progressive planning regulations, such as Form-Based Code (FBC), aims to coordinate these separated quantitative parameters into one comprehensive 3D plan where the urban form plays as a main integrator. However, these plans still lack the demand for understanding the quality and performance of the built environment through the visualization. This article addresses this gap, the lack of understanding of the performance of the built environment in urban plans and proposes the concept of Performance-Based Codes (PBC). The transition from form-based code to performance-based-design will be demonstrated through the presentation of two performance-based models, the Solar Envelope and Security Rating Index, and the possibility of integrating them into the planning process.

A case study to predict the capacity fade of the battery of electrified vehicles in real-world use conditions

This work aims at combining recent capacity fade performance-based models for Lithium-ion batteries with the real-world vehicle driving data to develop a case study for predicting the capacity fade of the battery of electric vehicles. The study adopts the calendar and cycle capacity fade of three Li-ion chemistries in three different battery architectures combined with five different recharging strategies, delivering 220 scenarios in total. The results show that most of the combinations of Li-ion chemistries, battery architectures, and recharge strategies do not lead to battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than 5 calendar years for a driving profile of up to 1000 km/month. At higher monthly mileage, LiFePO4 and NCM battery chemistries with spinel Mn might have values below 5 years. Instead, NCM-LMO appears not to go below this threshold regardless of the mileage for a 16S-72P-6S battery architecture, with the first life above 10 years. The work also includes an experimental validation with a comparison between capacity fade predictions of NCM-LMO model with real-world measurements from two test-vehicles in a mileage accumulation test campaign.

Optimizing the Role of Community Pharmacists in Managing the Health of Populations: Barriers, Facilitators, and Policy Recommendations.

The shift to a value-based health care system has incentivized providers to implement strategies that improve population health outcomes while minimizing downstream costs. Given their accessibility and expanded clinical care models, community pharmacists are well positioned to join interdisciplinary care teams to advance efforts in effectively managing the health of populations. In this Viewpoints article, we discuss the expanded role of community pharmacists and potential barriers limiting the uptake of these services. We then explore strategies to integrate, leverage, and sustain these services in a value-based economy. Although community pharmacists have great potential to improve population health outcomes because of their accessibility and clinical interventions that have demonstrated improved outcomes, pharmacists are not recognized as merit-based incentive eligible providers and, as a result, may be underutilized in this role. Additional barriers include lack of formal billing codes, which limits patient access to services such as hormonal contraception; fragmentation of Medicare, which prevents alignment of medical and pharmaceutical costs; and continued fee-for-service payment models, which do not incentivize quality. Despite these barriers, there are several opportunities for continued pharmacist involvement in new care models such as patient-centered medical homes (PCMH), accountable care organizations, and other value-based payment models. Community pharmacists integrated within PCMHs have demonstrated improved hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure control, and immunization rates. Likewise, other integrated, value-based models that used community pharmacists to provide medication therapy management services have reported a positive return on investment in overall health care costs. To uphold these efforts and effectively leverage community pharmacist services, we recommend the following: (a) recognition of pharmacists as providers to facilitate full participation in performance-based models, (b) increased integration of pharmacists in emerging delivery and payment models with rapid cycle testing to further clarify the role and value of pharmacists, and (c) enhanced collaborative relationships between pharmacists and other providers to improve interdisciplinary care. DISCLOSURES: This article was funded by the National Association of Chain Drug Stores. The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to report.

Funding the Judiciary: How Budgeting System Shapes Justice. A Comparative Analysis of Three Case Studies.

Based on three case studies (Finland, France and The Netherlands), this article describes the performance-based budgeting models in place in the judiciaries of the three countries, and their effects (positive and negative) on the courts’ functioning. This article represent a first attempt to analyse the impact of funding mechanisms on judicial independence, accountability, efficiency and quality.

Theoretical Frameworks of Performance-Based Models

Theoretical Frameworks of Performance-Based Models

Business Model Development Towards Service Management 4.0

There is an increasing interest to ensure operational and maintenance (O&M) operations from a strategic perspective, and there are opportunities for both producing companies and service providers to gain benefits. Research shows that the combined business models (products combined with services) have a positive effect on the business. Likewise, it is profitable to think strategically and in long term for enterprises offering maintenance services, especially using performance-based models. But for achieving these benefits the view of the business has to change. The focus should be on the values created and not in the offers in form of products or services. Moreover, the company needs to position itself as an actor not only in the value chain, but in a wider context referred to as the business ecosystem. Making such a shift of focus is hard though, and there is a need to understand both the current state of the business as well as the potential future directions.The framework presented in this paper is an attempt to meet these needs. The framework describes business model development in four levels. From maturity point of view, the four steps could be seen as the logical development of the business model from a narrow technical perspective to a holistic product-service perspective. The four levels could also be connected to the industrial development where level four supports Industry 4.0. Level four is referred to as Service Management 4.0. In particular, four key concepts reflect the concept of Service Management 4.0: the mix of products and services in customer offers, performance-based contracts, partnering and the business ecology concept.

Technology Focus: Drilling Management and Automation (September 2015)

Technology Focus Drilling automation is the use of computer-assisted or -controlled devices in drilling a wellbore. It involves a considerable amount of technology, including mechanized and robotized surface equipment and semiautonomous downhole drilling tools; entire drilling systems composed of linked downhole tools, surface control systems, and remote monitoring; and data analytics. It includes both conventional overbalanced drilling and managed-pressure drilling. The economic drivers for automation are increasing complexity, data overload, efficient drilling, and safety, to name a few. Automated systems and equipment for drilling are under development by many, including equipment providers, service companies, and operators. Interested members of these companies have formed a consortium, the SPE Drilling Systems Automation Technical Section, which is promoting open data standards and protocols to exchange quality data in a safe and predictable manner. The group also looks outside the oil industry to learn from the route to automation taken by other industries. It has become clear that, while the technology and infrastructure for drilling automation exist, there are obstacles to commercial implementation. The primary hurdle is transitioning all the technology to the business environment. The many silos of our drilling industry make this technology-transfer problem quite challenging. The tension between technology and business is not new to the oil field or to any industry. You can have the most breathtaking technology, but, if there is no attempt to communicate the need for it, it will simply stagnate and never see the light of day. However, if the business side of the equation can envision the commercial benefits of a technology, the economic pull-through can revolutionize an industry. A means of communicating that vision is to develop a technology roadmap showing the developmental pathway the technology is following. A means of ensuring that all can take advantage of new technology and profit from innovation is to develop open systems using agreed-upon standards. A means of rewarding both developers and users is to implement systems- automation products by use of performance-based business models. One of the interesting developments in the last few years is an emerging understanding of the need to develop the communication infrastructure for a drilling operation. This infrastructure links all facets and players in a drilling operation: downhole, surface, remote, and enterprise. It forms the framework supporting open standards and enables the implementation of modern data analytics, real-time modeling, and control systems. The papers presented here represent a good overview of technology road-mapping of drilling automation, of modeling and simulation critical to automation, of drilling-management processes that make use of easily automated repetitive work flows, and of the value of quality data. The topics are innovative and thought provoking. Enjoy! JPT Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 172151 Achieving Drilling Excellence Through Next-Generation Work Flows Enabled by Integrating Historical Drilling Data and Real-Time Data by Richard Mohan David, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations, et al. SPE/IADC 173121 For Better or Worse: Applications of the Transfer-Matrix Approach for Analyzing Axial and Torsional Vibration by Roman J. Shor, The University of Texas at Austin, et al. SPE 173858 Possibilities, Limitations, and Pitfalls in Using Real-Time Well-Flow Models During Drilling Operations by Knut Steinar Bjørkevoll, Sintef Petroleum Research, et al.