Perennial Yield Research Articles

Эффективность гранулированного и перепревшего индюшиного помета при возделывании многолетних трав на дерново-подзолистой почве

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of granulated and rotted turkey litter on the growth, development and yield of perennial grasses, the quality of sod-podzolic soils newly introduced into agricultural circulation. The research results have shown that the most optimal dose of application for obtaining high yields of perennial grasses and increasing soil fertility is 15 t/ha of granulated turkey litter. Keywords: PERENNIAL GRASSES, YIELD, GRANULATED AND ROTTED TURKEY LITTER, SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL

Geoelectrical characterisation of basement aquifers: the case of Iberekodo, southwestern Nigeria

Basement aquifers, which occur within the weathered and fractured zones of crystalline bedrocks, are important groundwater resources in tropical and subtropical regions. The development of basement aquifers is complex owing to their high spatial variability. Geophysical techniques are used to obtain information about the hydrologic characteristics of the weathered and fractured zones of the crystalline basement rocks, which relates to the occurrence of groundwater in the zones. The spatial distributions of these hydrologic characteristics are then used to map the spatial variability of the basement aquifers. Thus, knowledge of the spatial variability of basement aquifers is useful in siting wells and boreholes for optimal and perennial yield. Geoelectrical resistivity is one of the most widely used geophysical methods for assessing the spatial variability of the weathered and fractured zones in groundwater exploration efforts in basement complex terrains. The presented study focuses on combining vertical electrical sounding with two-dimensional (2D) geoelectrical resistivity imaging to characterise the weathered and fractured zones in a crystalline basement complex terrain in southwestern Nigeria. The basement aquifer was delineated, and the nature, extent and spatial variability of the delineated basement aquifer were assessed based on the spatial variability of the weathered and fractured zones. The study shows that a multiple-gradient array for 2D resistivity imaging is sensitive to vertical and near-surface stratigraphic features, which have hydrological implications. The integration of resistivity sounding with 2D geoelectrical resistivity imaging is efficient and enhances near-surface characterisation in basement complex terrain.

Toward a taxonomic definition of perennial wheat: a new species \xd7Tritipyrum aaseae described

Nearly a century has passed since the first crosses were made between wheat (Triticum L.) and perennial Triticeae relatives with the goal of developing a perennial grain and forage crop. Numerous crosses of different species and genera have been attempted, and many have yielded fertile hybrids. Despite these successes, a definitive taxonomic treatment of stable hybrids has never been established. “Perennial wheat” is the term commonly used to refer to these hybrids when the traits of interest are the perennial growth habit and grain yield, regardless of parentage. In order to establish a consistent system in which researchers can effectively communicate and collaborate, it is important to characterize unique combinations. In this paper we briefly outline the history of perennial wheat breeding, suggest a naming convention based on the International Code for Nomenclature and describe one combination within the new nothogenus ×Tritipyrum. The development of perennial grains has the potential to allow for new agricultural systems that take advantage of the persistent nature of the crop. The taxonomic definition of this new crop type will help focus research and breeding efforts as well as organize the literature and facilitate collaboration.

Comparing response of ryegrass-white clover pasture to gibberellic acid and nitrogen fertiliser applied in late winter and spring

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to compare the effect of one or two applications of gibberellic acid (GA) or nitrogen (N) fertiliser on dry matter (DM) yield and composition of perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture. Pasture was treated with 0 or 8 g a.i./ha of GA and 0 or 50 kg/ha N fertiliser in a 2 × 2 factorial design in late winter and spring. One application of N fertiliser increased DM yield by increasing leaf mass and tiller density of perennial ryegrass while one application of GA increased DM yield by increasing perennial ryegrass and white clover yield. There was no DM yield response to two applications of GA, though two applications of N did increase DM yield. A single GA application in late winter increased fibre and reduced protein concentration in ryegrass. The use of GA to increase DM yield with reduced herbage protein concentration may have reduced environmental impact through reducing N intake of livestock.

Distichlis palmeri: Perennial Grain Yields under Saline Paddy-style Cultivation of Grains on Seawater

Distichlis palmeri: Perennial Grain Yields under Saline Paddy-style Cultivation of Grains on Seawater Cylphine Bresdin, Edward P. Glenn Abstract All our major grain crops are glycophytic grasses that require irrigation with quality water, annual tillage and reseeding of non-salinized soils. Farming of perennial halophytic crops has the potential to circumvent these restrictive issues. The present study reports perennial yields and proximate analysis of Distichlis palmeri grain. D. palmeri is a C4 dioecious halophytic grass endemic to the Sea of Cortez where native Cocopah gathered its 8 mm long grain as a wild harvest. We grew first generation D. palmer perennially over four consecutive crop years under experimental saline paddy-style conditions that reflect its natural tidal-flat habitat. Mean grain yield from our experimental system with a 1:3 male to female ratio was 176 g m-2 (SD = 28.2). Crude protein ranged from 7 – 12.5% with a net energy between 60 – 75%. Grain from Crop 2 germinated and grew under brackish conditions into fully flowering plants in two years. Our model in Tucson, Arizona demonstrates feasibility of developing paddy-style landscape based cropping systems for the domestication of D. palmeri as a perennial grain crop for human consumption. Cropping of D. palmeri may serve soil remediation and carbon sink functions for salinized soils and as a repurpose for saline waste water supplies. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jaes.v4n2a1

Establishing Native Perennial Bioenergy Crops with Cereal Grain Companion Crops

Companion crops supply additional economic returns when used to establish perennial forage crops, and they should provide similar benefits when establishing native perennial grasslands for bioenergy. We evaluated the effect of cereal grains and native perennial companion crops on biomass yield of three different bioenergy crop types (switchgrass (Panicum virgatum (L.) Vitman) monoculture, four-species native grass mixture, and CP-25 polyculture mixture) during the seeding year and two subsequent harvest years at four environments. Effects of companion crops on bioenergy crop yields were inconsistent across locations and time, but some general patterns were observed. Averaged across all bioenergy crops, three companion cropping treatments—oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis L.) harvested for forage—produced harvestable biomass during the seeding year while suppressing weeds and maintaining perennial biomass yield of the main crop during the first harvest year. Harvestable forage yields were greater for the oat companion crop compared to Canada wildrye during the seeding year at two environments, which could make the cereal grain companion crops more profitable for producers, depending on biomass markets. The polyculture crop yielded 33 and 39 % more perennial biomass than the switchgrass and grass mix in one environment and had 25 % less weed biomass compared to switchgrass in another. No individual companion crop/bioenergy crop combination consistently yielded more perennial biomass or less weed biomass compared to unweeded controls across all environments; however, companion crops can supply marketable grain and biomass during the seeding year when planted with native perennial grasslands without decreasing perennial biomass yields in subsequent harvest years.

Subsurface Application of Dry Poultry Litter: Impacts on Common Bermudagrass and Other No-Till Crops

Poultry manure provides a rich organic nutrient source to fertilize crops and help neutralize soil acidity. However, the usual practice of broadcasting litter on the surface of pastures and other no-till systems can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff, while much of the ammonium-N volatilizes and escapes into the atmosphere. In a previous study, we used a subsurface banding technique to move litter from the soil surface into the root zone with minimal disturbance of the grass, thatch, and soil structure; and found that nutrient losses decreased substantially. Because subsurface banding increased retention of nutrients and water in the soil, we conducted follow-up research to compare crop yield and quality from this litter application method to those from the conventional surface broadcasting method. The objectives were to determine effects of subsurface application on perennial forage yield, quality, and temporal yield distribution during the growing season. Field plots were located on silt loam soil (8-10% slopes) with well-established bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.). Poultry litter was applied (6.7 Mg ha-1, dry weight) by one of two methods: surface broadcast manually or subsurface banded using a tractor-drawn prototype implement. Each treatment was replicated three times. There were also three control plots that received no litter. Results showed that subsurface application generally increased forage quality and yield, especially in the latter part of the growing season when forage production from surface-applied litter began to decline. Under the growing conditions in this study, subsurface application increased mean forage yield by as much as 40%.

Optimizing Safe Yield Policy Implementation

The presented method enhances groundwater-mandated safe yield management. It is useful for settings that prevent sustained yield or integrated management. To protect hydraulically connected surface water rights, the Utah government’s Cache Valley groundwater management plan proposes that total pumping increase not exceed 84,431 m3/day. To determine how best to spatially distribute additional allowable pumping, stakeholders quantified limits defining acceptable impacts on selected water resource indicators. A new simulation–optimization (S–O) algorithm used these limits while computing optimal spatially distributed perennial yield or safe yield groundwater pumping extraction strategies. The limits prevent unacceptable decreases in: head and net flow between aquifer and surface waters (rivers, surface/subsurface drains, springs, lakes). The optimization objective function maximizes weighted pumping to provide water for 18 growing municipalities. For 16 perennial yield scenarios, computed optimal pumping increases differ in protectiveness toward senior water rights, and range from 16% to 103% of the state plan-proposed increase. Implementing a protective strategy would achieve 90% of the storage changes needed to reach equilibrium within 23 years. Indicator potentiometric heads would reach equilibrium within 10–40 years. At equilibrium, an optimal Cache Valley perennial yield strategy acceptably minimizes net annual non-pumping discharges. By comparison, multi-period 20-year transient groundwater mining optimizations allow more pumping in early years. Pumping then must decline to satisfy seepage and head constraints through year 20. Adverse seepage impact would increase for years thereafter. For situations governed by safe or perennial yield policy, equilibrium-based (steady-state) optimization is very useful. It effectively develops optimal perennial yield strategies.

Optimal perennial yield planning for complex nonlinear aquifers: methods and examples : S. Takahashi & R. C. Peralta, Advances in Water Resources, 18(1), 1995, pp 49–62

Optimal perennial yield planning for complex nonlinear aquifers: methods and examples : S. Takahashi & R. C. Peralta, Advances in Water Resources, 18(1), 1995, pp 49–62

Identification and comparison of perennial yield estimation models using Mt. Amiata aquifer (southern Tuscany, Italy) as an example : P. Barazzuoli, D. Rappuoli & M. Salleolini, Environmental Geology, 25(2), 1995, pp 86–99

Identification and comparison of perennial yield estimation models using Mt. Amiata aquifer (southern Tuscany, Italy) as an example : P. Barazzuoli, D. Rappuoli & M. Salleolini, Environmental Geology, 25(2), 1995, pp 86–99

Identification and comparison of perennial yield estimation models using Mt. Amiata Aquifer (southern Tuscany, Italy) as an example

With the principal aim of identifying and comparing suitable evaluation and forecasting models of perennial yield, detailed hydrogeological research was conducted on the cold phreatic aquifer located in the volcanites of Mount Amiata, southern Tuscany's most important water reservoir. The study was based on spring discharge, precipitation, and temperature data. It permitted the identification of the following models: (1) ratios between discharge values measured at the springs, (2) depletion urve analysis of the springs, (3) multiple regression with climatic data, and (4) water balance, coefficients of potential infiltration and runoff coefficients derived on a physiographic basis. Analysis of the results obtained using these models shows their excellent ability to forecast in the medium and long term; for short-term (yearly) forecasts, highly satisfactory results have been obtained for most of the methods used. With regard to Mt. Amiata's average perennial yield, it is estimated at 55×106 m3/yr (the maximum deviation among the various evaluations performed varies from 4 to 8 percent), and it presents a decreasing trend, which is proportional to the reduction of local precipitation.

Optimal perennial yield planning for complex nonlinear aquifers: Methods and examples

Optimal perennial groundwater yield pumping strategies were computed for a complex multilayer aquifer with: (i) confined and unconfined flow, and (ii) many flows typically described by piecewise-linear (nonsmooth) equations. The latter flows account for over 50% of the aquifer discharge from the test area, the eastern shore of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Normally utilized response matrix (RM) and embedding (EM) simulation/optimization modelling procedures did not converge to optimal solutions for this area; they diverged or oscillated. However, the newly presented linear RM and EM approaches satisfactorily addressed the nonlinearities posed by over 2000 piecewise-linear constraints for evapotranspiration, discharge from flowing wells, drain discharge, and vertical interlayer flow reduction due to desaturation of a confined aquifer. Both presented modelling approaches converged to the same optimal solution. Superposition was applied to the nonlinear problem by: making a cycle within the RM analogous to an iteration in a simulation model (such as MODFLOW); and using a modified MODFLOW to develop influence coefficients. The EM model contained about 40 000 nonzero elements and 12 000 single equations and variables, demonstrating its suitability for large scale planning.

Groundwater resource evaluation of the Kathmandu valley

This article briefly deals with the nature of the aquifers and total groundwater reserves of the Kathmandu Valley. It is attempted ·to evaluate and estimate the total groundwater resources in the Valley. Based on the present condition it is suggested to prevent over exploitation situation of groundwater resource and to increase the perennial yield through artificial methods of groundwater recharge.

Shallow seismic investigation for location and evaluation of groundwater reserves in the weathered mantles of the Basement Complex in southwestern Nigeria

This study revealed that the groundwater zones in the weathered mantles in the Basement Complex of southwestern Nigeria can be reliably located by the seismic refraction method. The water table and the weathering front were each detected as a distinct refracting horizon. A seismic velocity range of 820–1060 m/s was observed in the unsaturated weathered material above the water table. The zone of saturation has a velocity range of 1550–1740 m/s, while in the underlying weathering country-rocks the range is from 2840 to 3160 m/s. The depth to water table, the saturated zone thickness and the absolute depth of weathering were seismically determined with a high level of precision. The data acquired were statistically analyzed to establish the major geohydrological characteristics of the regoliths and to evaluate the groundwater storage in the overburden. The outstanding geohydrological features detected in the two study areas are: 1. (1) A widespread zone of saturation in the weathered mantle which implies a high success ratio for well-sinking programmes and which provides the evidence that baseflow from the regolith aquifers is a component of the main rivers' discharge. The basin-anddome weathering pattern, however, gives rise to locales of exceptionally thick ground-water zone. 2. (2) A direct relationship between saturated zone thickness and weathering depth which implies that water wells should penetrate the entire weathering profile to ensure maximum and perennial yields. 3. (3) Depth to water table significantly increases from the main river channels to the major water divides, a finding that conforms with an established geohydrological principle and which implies that the depths needed for wells at specific sites in the studied catchments can be reliably predicted in advance of the actual digging or drilling operations. 4. (4) A vast quantity of groundwater resources is stored in the regolith and as much as about 55% of the total storage is recoverable as well-water, baseflow in the main rivers, and as springwater.

Regional carbonate flow systems in Nevada

Carbonate rocks include some of the most extensive and productive aquifers in the world. In Nevada, the limited surface water supply has been extensively developed and most of the alluvial groundwater basins are used to the point of estimated perennial yield, thus are closed to further development. Based on the review of over 570 geologic/hydrologic references, 150 petroleum wildcat test-hole records, and cave and carbonate spring data it is believed that deep regional carbonate aquifers exist and that they are potentially favorable for development for water supplies. Approximately the eastern one-third of Nevada (105,000 km 2) is underlain by carbonate rock. Eastern Nevada lies within the miogeosynclinal belt of the cordilleran geosyncline, in which 9,000–12,000 m of marine sediments accumulated during the Precambrian and Paleozoic. Two major periods of deformation have affected the region. Cave, wildcat well and carbonate spring data indicate that the Cambrian and Devonian carbonate strata may generally have the highest permeability. Water quality at depth in general ranges between 300 and 600 mg/l TDS. A “Phase II” project has been designed to further these investigations and will increase our understanding of large regional carbonate aquifers in the Great Basin.

Weed suppression in high density sowings of lupins

Abstract In two August-sown experiments weeds were effectively suppressed in Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop densities above 50 plants/m2. Shading by shade cloth or high leaf area (LAI = 7) in medium and high densities reduced growth of weeds. In an October-sown experiment annual and perennial weed yield was higher than in the August experiments, but weeds did not reduce lupin seed yield. Weeds that did develop in low lupin density plots occurred after flowering had ceased. Unicrop seed yield in the earlier sowing reached a maximum of 575 g/m2 at densities above 100 lupin plants/m2, but the later sowing yielded less (227 g/m2).

Hydrogeology of Desert Basinsa

ABSTRACTHydrologic systems in arid lands normally include a recharge area in mountains and a discharge area in lowlands often with an intermediate area of lateral flow between recharge and discharge areas. This system is often modified by local geologic, climatic, and physiographic factors. Most water‐supply, contamination and disposal problems arise from a combination of features superimposed on this system by concentration of population and agricultural activity in the discharge areas. Also most of our data on the system comes from the lowlands and little data is available from the recharge areas.In the Great Basin two general categories of ground‐water flow systems are recognized: (1) local flow systems where drainage areas are usually small, flow paths are relatively short, interbasin flow is uncommon, springs have large fluctuations in discharge, water temperature is low, and concentration of Na, K, Cl, and SO4 is low, and (2) regional flow systems, where drainage areas are large, flow paths long, interbasin flow common, springs have large discharge, and the water is characteristically of higher temperature and contains higher concentrations of K, Na, Cl, and SO4. Hydrologic approaches used, in addition to conventional methods, include hydrologic budget, water‐potential, and water‐chemistry studies. Although detailed delineation of most flow systems in Nevada has not been accomplished, integration of hydrologic, geologic, and chemical methods allow approximate portrayal of many systems, both local and regional.Adequate methods upon which to base planning for optimum development of water resources in desert basins are now available. A conceptual model of optimal ground‐water reservoir development illustrates how to determine optimum use of storage and perennial yield provided the use to which the water is to be put and the time of withdrawal are known.

Depletion of flow in right‐angle stream bends by steady wells

The flow of a stream that is hydraulically connected to an aquifer can be reduced considerably by nearby pumping wells. Pumping such wells will either increase the infiltration from the nearby streams or decrease the natural groundwater flow that would have discharged into the streams if the wells had not been pumped, or effect both processes at the same time. The depletion of the stream flow is an increase to the perennial yield of the sand. Consequently, greater supplies of water can be obtained than would be available as groundwater alone in such systems. Natural as well as artificial streams meeting at approximately right angles are not uncommon in nature. Irrigation and drainage canals, and streams having a trellis drainage pattern, are examples of such an occurrence. Wells for domestic as well as for irrigation use are often installed near such streams. Rational estimates of the rate of depleting such streams by the nearby pumping wells are therefore of practical interest. Formulas for estimating the rate and volume of stream depletion in such systems are developed in terms of extensively tabulated functions.

Geologic and Hydrologic Factors in the Perennial Yield of the Biscayne Aquifer

Geologic and Hydrologic Factors in the Perennial Yield of the Biscayne Aquifer

Geologic and Hydrologic Factors Affecting Perennial Yield of Aquifers

Journal AWWAVolume 43, Issue 10 p. 803-816 Article Geologic and Hydrologic Factors Affecting Perennial Yield of Aquifers V. T. Stringfield, V. T. StringfieldSearch for more papers by this authorH. H. Cooper Jr., H. H. Cooper Jr.Search for more papers by this author V. T. Stringfield, V. T. StringfieldSearch for more papers by this authorH. H. Cooper Jr., H. H. Cooper Jr.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1951 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1951.tb19031.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume43, Issue10October 1951Pages 803-816 RelatedInformation