Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Stenting Research Articles

Outcomes After First-time Lower Extremity Revascularization for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients

Historically, open surgical bypass provided a durable repair among diabetic patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). In the current endovascular era, however, the difference in long-term outcomes between first-time revascularization strategies among patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is poorly understood. We reviewed all patients with IDDM undergoing a first-time infrainguinal bypass graft (BPG) or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting (PTA/S) for CLTI at our institution from 2005 to 2014. We defined IDDM as insulin administration at baseline to control blood glucose levels. We compared rates of wound healing, restenosis, reintervention, major amputation, and mortality between BPG and PTA/S using χ2, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analyses. As a sensitivity analysis, we calculated propensity scores and employed inverse probability weighting to account for nonrandom assignment to BPG vs PTA/S. Of 2869 infrainguinal revascularizations from 2005 to 2014, there were 703 limbs (343 BPG, 361 PTA/S) in 682 patients that fit our criteria. BPG patients, compared with PTA/S patients, were similar in age (69 vs 68 years; P = .51), rates of tissue loss (87% vs 91%; P = .055), and dialysis dependence (25% vs 28%; P = .34); they were less likely to be hypertensive (84% vs 93%; P < .01) and more likely to be current smokers (21% vs 14%; P = .02). There were no differences between BPG and PTA/S in mean hemoglobin A1c levels (7.9 vs 8.0; P = .52) or mean fasting blood glucose levels (152 vs 156; P = .47). Perioperative complications did not differ, including acute kidney injury (20% vs 23%; P = .26), hematoma (7.3% vs 4.2%; P = .07), acute myocardial infarction (1.5% vs 2.2%; P = .46), and mortality (3.8% vs 2.8%; P = .45). Unadjusted 6-month rates of incomplete wound healing (51% vs 59%) and 5-year rates of restenosis (48% vs 64%) and reintervention (49% vs 60%) were all significantly higher after PTA/S (P < .05; Table). After adjustment, multivariable analysis suggested PTA/S-first intervention to be significantly associated with higher risk of restenosis (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4) and reintervention (2.0 [1.3-3.0]); these results remained robust after inverse probability weighting. Among patients with CLTI, IDDM is associated with a high risk of adverse events. Ultimately, our data suggest that a bypass-first approach may best serve appropriately selected, anatomically suitable patients within this vulnerable population.TableFive-year outcomes of lower extremity revascularization for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)BPG (n = 342), %PTA/S (n = 361), %Log-rank P valueAdjusted P valueaIncomplete wound healing (6 months)5159.01.35Restenosis4864<.01.02Reintervention4960.04<.01Major amputation2827.99.90RAS events6976<.001<.001Major adverse limb events4432.21.21Mortality6471.10.20BPG, Bypass graft; PTA/S, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting; RAS, revascularization, major amputation, or stenosis.aAdjusted for procedure year, race, sex, age, coronary artery disease, hypertension, dialysis dependence, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ambulatory status, indication for intervention, history of smoking, femoropopliteal TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) class, tibial TASC class. Open table in a new tab

Reduced CMRO₂ and cerebrovascular reserve in patients with severe intracranial arterial stenosis: a combined multiparametric qBOLD oxygenation and BOLD fMRI study.

Multiparametric quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent (mqBOLD) magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) approach allows mapping tissular oxygen saturation (StO2 ) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2 ). To identify hemodynamic alteration related to severe intracranial arterial stenosis (SIAS), functional MRI of cerebrovascular reserve (CVR BOLD fMRI) to hypercapnia has been proposed. Diffusion imaging suggests chronic low grade ischemia in patients with impaired CVR. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how oxygen parameters (StO2 and CMRO2 ), assessed with mqBOLD approach, correlate with CVR in patients (n = 12) with SIAS and without arterial occlusion. The perfusion (dynamic susceptibility contrast), oxygenation, and CVR were compared. The MRI protocol conducted at 3T lasted approximately 1 h. Regions of interest measures on maps were delineated on segmented gray matter (GM) of middle cerebral artery territories. We have shown that decreased CVR is spatially associated with decreased CMRO2 in GM of patients with SIAS. Further, the degree of ipsilateral CVR reduction was well-correlated with the amplitude of the CMRO2 deficit. The altered CMRO2 suggests the presence of a moderate ischemia explained by both a decrease in perfusion and in CVR. CVR and mqBOLD method may be helpful in the selection of patients with SIAS to advocate for medical therapy or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty-stenting.

Results for primary bypass versus primary angioplasty/stent for intermittent claudication due to superficial femoral artery occlusive disease

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ± stent (PTA/S) and surgical bypass are both accepted treatments for claudication due to superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease. However, long-term results comparing these modalities for primary intervention in patients who have had no prior intervention have not been reported. We report our results with 3-year follow-up. We reviewed all lower extremity bypass procedures at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from 2001 through 2009 and all PTA/S performed from 2005 through 2009 for claudication. We excluded all limb salvage procedures and included only those that were undergoing their first intervention for claudication due to SFA disease. We recorded patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative medications, TASC classification, and runoff. Outcomes included complications, restenosis, symptom recurrence, reinterventions, major amputation, and mortality. We identified 113 bypass grafts and 105 PTA/S of femoral-popliteal lesions without prior interventions. Bypasses were above the knee in 62% (45% vein) and below the knee in 38% (100% vein). Mean age was 63 (bypass) versus 69 (PTA/S; P < .01). Mean length of stay (LOS) was 3.9 versus 1.2 days (P < .01). Bypass grafts were used less for TASC A (17% vs 40%; P < .01) and more for TASC C (36% vs 11%; P < .01) and TASC D (13% vs 3%; P < .01) lesions. There were no differences in perioperative (2% vs 0%; not significant [NS]) or 3-year mortality (9% vs 8%; NS). Wound infection was higher with bypass (16% vs 0%; P < .01). None involved grafts. Bypass showed improved freedom from restenosis (73% vs 42% at 3 years; hazard ratio [HR], 0.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], .23-.71), symptom recurrence (70% and 36% at 3 years; HR, 0.37; 95% CI, .2-.56), and freedom from symptoms at last follow-up (83% vs 49%; HR, 0.18; 95% CI, .08-.40). There was no difference in freedom from reintervention (77% vs 66% at 3 years; NS). Multivariable analysis of all patients showed that restenosis was predicted by PTA/S (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.4) and TASC D (HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 3.5-9) lesions. Recurrence of symptoms was similarly predicted by PTA/S (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.8-5) and TASC D lesions (HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-7). Statin use postoperatively was predictive of patency (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, .35-.97) and freedom from recurrent symptoms (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, .36-.93). Surgical bypass for the primary treatment of claudication showed improved freedom from restenosis and symptom relief despite treatment of more extensive disease, but was associated with increased LOS and wound infection. Statins improved freedom from restenosis and symptom recurrence overall.

Change in Practice Patterns of an Academic Division of Vascular Surgery

Technological advances have required that faculty of academic divisions of vascular surgery acquire new technical skills and significantly alter their past clinical practice patterns. Retrospective medical record review. An academic tertiary referral center and a community teaching hospital. All patients undergoing 10 specific vascular procedures during a 5-year period. We analyzed volumes for 10 specific open and endovascular index procedures performed by 5 vascular surgeons during a 60-month period. Procedures reviewed included open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, carotid endarterectomy, carotid artery stent, suprainguinal arterial reconstruction, suprainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stent (PTA/S), infrainguinal arterial reconstruction, infrainguinal PTA/S, renal and visceral arterial reconstruction, and renal and visceral PTA/S. In-hospital length of stay was compared between open procedures and their endovascular counterparts. In 2000, 453 open and 44 endovascular index procedures were performed. In contrast, by 2005, open index cases had decreased by 47.0% (239) and endovascular index cases had increased by 679.5% (299). Open abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs had decreased by 54.5% (68 vs 31), carotid endarterectomies by 28.8% (139 vs 99), suprainguinal arterial reconstructions by 47.5% (40 vs 21), infrainguinal arterial reconstructions by 56.5% (186 vs 81), and renal/visceral arterial reconstructions by 65.0% (20 vs 7). In 2005, 62 endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs and 45 carotid stents were performed, whereas none were performed in 2000. In addition, infrainguinal PTA/S had increased by 675.0% (12 vs 81) and suprainguinal PTA/S by 20.0% (20 vs 24). Although the total number of procedures performed has remained relatively constant, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of endovascular procedures as well as an associated decline in the number of open procedures. This change in practice pattern has allowed the members of our division to maintain a significant role in the care of patients undergoing vascular surgery, as evidenced by stable overall procedural volume. This will provide a platform for future outcome-related analyses of open vs endovascular procedures performed within a single specialty group.

Iliac artery stenosis proximal to a kidney transplant: clinical findings, duplex-sonographic criteria, treatment, and outcome.

Stenosis of the iliac segment proximal to the transplant renal artery (Prox-TRAS) is an uncommon cause of graft dysfunction and hypertension. We assessed the role of duplex sonography (DS) in regard to clinical and angiographic findings and followed the patients after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), PTA stenting (PTAS), or surgery. From January 1988 to August 2001, 97 of 1,064 kidney recipients underwent angiography for clinical or Doppler-sonographic suspicion of vascular problems. Kidney function, blood pressure, medication, and DS findings after renal transplantation (RTx) at the time of diagnosis of Prox-TRAS and after treatment were evaluated. Prox-TRAS was diagnosed in 16 patients (1.5%) (49.6+/-6.9 years). Four patients demonstrated early presentation of Prox-TRAS 1 to 7 days after RTx (group A), leading to acute renal failure but without hypertension. In all patients, DS revealed pulsus parvus et tardus, low pulsatility index (PI) (<1.0), and a pathologic flow profile in the iliac artery proximal and distal to the graft. After treatment (surgery in two patients, PTA in one patient, PTAS in one patient), all patients developed good renal function (creatinine 1.7+/-0.9 mg/dL). PI increased from 0.9+/-0.1 to 1.2+/-0.1 (P=0.04), and flow profile within the iliac artery distal to the graft normalized. Late presentation (3-209 months after RTx) of Prox-TRAS was observed in 12 patients (group B), causing an increase of creatinine in 11 patients (two patients receiving dialysis treatments), impairment of blood pressure (141+/-15 and 80.7+/-7 to 160+/-18 and 85+/-7 mm Hg, P=0.009), and an increase in antihypertensive drugs (2.1+/-1.1 and 4.3+/-1, P=0.003) in all patients. The PI was decreased when compared with values early after RTx (1.6+/-0.4 to 1.2+/-0.3, P=0.007), and flow profile in the iliac artery was pathologic. All patients except one were managed by surgery (n=6), PTA (n=1), or PTAS (n=4). Creatinine (2.7+/-1.4 to 1.8+/-0.4 mg/dL, P=0.02) and blood pressure (160+/-18/85+/-7 mm Hg to 138+/-7/82+/-9, P=0.018) improved. Antihypertensive drugs were reduced to 2.8+/-0.8 (P=0.01). PI increased from 1.2+/-0.3 to 1.9+/-0.5 (P=0.01). Flow profile within the iliac artery distal to the graft anastomosis normalized. Kidney function, blood pressure, and PI remained unchanged during follow-up (82+/-69.9 months) in both groups. Prox-TRAS is rare. Because clinical symptoms are similar to those of transplant renal artery stenosis, DS is a valuable tool for diagnosis and follow-up for this type of vascular lesion. Selective treatment with PTA, PTAS, or surgery improves kidney function and hypertension.