Performance-based Management Research Articles

The Relevance of Rewards in Performance- Based Management Control

This study aims to increase the understanding of how employees in different or-ganizational contexts and hierarchical levels explain and appreciate, i.e. under-stand, their organisation's reward systems. Two different schools of thought have dominated the debate of how to conceptualize the role of rewards in performance management and organisation psychology literature: agency theory and self-determination theory. This study combines these schools and take both monetary aspects into account in line with what is prescribed in agency theory and more non-financial aspects that self-determination consider. The study applies a case study approach based on interviews and publicly available information from five Finnish organisations. The organisations analysed operate in different sectors, have different organisational structures, and use different reward systems. From a careful investigation of the five different organisations, a cross-sectional picture emerges showing the role of reward systems in companies, and their perceived importance as management control tools. The findings show that reward transpar-ency and fair communication are the most significant factors affecting the experi-ence of employees towards performance-based management control system that is used to allocate rewards. Monetary rewards should also be complemented and linked with social non-financial rewards to reach the decent management control acceptance and understanding in the organisation.

Enhanced understanding on permanent deformation behaviour of subgrade compacted clay under long-term cyclic loading

The long-term performance of pavement structures is heavily reliant on the sustained load-carrying capacity of the subgrade soil. Under repetitive traffic loads, permanent deformation (PD) gradually accumulates in the subgrade due to plastic yielding and soil particle rearrangement, which can compromise the serviceability and durability of overlying pavement layers. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of compacted clay response under long-term cyclic loads through a systematic repeated load triaxial (RLT) testing approach. The proposed approach considered depth-dependent static and dynamic stresses exerted on compacted clay beneath pavement structures and traffic loads. A series of RLT tests were conducted to investigate the impact of key factors, including soil properties (moisture content and compaction degree), stress conditions (confining pressure and deviator stress), and load characteristics (load duration and rest period), on the PD behaviour of compacted clay subgrade. Stress-strain hysteresis loops and damping ratios were analyzed to enhance the fundamental understanding of subgrade PD evolution. The results showed that higher moisture content and lower compaction degree significantly increased PD, with the PD response transitioning from plastic shakedown to plastic creep. Greater deviator stress also exacerbated PD accumulation. Variations in loading duration and rest period influenced the PD behaviour, demonstrating the importance of accurately simulating the stress history experienced by subgrade soil elements under traffic loading. The findings provide valuable insights to optimize subgrade design and implement performance-based management of pavements.

The obstacle race to educational improvement: governance, policies, and practices in disadvantaged schools

Contemporary educational reforms emphasise school autonomy, performance-based management, and accountability as necessary policies for attaining improvement goals. Despite their widespread adoption, the configuration and enactment of these policies are discretionary and contingent, deeply influenced by the interaction of local contexts, organisational features, and teachers’ beliefs about policy and pedagogy. Apart from these challenges, schools serving disadvantaged students, often targeted for educational improvement, also struggle with significant organisational constraints and policy overload. This study explores how disadvantaged urban schools make sense of their policy environment and engage with the school improvement mandate through different logics and practices. The analytical framework stresses the policy filtering and adaptation processes that school actors undergo when tasked with multiple implementation demands, and how these interact with school contexts to produce diverse responses. This research is conducted in Catalonia, Spain, and adopts a sequential mixed-methods strategy, relying on interviews with principals and teachers, as well as survey and administrative data. The findings are organised in four ideal types of school responses to the improvement mandate, showing the diverging ways schools engage with policy. Disadvantaged schools exhibit diverse improvement approaches despite sharing structural characteristics, explained by the interaction of contextual factors and organisational characteristics. Each ideal type prioritises different aspects, such as performance, innovation, or inclusive practices. The heterogeneity of school responses highlights the necessity for targeted, context-sensitive support to ensure equitable educational practices.

Experiences of Mathematics Primary School Departmental Heads: Pertinent Challenges and Lessons Learnt

Abstract There has been a shift in the professional management of schools which is gradually inclining towards performance-based management. This shift has put emphasis on managing schools to achieve higher learner performance and has put pressure on Departmental Heads (DHs) and teachers to improve outcomes especially in the mathematics subject. The main aim of the study is to explore a myriad of pertinent challenges experienced by DHs in managing mathematics in primary schools. In examining the phenomenon, we deployed an exploratory qualitative research approach. In collecting data, the researchers used the semi-structured interviews to interview [teachers, DHs, the curriculum advisor, principals]. The study was underpinned by the Deming quality management theory. The study provided insights in the myriad challenges and impediments in managing mathematics in primary schools by the heads of departments. The study results include the following: Problems with interpersonal stakeholder relations, lack of disciplinary expertise and specialization, teacher absenteeism and implications, work overload of mathematics heads of department, insufficient support from the educational and local school authority and insubordination, dereliction, and non-cooperation of teachers. This paper is significant because it adds novel insights in the epistemology of the management of mathematics in primary schools.

Assessing the assessment: exploring Norwegian primary education teachers’ perceptions of national accountability testing

ABSTRACT Since the beginning of the new millennium, the Norwegian education system has shown a growing inclination towards performance-based management. This mixed-methods study aims to gain a deeper understanding of Norwegian primary school teachers’ perceptions of the implementation and application of the National Quality Assessment System. The results revealed that teachers’ professional agency is influenced by the changes in structure and content driven by performance-based management. The teachers perceived that the national testing process offers valuable insights into students’ performance, but it falls short in providing novel information that could enhance individualized instruction. Significant gender differences were discovered concerning the perceived importance, motivation, and influence of national testing on pupils in the primary school setting. This was evident in both the quantitative and qualitative findings of this study. The findings are discussed in light of current educational practices, existing research, and implications for future directions.

Shaping Digital Twin Concept for Built Cultural Heritage Conservation: A Systematic Literature Review

ABSTRACT The Digital Twin (DT) technology has shown promise in transforming complex engineered systems. However, its adoption in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation (AECO) field, particularly for Built Cultural Heritage (BCH) conservation, is still in its early stages. This study presents a systematic literature review of 85 academic publications to evaluate the current state of DT implementation in heritage building conservation and identifies areas for optimising preventive management. In addition, this review explores interpretations of the DT concept in this field, addressing overlaps with Historical/Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), discusses DT functionalities and presents existing frameworks. The findings demonstrate the potential of DT to revolutionise BCH conservation through a holistic approach. However, further focus is needed on features and tools for enhancing performance-based management with targeted strategies and advanced data analysis. Future research should prioritise developing these aspects to fully leverage the potential of the DT paradigm in BCH conservation.

Use of High-Resolution Signal Controller Data to Measure Transit Signal Priority Performance: A Case Study in the Boston Region

Automated traffic signal performance measures (ATSPMs) have been developed to organize data within a traffic signal, which will then be used to evaluate and monitor signal timing strategies. Past research has summarized the use of ATSPMs for performance-based management of a traffic signal system. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program Research Report 954 focused on many measures useful for general traffic, but did not consider transit agencies as specific stakeholders. ATSPMs do provide insights into measuring the number of preemption events, and the percentage of transit vehicles arriving on green, but additional information is needed to determine the effectiveness of transit signal priority or other transit preferential treatment strategies. This paper proposes a method for evaluating transit performance at signalized intersections more fully using the high-resolution data available within modern traffic signal controllers. The addition of transit-specific inputs within the ATSPM enumerations is used to produce transit-specific signal performance measures designed to be useful to practitioners. The methodology can be followed by other agencies seeking to enhance the capabilities of existing automatic vehicle location systems to further describe the performance at each signalized intersection. By incorporating transit into the ATSPM system, an agency can better assess the delay of buses, which can contribute to schedule adherence, on-time performance, and overall bus service. The methodology is presented as a prototype for further development and adaptation to individual agency objectives and data sources.

EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

This study is aimed at finding out the level of effectiveness of every organizational institution, that is challenged to continue to encourage practitioners and their employees to improve their knowledge and work skills because competition is getting tougher. If practitioners and staff have up-to-date work knowledge and skills, work productivity will increase. To achieve this, staff knowledge and skills must be updated consistently. One method that is considered effective in achieving this goal is to organize education and training activities in accordance with their respective fields of work. It is very important for the leaders of educational institutions to make efficiency and effectiveness an ideology in managing educational institutions. Starting from careful planning, then the paradigm from grounded input to grounded affair and outgrowth, and applying a performance-based management approach (performance grounded operation). Three strategies for educational efficiency and effectiveness, namely (1) resource sharing (2) process integration; (3) a touch of information technology (information technology). Education Personnel Education Institutions established by the government to implement a program to accelerate the fulfillment of academic qualifications, includes sharing of resources such as: (a) educational unit facilities; (b) the utilization of educators and education staff, such as exchanging lecturers; and (c) sharing learning materials and internet access, such as the use of learning modules.

At the crossroad of performativity and the market: schools’ logics of action under a hybrid accountability regime

ABSTRACT School systems are shifting towards forms of post-bureaucratic governance (PBG), implying higher levels of school autonomy, choice, and performance-based management. Under this governance approach, which combines forms of administrative and market accountability, schools face greater levels of competition and external pressure to perform. Schools experience such pressures unevenly and address them through different responses. The paper develops a mixed-methods case study conducted in Madrid, a Spanish region where PBG reform has intensified in the last decades, and proposes a novel index to position schools within their reference local education markets. The results show that schools articulate a broad range of logics of action, largely interrelated with their position in the education marketplace. We also show that schools’ responses to external pressures are dynamic and marked by tensions of a different nature, which schools need to navigate, often without sufficient support from public authorities.

Analysis Implementation of Activity-Based Budget for Planning and Control of Direct Labor Costs on the Inpatient Department (Case Study at XYZ Hospital)

The research began with a request from the board of directors where researchers working at the hospital asked to prepare a budget based on activities. In addition, the competitive conditions in the hospital industry triggered by various factors require a complete change in the application of management principles in each hospital. Changes in organizational structure, for example, aim to allow flexibility, create a cross-functional team that focuses on patient satisfaction. Changes in human resource management have resulted in performance-based management replacing the function-based management that executives knew and used in the past. This activity-based management requires hospital managers to change the method they use for budgeting, from functional-based budgeting to activity-based budgeting.

Combined models of growth, waste production, dispersal and deposition from cage-cultured Atlantic salmon to predict benthic enrichment

Models of particulate waste production and deposition can be used in performance-based management approaches as cost-effective tools to assess environmental effects of open-pen finfish aquaculture. XLDEPMOD is an MS Excel® spreadsheet-based depositional model for predicting particulate organic carbon (POC) waste production and sedimentation from net-pen cultured finfish. Calculations are based on temperature-dependent fish growth and mass-balance calculations of feed input, growth, respiration and 3 size classes of feces. Depth-average and near-bottom directional currents are used to determine waste dispersion by fitted Gaussian distribution functions. Near-bottom velocity and substrate-based resuspension thresholds and loss of deposited waste due to decomposition and consumption by wild fish and invertebrates are used to calculate net POC sedimentation. The model was applied to 2 Atlantic salmon farms in southwestern Bay of Fundy, Canada. Sensitivity analysis showed that reduction in waste flux due to resuspension depends on the magnitude of current and wave-driven bottom shear and mass fractions of feces with different settling velocities. Depending on depth, current speed, substrate type and fecal mass fractions, resuspension can remove up to 80% of deposited waste from under net-pens. Steep gradients with high rates (>5 g POC m-2 d-1) of sedimentation predicted under and close to cages and lower rates (<1 g POC m-2 d-1) >50 m away are consistent with published DEPOMOD results and sediment trap observations at the farm sites. The model can be used by regulators to determine if acceptable environmental standards for benthic impacts due to waste deposition from salmon aquaculture are being maintained.

Program Pemberian Kompensasi Pegawai Dalam Mendukung Tujuan Organisasi

Abstract
 Compensation programs need to be aligned with organizational policies and objectives. This article is a literature review on employee compensation programs in support of organizational policies and goals. Organizations can use a combination of fixed-variable compensation, direct-indirect compensation according to organizational goals. Fixed compensation is more appropriate for routine work, whereas variable compensation is more appropriate for behavioral incentives and performance-based management. The amount of direct compensation will provide autonomy for employees in spending their family needs, however, it does not guarantee employees to allocate it, such as for: education and training costs, sports, health insurance, old age insurance, recreation. These costs are more suitable for indirect compensation. Organizations can consider the amount of compensation both in planning, evaluation through several factors, namely internal employees, organizational environment, and external environment.
 
 Keyword: planning program, compensation, fixed-variable compensation, and organization.

Program Pemberian Kompensasi Pegawai Dalam Mendukung Tujuan Organisasi

Abstract
 Compensation programs need to be aligned with organizational policies and objectives. This article is a literature review on employee compensation programs in support of organizational policies and goals. Organizations can use a combination of fixed-variable compensation, direct-indirect compensation according to organizational goals. Fixed compensation is more appropriate for routine work, whereas variable compensation is more appropriate for behavioral incentives and performance-based management. The amount of direct compensation will provide autonomy for employees in spending their family needs, however, it does not guarantee employees to allocate it, such as for: education and training costs, sports, health insurance, old age insurance, recreation. These costs are more suitable for indirect compensation. Organizations can consider the amount of compensation both in planning, evaluation through several factors, namely internal employees, organizational environment, and external environment.
 
 Keyword: planning program, compensation, fixed-variable compensation, and organization

Development of risk factors taxonomy in ramp operations for corporate sustainability

PurposeThis research has the potential to contribute to the understanding of the sustainable ground handling operations framework. Ramp operations as the main system of ground handling include critical services for aircraft/airlines. The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors in ramp operations for all related stakeholders’ awareness to enhance flight safety. Classifying risk factors, the four main performance fields under risk taxonomy is determined. Thus, managers may allocate resources effectively to handle related threats for corporate sustainability.Design/methodology/approachNew taxonomy with human performance value indicators, which sources from the environment is developed. New developed taxonomy is entitled as “environmental value approach,” which represents environmental value-based approach. The developed new risk factors taxonomy is divided into groups such as ramp personnel, organizational, sustainability-based risk factors: triple view and ergonomics obtained from an extensive literature review and experts’ opinions in the field of human performance.FindingsThe findings of this research show that managers need a risk management-oriented approach to manage the human factor affecting performance and sustainability. The newly developed taxonomy offers not only identifying the sources of unsafe operational risk factors but also using as a decision-support tool to manage risks for achieving their sustainability goals. When managerial decisions are made according to risk taxonomy and managing these risks, then corporate performance and individual performance may improve.Originality/valueThe new taxonomy presents the performance-based management of the human factor with a holistic and systematic risk management-based approach. There is no risk taxonomy study designed considering ramp operations and sustainability-based human factor performance.

Les systèmes de mesure de la performance organisationnelle comme levier de la performance des établissements publics marocains

Like private companies, public organizations today are required to meet multiple challenges (Quality, costs, deadlines, social responsibility, etc.). In Morocco, the public management reforms undertaken over the past decade aim to break away from the means-based management that reigned in these organizations in favor of performance-based management. This new management approach, which has led to changes in the requirements and challenges of public managers, necessarily involves the adoption of management tools and more particularly SMPO capable of providing the information essential for management to ensure their vocation as a lever for organizational performance. Theoretically, balanced SMPO with reference to the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) allow the organization to monitor its various determinants of performance, to go beyond a diagnostic control approach and to be part of an interactive control approach with reference to the Simons control lever model. Through a qualitative exploratory study, this work aims to explore the scope (Balance through the nature of the indicators measured) and usefulness (Diagnostic or interactive control) of the SMPOs adopted by the EPM. JEL Classification : M40 Paper type : Empirical research

Compositional modeling of railway Virtual Coupling with Stochastic Activity Networks

The current travel demand in railways requires the adoption of novel approaches and technologies in order to increase network capacity. Virtual Coupling is considered one of the most innovative solutions to increase railway capacity by drastically reducing train headway. The aim of this paper is to provide an approach to investigate the potential of Virtual Coupling in railways by composing stochastic activity networks model templates. The paper starts describing the Virtual Coupling paradigm with a focus on standard European railway traffic controllers. Based on stochastic activity network model templates, we provide an approach to perform quantitative evaluation of capacity increase in reference Virtual Coupling scenarios. The approach can be used to estimate system capacity over a modelled track portion, accounting for the scheduled service as well as possible failures. Due to its modularity, the approach can be extended towards the inclusion of safety model components. The contribution of this paper is a preliminary result of the PERFORMINGRAIL (PERformance-based Formal modelling and Optimal tRaffic Management for movING-block RAILway signalling) project funded by the European Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking.

Accountability and effort among street-level bureaucrats: Evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment

Governance reforms like decentralization and performance-based management aim to improve public services by increasing accountability among street-level bureaucrats: bureaucrats may be held to account by communities, supervisors, intermediary organizations, or all of these. To assess the relationship between accountability and bureaucratic effort, we utilize data from a lab-in-the-field behavioral experiment conducted with Honduran health workers across decentralized and centrally administered municipalities. We presented health workers with an incentivized effort task that included instructions that were neutral, had a bottom-up political accountability prompt, or a top-down bureaucratic accountability prompt. Our results show that administrative context moderates the accountability-to-effort relationship. With neutral instructions, civil servants in decentralized systems exert greater quality effort than their counterparts under centralized administration. Importantly, both accountability prompts increase quality effort in centrally administered settings to levels comparable with those in decentralized settings. These findings support multiple accountability as a potentially important mechanism linking decentralization reform to improved service delivery.

Performance-Based Management to Motivate University Lecturers in Vietnam: A Case Study of Tan Trao University, Vietnam

University lecturers are professional knowledge workers who have the function of training, fostering and developing a high-quality workforce for the society. They perform two tasks at the same time: teaching and researching. The motivation to work of university lecturers is born from the need and is expressed through the aspects of awareness, attitude and behavior. From case study of performance- based management in TanTrao university, an investigate among 107 responders who are lecturers of the University was implemented. The results showed factors affecting on working motivation of university lecturers and their level of satisfaction with motivating activities in performance-based management system in the University. After that, the author recommended some solutions to motivate lecturers in Vietnam’s university to further advance their performance.

Why Should the Budgetary Performance of Municipalities Be Optimized: Performance-Based Management

The performance issue always arises at the level of the local public administrations (or APUL) because of ineffective management. Most of the Malagasy decentralized local authorities (or CTD) are faced with insufficient resources and unnecessary or non-objective expenditure, due to the lack of control and reliable administration methodology. As a result, the public expenditure reform was the establishment of medium-term planned public expenditure or medium-term expenditure framework (CDMT) oriented to Result-Based Management (or GAR). For the CTD, it is the establishment of the program budget for a rationalization of the budget and its performance by abandoning the budget of resources. Performance therefore consists of using the results of a higher level of service, or of developing the quality of service by effectively managing local resources and the low contribution of the State, in times of crisis. This is why it is necessary to put into practice the principles of new public management, or New public management, which thus allows a rationalization of public expenditure, thanks in particular to the introduction of management control in administrations.

Performance-based management for construction holdings by integration of measurement frameworks

Performance-based management for construction holdings by integration of measurement frameworks