Perfect Proof Research Articles

Perfect proofs at first order

Abstract In this note we extend a remarkable result of Brauer (2024, Journal of Logic and Computation) concerning propositional Classical Core Logic. We show that it holds also at first order. This affords a soundness and completeness result for Classical Core Logic. The $\mathbb{C}^{+}$-provable sequents are exactly those that are uniform substitution instances of perfectly valid sequents, i.e. sequents that are valid and that need every one of their sentences in order to be so. Brauer (2020, Review of Symbolic Logic, 13, 436–457) showed that the notion of perfect validity itself is unaxiomatizable. In the Appendix we use his method to show that our notion of relevant validity in Tennant (2024, Philosophia Mathematica) is likewise unaxiomatizable. It would appear that the taking of substitution instances is an essential ingredient in the construction of a semantical relation of consequence that will be axiomatizable—and indeed, by the rules of proof for Classical Core Logic.

Legal Protection and Notary Responsibilities: A Review of the Deed of Testament in the Context of Civil Cases

A testament deed is an authentic deed that has perfect proof. Testament is a unilateral will, so it does not require agreement with other parties, as a partij deed, the Notary only formulates the wishes of the Testator, because it involves property it often causes problems so that it is possible for a lawsuit against the testament deed. Analysing the decision of the Yogyakarta District Court No. 58/PDT.G/2011/PN.YK.Problem formulation: Legal protection for Notary related to the deed of will in civil case connected with Law No. 2 Year 2014, and Notary's responsibility towards the deed of will in civil case. The purpose of the research: to know the legal protection for Notary related to the deed of will in civil case in relation with Law No. 2 Year 2014. To find out the responsibilities of the Notary towards the testamentary deed in civil cases. The research method used in this research uses a normative juridical approach with additional interviews. The normative juridical approach is sourced from data collection obtained from library materials and then analysed by qualitative analysis method. The conclusion of the research is that the Notary is only responsible for the formal form of the deed he made, and is not responsible for the content of the deed. The protection of the Notary is that the will deed is a unilateral act, does not need the consent of other parties, as a partij deed, the Notary only formulates the wishes of the Testator, not as a party to the deed (Articles 52, 53 UUJN), besides that it is based on Article 66 of the UUJN which previously had to be approved by the MPD, currently replaced by the Notary Honor Council. Notaries are protected if they have fulfilled the requirements that must be met in making a deed of will. The author suggests that in making a deed, it is necessary to be careful, and adhere to the rules of the Notary Office. In addition, the Notary needs to provide information related to the will deed to the maker of the will and the party concerned. The government is expected to form regulations governing the protection of Notaries.

Coarsening natural deduction proofs II: finding gaunt proofs

Abstract This paper is the second part of a series exploring how, given a proof, we can inductively transform it into a proof that contains no irrelevancies and is as strong as possible. In the prequel paper, I defined a weaker and a stronger notion of what counts as a proof with no irrelevancies, calling them perfect proofs and gaunt proofs, respectively. There, I showed how proofs in core logic and classical core logic can be transformed into perfect proofs. In this paper I study gaunt proofs. I show how proofs in core logic can be inductively transformed into gaunt core proofs, but that this property fails for the natural deduction system of classical core logic.

Coarsening Natural Deduction Proofs I: Finding Perfect Proofs

Abstract This paper explores how, given a proof, we can systematically transform it into a proof that contains no irrelevancies and which is as strong as possible. I define a weaker and stronger notion of what counts as a proof with no irrelevancies, calling them perfect proofs and gaunt proofs, respectively. Using classical core logic to study classical validities and core logic to study intuitionistic validities, I show that every core proof or classical core proof can be transformed into a perfect proof. In a sequel paper, I show how proofs in core logic can also be transformed into gaunt proofs and I observe that this property fails for classical core logic.

Legalization Of Cyber Notary-Based Notary Deeds As Authentic Deeds

Legalizing a notarial deed based on a cyber notary as authentic deeds demands the role of notaries in using the concept of a cyber notary to create a fast, precise, and efficient service. However, in this case, the legalization of a cyber-based notary deed does not have perfect proof like authentic deeds. This is because notarial deeds using a cyber notary need to meet the requirements for the authenticity of a deed in Article 1868 of the Civil Code. The problem raised in this study is how authentic the legalization of cyber-based notary deeds is. This research used a juridical normative method. The data collection in this study employed a literature review method and a qualitative method for analyzing the data. The study results show that the legalization of notary deeds using cyber notary does not have perfect proof like authentic deeds because it does not meet the requirements for the authenticity of a deed contained in Article 1868 of the Civil Code. Keywords: Legalization, Authentic Deed, Cyber Notary.

Kedudukan Akta Hibah Bagi Anak Angkat Dari Pemberian Harta Orang Tua Angkat (StudiPutusan Nomor: 1637/Pdt.G/2019/Pa.Jp)

The purpose of this research is to find out the position of the deed of grant made by a notary which contains grants fromadoptive parents to their adopted children. To achieve this goal the authors use a normative juridical approach. Datasources are secondary data as the main data which includes primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiarylegal materials. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. Conclusion: Based on the results of research and discussionregarding the position of the deed of grant made by a Notary for adopted children, normatively, the Deed of Grant Number19/2008 dated 28 April 2008 made before Notary Jhonni M Sianturi, SH is valid and has legal force, because it has fulfilledthe requirements in the grant agreement both formally and materially. The strength of proof of a notarial deed as a meansof proof is the perfect strength of proof, because the privilege of an authentic deed lies in the strength of the proof. Anauthentic deed gives the parties and their heirs or people who have rights from it a perfect proof. An authentic deed has thepower of proof in such a way that it is considered attached to the deed itself, meaning that an authentic deed is bindingevidence because what is written in the deed must be considered true and trusted by the judge. An authentic deed also hasperfect evidentiary strength because it does not require the addition of other evidence, in other words, an authentic deedhas outward, formal and material evidentiary strength in accordance with the provisions under Article 1886 of the CivilCode. A notarial deed as an authentic deed has external, formal and material evidentiary power, if a notary deed is drawnup according to the applicable provisions, then the deed will be binding on the parties as an authentic deed and includes thecourt which must accept the notary deed as perfect evidence

CYBER NOTARY JURIDICAL REVIEW IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

Development of information technology has a positive impact on improving the economy, one of which is transactions via the internet where a person can make a sale and purchase agreement without having to meet face to face considering the very long distance between the two parties. The role of the Notary is demanded to be able to participate in the development of technology and information, because in an electronic transaction it is very possible for the intervention of a Notary as a trusted third party in conventional transactions. Draft Cyber Notary wants to provide a legal frame, namely that the act of facing the parties or facing before the Notary, which later the Notary will no longer have to meet physically (face to face) in a certain place. Legality of Notary-Based Deeds Cyber notary as an Act Authentic based on Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary and positive law in Indonesia does not have perfect proof like an Authentic Deed, because the Notary Deed uses cyber notary it does not fulfill the Authenticity requirements of a Deed as stated in the provisions of Article 1868 of the Civil Code. In addition, Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number: 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary Public and Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions also do not explicitly accommodate the implementation Cyber ​​Notary to an Authentic Deed, so that the Deed made by a Notary uses Cyber ​​Notary does not have the same evidential force as the Authentic Act. Notary Act by using cyber notary not recognized as electronic evidence. This is because there is a prohibition in the provisions of Article 5 paragraph (4) of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.

REVOCATIONS OF NOTARY DEEDS BY COURTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN INDONESIA

Article 1870 of the Civil Code states that an authentic deed provides, between parties and their heirs or persons who have rights from them, a perfect proof of what is contained therein. Thus, an authentic deed which is concluded by a notary will be a perfect proof for the parties. In the making of an authentic deed, in order to make it a perfect proof, a notary must hold fast to Law of Notarial Position and notarial code of ethics. The research method used in this study is by using primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with several respondents who are notaries in Indonesia; and secondary data were obtained through documentation study. The results showed that there was a fact where many notarial deeds were revoked by the Court because the process of the making the deeds in question was not in accordance with the Law of Notarial Position and notarial code of ethics. The role of the notary in civil law actions is supposed to guarantee legal certainty for the parties (the appearers) in civil law actions, which is by constating or concluding deeds.

The Symbolic Significance Of The Characters In ‘‘Dakiya Aur Jolaaha’’

The novel emerges as a representative genre of modernity that combines reality and imagination to present human life in art. The main role of the author is to create art through the interplay of plots, scenes and characterization of all aspects of society. In fiction, layering and embellishment are considered proof of artistic maturity and perfection. The texture of the narrative, the perfection of the metaphors and formation of characters are the three main elements of the story. Distinction, meticulousness and insight are essential in characterization. The psychology of the characters in the novel is that scale. In this way the author determines the stages of communications through the respondent’s expression. Mustansir Hussain Tarar’s masterpiece ‘‘Dakiya Aur Jolaaha’’ is a symbolic philosophical novel in which the realities of survival and annihilation have been resolved through the symbolic characters of the post man, weaver, Rodin and Natalia. In Tarar’s creations , female characters are always stronger and more vivid than male characters. In this novel the author has exposed art, love, rebel and spirituality as well as various aspects of outdated traditions with the help of Natalia’s character. In fact ‘‘Dakiya aur Jolaaha’’ is the sequel to‘‘Qurbat.e. Marg meinMuhabbat’’ , but its style is very different which makes it unique

Criminal Liability For Authentic Deed Falsification By A Notary

Notary is one of the public officials (openbaar ambtenar) who is authorized to make all kinds of agreements in the form of authentic deeds, set the date, keep the deeds and issue grosses, copies and quotations, all of this as long as the act of the deed is not also required to other officials. or specifically the obligation. However, it often happens that notaries do things outside their authority, one of which is committing a criminal act of falsifying authentic deeds which results in harming other parties so that this is very disturbing and must be handled either preventively or giving criminal sanctions. The method used in this research is normative juridical, the specification of this research is descriptive analytical research. The data source uses secondary data. Data collection techniques using literature study or document study. The data analysis technique used a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the research on the first and second conclusions. In the case of falsification of an authentic deed which is very possible to be carried out by a notary person because the authentic deed which is the product is a deed that has perfect proof before the court and cannot be denied, but if the product of the notary in the form of an authentic deed contains things that are not true then the deed is degraded into a private deed and can be declared null and void by law.

Criminal Liability For Authentic Deed Falsification By A Notary

Notary is one of the public officials (openbaar ambtenar) who is authorized to make all kinds of agreements in the form of authentic deeds, set the date, keep the deeds and issue grosses, copies and quotations, all of this as long as the act of the deed is not also required to other officials. or specifically the obligation. However, it often happens that notaries do things outside their authority, one of which is committing a criminal act of falsifying authentic deeds which results in harming other parties so that this is very disturbing and must be handled either preventively or giving criminal sanctions. The method used in this research is normative juridical, the specification of this research is descriptive analytical research. The data source uses secondary data. Data collection techniques using literature study or document study. The data analysis technique used a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the research on the first and second conclusions. In the case of falsification of an authentic deed which is very possible to be carried out by a notary person because the authentic deed which is the product is a deed that has perfect proof before the court and cannot be denied, but if the product of the notary in the form of an authentic deed contains things that are not true then the deed is degraded into a private deed and can be declared null and void by law.

The Strength of Proof on Underwrited Deed in Waarmeking by a Notary

The power of proof of an underhand deed as evidence in court in connection with the authority of a Notary in carrying out Legalization and Waarmeking based on articles 1874, 1874 (a) and 1880 BW of the letter evidence must have legalization or waarmeking from the authorized official. In Decision Number 13 PDT/2020/PT.MTR there is a difference in Judex Factie in the trial between the Praya District Court and the Mataram High Court. This study analyzes how aspects of the strength of proof of underhand deeds that have been legalized or waarmeking by a Notary and legal considerations applied by judges in examining and deciding the case. This study uses a normative juridical legal research method, namely legal research conducted by examining materials derived from various laws and regulations and other materials from various literatures that have correlation and relevance to the problems to be studied, as well as legal theories and opinions of scholars. The underhanded deed which is waarmeking is perfect evidence, the contents of the underhand deed that have been registered at a Notary with the signing of the parties are valid, the proof value of the underhand deed must meet formal and material requirements, then the proof value is the same as the authentic deed, namely the proof value. perfectly attached and binding, while the power of proof of a deed under the hand that has been waarmeking in evidence at trial has imperfect proving power when each party denies the contents of the agreement. Notaries in carrying out their duties must be in accordance with applicable laws and regulations so that there are no disputes over agreements that have been waarmeking. so that it has perfect proof of certainty in the eyes of the law.

AUTHENTICITY OF DECLARED NOTARY ACTIVITIES BY USING THE PHOTO DOCUMENT MINUTA SIGNING OF ASSET

Influence arising from technological developments has an impact on changes in society in the field of law, especially in terms of evidence using electronic devices as an extension of evidence in the law in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the responsibility of a Notary to an authentic deed made by and/or before a Notary Public based on the provisions of UUJN jo UUJN-P and to find out the legal impact arising related to the use of photo documents as an expansion of new evidence towards the authenticity of an authentic deed. The method used in this study is a normative perspective with a statutory approach and conceptual approach that aims to conduct a juridical study of the legality of electronic evidence. The results showed that the responsibility of the Notary in providing services in the field of civil law, in particular, made an authentic deed as stipulated in UUJN jo UUJN-P to provide a sense of justice for the parties, third parties with an interest in the deed he made and his heirs, were responsible for the authenticity of the deed he made it as perfect proof. In the context of the authenticity of a Notary Deed as an authentic deed, the Notary Deed does not require any other evidence to guarantee the legal certainty of its authenticity, so that the use of photo documents used as evidence in procedural law, both criminal and civil, cannot be applied or used against the Notary Deed even as evidence supporters.

NOTARY LEGALITY AS AN AUTHENTIC DICTION IN TERMS OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED BASED ON LAW OF POSITION NOTARY

An authentic deed can be perfect proof that must be signed by the parties. It becomes a problem when one or all of those who are obliged to sign or put fingerprints, but have a total disability of the hand or fingers (physically disabled) so that the person concerned is not able to sign or fingerprint. There is a norm in relation to a person with disabilities to make a deed before a notary. The purpose of this study is to find out the procedure for ratifying a notary deed in terms of hearing-impaired persons and the legal strength of a notary deed in terms of disabled persons. This study uses normative legal methods. The results of this study indicated that the stipulation of Article 44 of UUJNP makes it possible for persons with disabilities not to sign the deed, then at the end of the deed it is explained about a situation where the applicant is unable to sign the deed and therefore uses other forms of endorsement by writing by mouth and affidavit. The deed made by the person with disabilities is an authentic deed because the provisions of Article 44 UUJNP can be a substitute for signatures, so the notary deed made by persons with disabilities can function as evidence and are equipped with an affidavit. There is a need for a written rule that states clearly about the procedures for dealing with persons with disabilities in making a deed for the use of affidavit.

Slaying the dragons that sabotage protection measures to feed on the ash of your plant

AbstractDragons are legendary winged monsters that breathe fire and feed on ash. Or so we think. This is a tale of three dragons that have evolved to hide in plain sight and quietly feed on the underpinnings of protection layers, eroding the effectiveness of process safety mitigation measures. These dragons are mischievous and feed off process upsets, near misses, and accidents. The Invisible Dragon roams around the plant breaking devices and causing people to make mistakes that set off alarms and causes safety instrumented systems (SIS) trips to initiate. Its special joy is creating initiating events that were not considered in the design. Tiny and Giant Dragons specialize in defeating the SIS protection layers, so that all three dragons can feed on the ash of an accident. The Tiny Dragon baits SIS designers with devices having extremely low failure rate data causing the humans to believe safety instrumented functions (SIF) are more reliable than they actually are. The Giant Dragon works alongside the Tiny Dragon to further undermine the SIS with its song of near perfect proof testing. This paper will illustrate the impacts of underestimating SIF demand rate, using overly optimistic failure rate data, and overestimating proof test coverage. We will discuss techniques to identify and correct these issues and suggest metrics to monitor SIS performance thus slaying the dragons.

ANALISIS PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NO.2871K/PDT/2017 DALAM KASUS PENGINGKARAN AKTA PERJANJIAN PERDAMAIAN NO.04/PDT.G/2000/PN.PROB

This study aims to determine the legal strength of the Peace Agreement Deed No.04/Pdt.G/2000/PN.Prob and to analyze the Supreme Court Decision N0.2871K/Pdt.G/PN.Prob in the case of denial of the peace agreement deed No.04/Pdt.G /2000/PN.Prob in a Legal Perspective, this research uses the Normative Juridical method. The result of this research is that Peace Decision No.04/Pdt.G/2000/PN.Prob has permanent legal force as well as the judge's decision at the final level. in accordance with the provisions of Article 1858 paragraph (1) of the Civil Code Jo. Article 130 paragraph (2) and (3) HIR, and the peace deed, have 3 legal powers, namely binding and final, perfect proof, and executorial power. The District Court's decision was appropriate because the defendant's actions were categorized as illegal actions based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code, this was because the plaintiffs were the legal owners of the disputed land based on the peace decision No.04/Pdt.G/2000/PN/Prob. The Court of Appeal's decision was inaccurate, because it had canceled the peace decision Deed No.4/Pdt.G/2000/PN.Prob in which the peace decision No.4/Pdt.G/2000/PN.Prob had permanent legal force as stipulated in Article 130 HIR, Jo. Article 1858 of the Civil Code, judges of the High Court in passing decisions exceed their authority because the High Court as Judex facti does not have the authority to judge or overturn the final decision, and if the Appellants find new evidence then the legal remedy that can be taken is legal. Article 67 letter b Law No.14 of 1985 concerning the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the Supreme Court's decision was appropriate, because according to the Supreme Court the Judex facti the High Court had wrongly applied the law because it had canceled the Peace Deed No.4/Pdt.G/2000.PN.Prob which had permanent legal force. So that in this case the legal conflict lies in the decision of the High Court

Legal Problems Regarding the Implementation of the Obligation to Read the Notary Deed

Reading the deed is an obligation in every authentic deed is made, the reading of the deed by a notary is part of the verlijden or the inauguration of the reading and signing of the deed in question. If the reading of this deed is related to the making of an authentic deed which is part of perfect proof, it is clear that making a notary deed requires the real presence and physical position of the parties concerned. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Notary Public is obliged to read out the deed made based on Act No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary Public, To analyze the legal problems of reading deeds made by the Notary, To analyze the legal consequences of deeds that are not read by a Notary based on Act No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of a Notary Public. The method used in this research is the method used in this research is juridical empirical, namely an approach based on applicable law and based on reality in practice. The juridical approach is used to analyze regulations that are related to the Notary Law, while the empirical approach is used to analyze the obligations of notaries in reading deeds which are seen as community behavior that has a pattern in community life that always interacts and relates to social aspects. namely an approach based on applicable law and based on reality in practice. The juridical approach is used to analyze regulations that are related to the Notary Law, while the empirical approach is used to analyze the obligations of notaries in reading deeds which are seen as community behavior that has a pattern in community life that always interacts and relates to social aspects. namely an approach based on applicable law and based on reality in practice. The juridical approach is used to analyze regulations that are related to the Notary Law, while the empirical approach is used to analyze the obligations of notaries in reading deeds which are seen as community behavior that has a pattern in community life that always interacts and relates to social aspects.The legal problem of reading deeds made by notaries, related to article 16 paragraph 7 of the Law on Notary Position regulates deviations from article 16 letter m. Where in Article 16 paragraph 7, it is stated that the reading of the deed is not mandatory, if the viewer wants the deed not to be read because the viewer has read it himself, knows and understands its contents, provided that it is stated in the cover of the deed and also on every minuta deed page initialed by the parties, and witnesses, as well as a notary. The legal consequence of the deed which is not read out by the notary based on Act No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary Public, the deed which is not read out is still an authentic deed as long as the reasons for not reading the deed are stated.

Notary Professional Legal and Ethical Liability for Deed Reading Obligations Made by Notaries

A Notary is a public official who in the case of his appointment and dismissal is carried out by the Minister of Law and Human Rights. The implementation of the duties of notary positions is based on Reglement op Het Notary Ambt in Indonesia / Regulation of the Notary Department in Indonesia (Staatsblad 1860 Number 3 the year 1860) as amended by Law No. 30 of 1860 2004 on Notary Department and as amended back to Law No. 2 of 2014 on Changes to Law No. 30/2004 on Notary Departments (thus called Notary Department Law or UUJN). UUJN makes a Notary authorized to make an authentic deed and other authorities as referred to in the Law. The obligation of a Notary in carrying out his duties and authority can be seen in the provisions of Article 16 of UUJN. The notary shall recite the deed that has been presented before the protesters by attending by at least 2 (two) witnesses or 4 (four) witnesses, and specifically in the case of the making of a will deed made underhand and then signed at the same time by the intercepts, witnesses and notaries, stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter m UUJN. The implementation of such obligations in the author's research process turns out that several Notaries do not carry out the obligation to read the deed. Notary in carrying out the duties and authority of its office is bound by the prevailing Laws and Regulations, namely the Law of the Notary Department and the Notary Code of Conduct. The approach method used in this study is a normative juridical approach. The data used is secondary data and primary data as a complement to secondary data. The results of the research and discussion of this research is the responsibility imposed on the Notary when he does not perform the reading of the deed that he has made before the intercepters and witnesses i.e. in terms of civility, the intercepter who feels materially harmed because of the mistakes made by the Notary to the material truth of the deed he made can seek damages for the deed made by the Notary concerned. The implication of not doing the reading of the deed by a notary can result in the evidentiary power of the deed which should be an authentic deed that has the power of perfect proof precisely resulting in the strength of its proof becoming underhand. The provisions of the reading of the deed referred to in the UUJN according to the author are also in the obligation to carry out the duties of the office as stipulated in the Amendment of the Notarial Code of Conduct of the Notary Association of Indonesia in Article 3 paragraph (15). The application of sanctions to the Notary may be Reprimand, Warning, Schorsing (temporary dismissal) of the Membership of the Association, Onzetting (dismissal) of the Membership of the Association, and disrespectful dismissal of the membership of the Association. The lifting of these sanctions is adjusted to the quality and quality of the violations committed by the member. Keywords: Responsibility, Notary, Notary Code of Conduct, Deed

Authority and Notary Responsibilities in the Making of the Fidusia Guarantee of the Relationship with the Creditor Protection as Guarantee (Study in West Lombok)

UUJF gives the Notary the authority to make a Fiduciary Guarantee deed as regulated in Article 5 of UUJF. This authority raises the responsibility for the Notary to work in accordance with the Law and the Code of Ethics in making an authentic fiduciary guarantee deed and has a perfect proof of value. However, in practice, a fiduciary deed cannot be read and signed by a notary and appearing in front of two witnesses because of the large number and exceeding the reasonableness of the deed made by a notary. The imposition of fiduciary guarantees that still use a power of attorney under the hand is very risky for fiduciary loading by a notary outside the area of the collateral. This happens because there is a blurring of norms in UUJF that does not explain the form of power of attorney that must be used by creditors in the imposition of fiduciary guarantees. The problem is how the rules regarding the reasonableness of the deed made by a Notary Public in making a fiduciary security deed, what are the consequences of money law if the fiduciary deed does not qualify as an authentic deed, and how the use of a power of attorney in the imposition of fiduciary guarantees in the Notary. This study aims to analyze the application of the rules of reasonableness of the deed made by a notary, analyze the legal consequences of the deed that do not qualify as authentic deeds, and analyze the use of a power of attorney in the imposition of fiduciary collateral. This research method uses the Normative-Empris research method. The approach used is the legal, conceptual, and sociological approach. The results of the study are the first, in practice there are still many Notaries who have not applied the rules in the Code of Ethics on the prohibition of making a deed exceeding the fairness limit of 20 deeds per day. Second, a large number of fiduciary deeds are not possible to read, but initialed in each sheet and explained at the end of the deed. Third, there is a blurring of norms regarding the provisions of the form of power of attorney in imposing fiduciary guarantees at UUJF.

<i>Mir Bozhiy</i> magazine and Russian culture in the late 19th – early 20th century

Mir Bozhiy (God’s World) magazine is justly attributed to the lead periodicals of the p lutionary Russia. It came out in 1892-1906. During that relatively short period, it managed to win well-deserved respect and popularity among its readers. The circulation of 18 thousand issues in its best years is a perfect proof. No other classical fat magazine had such a wide circulation. At first, Mir Bozhiy was considered a specialized edition for young audience. That was the reason for its religious name referring at a young soul exploring the world of the God. However, very soon it turned into a magazine for wider public and readers of different ages. Already one year after it was first published, its cover had the subtitle complimented with a note «for self-education». Mir Bozhiy became a magazine for family reading replacing books, schoolbooks and encyclopaedias.Its readers had all reasons to love the magazine. Published works of literature — poems, stories, and novels stood out with their high literary level; and scientific reviews represented thorough analytical studies that contained brave and original conclusion. Contributors of the content included the authors who made Russian poetry and literature shine such as Dmitriy Merezhkovskiy, Ivan Bunin, Dmitriy Mamin-Sibiryak, Alexander Kuprin and others.Exceptional articles came out from the philosophers Sergey Bulgakov, Nikolay Berdyayev, the economist Mikhail Tuhan-Baranovskiy, publishers Pavel Milyukov and Nikolay Iordanskiy, historian Vasily Klyuchevskiy. Articles about music and arts were also frequent in the magazine.Remarkable publications of the magazine became possible thanks to the high professionalism of its staff members who had literary talents and deep scientific knowledge. One of them, Angel Bogdanovich, was not only an outstanding editor but also an excellent publisher. The real masters of literary translation were Lidia Tuhan-Baranovskaya and Maria Kuprina-Iordanskaya, her first husband was the writer Alexander Kuprin, the head of the magazine’s fiction department. Finally, the magazine’s chief editor Fyodor Batyushkov who was the descendant of the famous Russian poet significantly contributed to the success of the magazine.Though, in 1906 due to the political situation, the «harmful magazine» as considered by the censors was closed, publications of the Mir Bozhiy continued influencing the development of Russian literature, science and culture for a long time.