Perception Of Truth Research Articles

ChatGPT Virtual Assistant for Breast Reconstruction: Assessing Preferences for a Traditional Chatbot versus a Human AI VideoBot.

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have reshaped telehealth, with AI chatbots like Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) showing promise in various medical applications. ChatGPT is capable of offering basic patient education on procedures in plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS), yet the preference between human AI VideoBots and traditional chatbots in plastic and reconstructive surgery remains unexplored. We developed a VideoBot by integrating ChatGPT with Synthesia, a human AI avatar video platform. The VideoBot was then integrated into Tolstoy to create an interactive experience that answered four of the most asked questions related to breast reconstruction. We used Zapier to develop a ChatGPT-integrated chatbot. A 16-item survey adapted from the 2005 validated measurement of online trust by Corritore et al was distributed online to female participants via Amazon Mechanical Turk. A total of 396 responses were gathered. Participants were 18 to 64 years old. Perceptions of truthfulness, believability, content expertise, ease of use, and safety were similar between the VideoBot and chatbot. Most participants preferred the VideoBot compared with the traditional chatbot (63.5% versus 28.1%), as they found it more captivating than the text-based chatbot. Of the participants, 77% would have preferred to see someone who they identified with in terms of gender and race. Both the VideoBot and text-based chatbot show comparable effectiveness, usability, and trust. Nonetheless, the VideoBot's human-like qualities enhance interactivity. Future research should explore the impact of race and gender concordance in telehealth to provide a more personalized experience for patients.

Repetition increases belief in climate-skeptical claims, even for climate science endorsers.

Does repeated exposure to climate-skeptic claims influence their acceptance as true, even among climate science endorsers? Research with general knowledge claims shows that repeated exposure to a claim increases its perceived truth when it is encountered again. However, motivated cognition research suggests that people primarily endorse what they already believe. Across two experiments, climate science endorsers were more likely to believe claims that were consistent with their prior beliefs, but repeated exposure increased perceptions of truth for climate-science and climate-skeptic claims to a similar extent. Even counter-attitudinal claims benefit from previous exposure, highlighting the insidious effect of repetition.

The fiction of identity: veridiction and the contract of attention in the Netflix show Clickbait

The article utilises the analysis of the Netflix show Clickbait to explore cultural shifts in the standard logic of veridiction, which seem to break with the Greimasian model of veridictory modalities to welcome diverse procedures –such as faire semblant and authentication– governing the communication and perception of truth. Rather than a problem affecting only discourses, I aim to argue that the production of subjective identities, both in the physical world and mediated contexts, is also impacted by this change in our relationship with signs. By presenting a dialogue between theories concerned with traditional and emerging mechanisms related to veridiction, the article offers a reflection on the production and deployment of identity, and the blurring of lines between reality, unreality, and fiction, which produces simulacral dynamics shifting the goal of interactions from a sanction- to an attention-oriented model.

Conform and Oppose through Numbers: Quantifying Hybrid Organizations at the International Cooperative Alliance

AbstractCollectives of hybrid organizations have emerged with the aim of promoting the plural goals and values embodied by their member organizations. Doing so, however, often requires simultaneous conformity and opposition to dominant institutional norms, such as those underlying mainstream market activity. We examine how hybrid collectives navigate this ‘conform‐and‐oppose’ tension as they seek to promote their members' hybrid form through quantification – i.e., the use of numbers to label, count, and describe members. Analyzing the case of the International Cooperative Alliance, we identify four interrelated dimensions (valorization, validity, reactivity, and retroaction) through which a hybrid collective can harness quantification to manage differing commitments to market and social goals and values within and beyond the collective – a process we name formative quantification. Core to this process are two filtering mechanisms – validity searching and values queuing – through which a hybrid collective integrates stakeholder perceptions of truth (validity) and value (valorization) to navigate hybrid tensions. Our work extends theory on hybrid tension management to the inter‐organizational level, while shifting the view of organizational quantification from a tool of conformity‐enhancing evaluation towards a collective search for numbers that both conform to and oppose taken‐for‐granted norms.

Character development over happiness: the aesthetic foundation of John Stuart Mill’s philosophy of education

Abstract Despite the many interpretive disputes regarding John Stuart Mill’s philosophy of education, there is wide agreement that Mill saw education as the most necessary and significant means of promoting human happiness. I challenge this view by claiming that Mill belongs to a broad philosophical trend of his time that rejected the conception of human nature that stands at the foundation of the modern ideal of happiness according to which human freedom is expressed in the autonomous pursuit of self-satisfaction. Instead, he embraced an understanding of humans as unique beings whose freedom is expressed in the development of original characters. I argue that the change in Mill’s perception of truth that occurred during his mental crisis led him to understand these processes as open—they are not subject to any static or universal purpose since freedom is understood as the ability of individuals to alter their purposes according to the internal changes they experience. My claim regarding the negation of happiness in Mill’s thought provides an answer to the question, largely neglected in the literature, of why, unlike many thinkers associated with the tradition to which he belonged, he chose not to elucidate the operative steps necessary to promote happiness in a book dedicated to education. I conclude by claiming that his use of the utilitarian lexicon is not accidental and does not reveal internal contradictions, but is a tactical move intended to enable the optimal conditions for creating significant change in people.

Artificially disinformed and radicalised: How AI produced disinformation could encourage radicalisation

Key digested messageThe rapid advancements in artificial intelligence technologies have enhanced the ability for individuals who want to generate a substantial amount of seemingly genuine discussions, images and/or videos that are tailored to promote specific narratives. Unfortunately, this advancement has also provided a valuable tool for actors who seek to promote potentially harmful ideologies and share disinformation to large online audiences. By leveraging AI, these individuals can significantly enhance their recruitment efforts and bolster their perceived credibility, by producing seemingly legitimate but artificially fabricated evidence that supports their proposed narrative. This pressing issue is discussed in terms of its potentially negative consequences on the encouragement of radicalisation in users exposed to this artificially produced disinformation. Not only does it pose a risk to the integrity of people’s perception of truth, but it also has the potential to exacerbate the likelihood of radicalisation occurring.

Preispitivanje narativnih svojstava i dogmatskog shvatanja zida – doprinos shvatanju liminalnosti arhitekture u zrcalu forme i strukture / Review of the Narrative Properties and Dogmatic Understanding of the Wall – a Contribution to Understanding the Architecture’s Liminality Through the Mirror of Form and Structure

Architecture has the role to mediate communication and fabrication of perception of truth and dogmas of a society in certain space and time, and the wall, as the most accessible element, plays a significant role in this process as the bearer of the symbolic-representational function of architecture, thus overcoming its tectonic definition. The position of the wall at the interface of intention of blocking and permeating socio-spatial flows within the urbo-architectural ensemble makes it a liminal artifact subject to multiple interpretations. For this reason, numerous aspects of recognized binding narratives – protection, communication, marking and memory – were examined, indicating the existence of transcendence of the idea and concept of sanctity throughout the history of construction. Goal of this paper is to examine the existence of relationship between the inherent liminality of the wall and the type of narrative that men define responding to recognized liminality, that is, the origin of man’s need for enclosure – for barriers that are the product of seeking and creating sense and meaning in truths and dogmas. One of the answers lies in theological philosophy as the cause of structural dogmas in architecture, which through a metaphorical expression based on the subjective pathological dogmatism of the religious conception of the world can realize a literal collective interpretation through the artefact of the wall.

The Problematic Criticism of the Post-Truth Pro-Iraq War Discourse in Gregory Burke’s Black Watch

Changing parameters in people’s perception of truth have taken on a different dimension, especially in the last century. The consideration of a person’s emotional connection to an idea, instead of objective truths, in accepting an opinion as true has led to the emergence of the concept of post-truth. Before and during the 2003 Iraq War, politicians, opinion leaders, civilians and state institutions tried to guide people through emotional manipulation through post-truth discourses. In the field of art, this situation is criticized in the plays written about the war. For instance, Gregory Burke exposes the post-truth discourse of the military institution in his play Black Watch. The historical and contemporary figures he creates in the play mislead soldiers by talking about the virtue of fighting. The discourses they use for this purpose are generally shaped around dreams of heroism, fame, wealth and charisma. They persuade people to fight by making ostentatious promises, but the only things war brings are death and psychological destruction. Burke vividly depicts the dangers the soldiers face in Iraq and the disappointments they experience upon returning home. However, he also criticizes the military institution for its pro-war post-truth narratives by utilizing a post-truth discourse himself. Since he takes an anti-war stance, he is not objective in his depictions and narratives. Due to this contradiction, the playwright’s criticism has a self-contradictory structure. Based on this argument, this article first analyses how the post-truth discourse of the military institution is revealed in the play, and then how the counter-arguments are similarly imposed by the playwright, and claims that the writer’s challenge with post-truth is problematic.

Student growth, qualities, and abilities in developing religious ideals from childhood. Which approach works?

It is well recognized that introducing religious principles during early life is crucial as it has the potential to impact and mould a child's perception of truth. Children possess the capacity to engage in two distinct cognitive processes when considering matters of morality and truth, which vary depending on the level of the child's developmental maturity. The purpose of this article is to delineate the process of imparting religious principles during early life, both within the family setting and early childhood education institutions. The study employed a descriptive qualitative methodology, which involved reviewing pertinent literature from the past decade (2013-2023), including theses, dissertations, and papers indexed by SINTA or Scopus. The research data consists of excerpts extracted from sentences found in diverse literature, which depict the incorporation of religious beliefs during early life. The data was acquired through the utilization of reading and note-taking methodologies. After being gathered, the data was examined using descriptive methodologies. The study's findings indicate that prior research on the introduction of religious ideals throughout early life has reported inconsistent results. Typically, young children are taught Aqidah principles, religious values, and moral standards that are tailored to their growth, traits, and capabilities. These religious ideals are imparted through the means of exemplification, habituation, parables, storytelling, and discourse.

Free speech versus defence of the nation? The media as sources of national insecurity in Ukraine

ABSTRACT The media can cause concern in the context of national security: they are described as potential tools and targets of attack that can be “weaponised”, and as a space where “information war” is waged. Governments may try to block media that are deemed a security threat, but the rationale for taking such an action deserves careful consideration, given the tension between media restrictions and the democratic principle of free speech. This article scrutinises the security rationale for restrictions imposed by Ukraine on Russian and “pro-Russian” media from 2014. When justifying restrictions, Ukrainian officials highlighted the threat of media content both distorting perceptions of reality and weakening the foundations of Ukrainian nationhood. We, therefore, analyse survey data to investigate whether the use of the banned media was associated with variation in Ukrainian citizens’ perceptions of truth and national values. We find that the use of the banned media was linked to mistaken beliefs about the veracity of news headlines, both true and false; it was also associated with lower support for democracy in Ukraine (a key national constitutional value). This evidence from the Ukrainian case informs our discussion about the media’s impact on national (in)security and rationales for media restrictions in democratic contexts more broadly.

The Concept of Scientific and Religious Truth (Case Study of Scientific and Religious Truth in Setu Wetan Village)

This research aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of perceptions of truth in the community of Setu Wetan Village, especially in a religious context, and how this view influences the way they seek the truth. The research was conducted in the setting of a district in Cirebon Regency. Primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with the people of Setu Wetan Village as the main respondents. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture to the reader. The results of the analysis show that science has an inseparable role in the lives of religious communities in the village. Therefore, the development of education and knowledge is very important in improving the quality of life of the people in the Village. The research provides insights into the perceptions of truth in the community of Setu Wetan Village and how it influences their way of seeking the truth. The study emphasizes the importance of science and education in the lives of religious communities in the village. The research also highlights the relevance of local knowledge and wisdom in disaster management in Indonesia.

There is an ‘I’ in truth: How salient identities shape dynamic perceptions of truth

AbstractThis research examined the hypothesis that people judge as true those claims aligned with the normative content of their salient social identities. In Experiment 1a, participants’ social identities were manipulated by assigning them to ‘inductive‐thinker’ and ‘intuitive‐thinker’ groups. Participants subsequently made truth judgements about aphorisms randomly associated with ‘science’ and ‘popular wisdom’. Those with salient inductive‐thinker social identities judged science‐based claims as more truthful than popular wisdom‐based claims to a greater extent than those with salient intuitive‐thinker social identities. Experiment 1b was a preregistered replication, with additional conditions eliminating an alternative semantic‐priming explanation. In Experiment 2, American Conservatives and Liberals judged as more true claims associated with the ideological content of their social identities. This difference was attenuated through a manipulation that framed participants as more moderate than they had originally indicated. Overall, these experiments suggest an identity‐truth malleability, such that making salient specific social identities can lead to related perceptions of truth normatively aligned with those identities.

The Big Short's Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

<i>The Big Short</i>'s Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

The Multiverse: A Unique Movement towards Absolute Truth

There is a distinct relationship between the multiverse theory and the perception of truth when viewed through the lens of German Idealism. At their core, both theories are concerned with movement, or a constant state of flux. This paper draws two analogies between the multiverse theory and German Idealism. First, Kant’s theory of “the thing-in-itself” is posited as a rejection of the idea of a unified universe. Second, similarities are drawn between how the multiverse can be seen as layers of shifting reality and Hegel’s description of the road towards truth, which is filled with movements toward negation and advancement. Finally, the paper discusses how these analogies constitute a critique of scientism: the multiverse theory, as well as German Idealism’s concept of truth, both stand in direct contrast to how modernity places dogmatic and exaggerated trust in empirical science.

Analyzing Biases in Perception of Truth in News Stories and Their Implications for Fact Checking

Misinformation on social media has become a critical problem, particularly during a public health pandemic. Most social platforms today rely on users’ voluntary reports to determine which news stories to fact-check first. Despite the importance, no prior work has explored the potential biases in such a reporting process. This work proposes a novel methodology to assess how users perceive truth or misinformation in online news stories. By conducting a large-scale survey ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N =15$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 000), we identify the possible biases in news perceptions and explore how partisan leanings influence the news selection algorithm for fact checking. Our survey reveals several perception biases or inaccuracies in estimating the truth level of stories. The first kind, called the total perception bias (TPB), is the aggregate difference in the ground truth and perceived truth level. The next two are the false-positive bias (FPB) and false-negative bias (FNB), which measures users’ gullibility and cynicality of a given claim. We also propose ideological mean perception bias (IMPB), which quantifies a news story’s ideological disputability. Collectively, these biases indicate that user perceptions are not correlated with the ground truth of new stories; users believe some stories to be more false and vice versa. This calls for the need to fact-check news stories that exhibit the most considerable perception biases first, which the current voluntary reporting does not offer. Based on these observations, we propose a new framework that can best leverage users’ truth perceptions to remove false stories, correct misperceptions of users, or decrease ideological disagreements. We discuss how this new prioritizing scheme can aid platforms to significantly reduce the impact of fake news on user beliefs.

The effects of repetition spacing on the illusory truth effect

The illusory truth effect refers to the fact that repetition increases perceptions of truth. In these experiments, we examined whether the magnitude of the illusory truth effect varies based upon repetition spacing. In Experiment 1, participants read facts that repeated twice, with a lag of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 intervening facts. Participants later rated the truthfulness of these facts in addition to new facts. Here, we observed a spacing effect: Truth ratings were higher when repetitions were spaced (i.e., lags of 1 through 32) rather than massed (i.e., lag of 0). We also observed a lag effect that followed a quadratic pattern: Truth ratings increased up to a lag of 16, after which they decreased. In Experiment 2 we tested whether the spacing effect in truth ratings depends upon the number of repetitions. In Experiment 2a we used a small number of repetitions (2, 3, or 4) and short lag lengths (0, 1, or 2). In Experiment 2b, we increased the number of repetitions (2 or 10) and the lag lengths (0 or 10). In Experiment 2a there was an illusory truth effect, but its magnitude did not depend upon lag length or repetition number. However, in Experiment 2b the magnitude of the illusory truth effect increased as lag length and repetition number increased, but there was no interaction between these two factors. Together, these findings show that repetition is most likely to increase perceived truth when repetitions are spaced with a moderate number of intervening items.

The E-truth. Changes in the Perception of Truth under the Impact of Cyberspace

The changes regarding the perception of reality under the impact of the development of information technologies also determined the conceptual rethinking of the truth. In this article we briefly follow the limits of the epistemic integration of the cyberspace, the need to develop new methodological perspectives and introduce a new concept of synthesis: the e-truth. It is viewed from the perspective of seeking truth in relation to data processing, computational simulation, AI and VR development. This research must be performed from the perspective of the epistemic-ontic correspondence using a positivist methodology correlated to the cyberspace (e-positivism). Finally, we briefly review the construction of the e-truth within the context of the pandemic caused by Covid 19.

CONCEPTUAL GENDER ANALYSIS OF GENDER MARKED PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AND PROVERBS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Interdisciplinary approach is one of the important features of gender analysis as it can be studied in any field of science. The study of a language as an object of intercultural communication and the problems of the interdependence of a language, culture, and consciousness are of great importance in linguistics. The study deals with the general concept of phraseological units, which is reflected in the expression of the linguocultural means that arise in social events and serve for the specific national communicative process of society, both of which illuminate the national-cultural values of society the people. Indeed, a comparative analysis of gender in phraseological units based on cognitive and linguocultural approaches provides an opportunity for a linguistic analysis of the national mentality specifics to a particular society. The study of the national-cultural problems in the phraseological system can be explained by the attention and interest in the problem of “Language and Culture” in recent years, as well as the development of modern linguistics in the anthropological paradigm. Given the close connection of a language with a human being, the need to apply the theory of anthropological linguistics to the phraseological system, aimed at studying his/her consciousness, worldview, spiritual and practical activities, is natural and important. Although the gender analysis of phraseology and proverbs of the Uzbek language enables us to observe the peculiarities of androcentrism, weakening androcentrism during the study suggests that masculinity does not completely prevail in the phraseological layer of the language. In phraseology, the superiority of a negative value over a positive one can be attributed not to the gender factor but the perception of truth by humanity, it is accepted as a positive norm, so it is not fully reflected in the language. The negative features are expressed in a language as an unacceptable norm in society.

The Evolution of Post-Postmodernism: Aesthetics of Reality and Trust in Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections and Freedom

This study aims to find out how literature moves from the postmodern thought, flourished until the 1990s, to the post-postmodern phenomenon. The study traces the evolution of this new phase as depicted in Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections (2001) and Freedom (2010). It proposes these two works as examples of how over the past two decades, literature shifted from postmodernist fiction’s irony and skepticism that presents novels as “literature of emergency” to ethical objectivism and neo-realism (Franzen, 2002, p. 258). The purpose of the study is twofold. Firstly, it examines Franzen’s deployment of elements such as the subjective perception of truth, self-restraint, control, and knowledge, which he utilizes to understand reality. Secondly, it explores his employment of narrative tools (e.g., omniscient narrator, metafiction, intertextual dialogue) against postmodern fragmentation and deconstruction. By doing so, Franzen, this study demonstrates, reflects post-postmodernism’s core realist ideas that stress pragmatic interactions with the characters and readers’ cognizance of reality and encourage engagement with the narrative’s language to rework the novel’s social and cultural authority. These post-postmodern narratives reference fictional texts, real-life people, and authentic historical events that exemplify various models, simulations, and patterns of reality within and beyond the text, creating a mediated experience that enables communication with and understanding reality.

Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts

Both liberals and conservatives believe that using facts in political discussions helps to foster mutual respect, but 15 studies-across multiple methodologies and issues-show that these beliefs are mistaken. Political opponents respect moral beliefs more when they are supported by personal experiences, not facts. The respect-inducing power of personal experiences is revealed by survey studies across various political topics, a field study of conversations about guns, an analysis of YouTube comments from abortion opinion videos, and an archival analysis of 137 interview transcripts from Fox News and CNN. The personal experiences most likely to encourage respect from opponents are issue-relevant and involve harm. Mediation analyses reveal that these harm-related personal experiences increase respect by increasing perceptions of rationality: everyone can appreciate that avoiding harm is rational, even in people who hold different beliefs about guns, taxes, immigration, and the environment. Studies show that people believe in the truth of both facts and personal experiences in nonmoral disagreement; however, in moral disagreements, subjective experiences seem truer (i.e., are doubted less) than objective facts. These results provide a concrete demonstration of how to bridge moral divides while also revealing how our intuitions can lead us astray. Stretching back to the Enlightenment, philosophers and scientists have privileged objective facts over experiences in the pursuit of truth. However, furnishing perceptions of truth within moral disagreements is better accomplished by sharing subjective experiences, not by providing facts.