Perceptions Of Parental Practices Research Articles

The Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Practices and Anxiety in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

BackgroundPatients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and their parents face challenges throughout their lives that can lead to anxiety lasting into adulthood. We aim to assess the association between perceived parenting practices and anxiety beyond paediatric medical-surgical histories in adults with CHD. MethodsA cross-sectional study of adults with CHD was conducted at the Montréal Heart Institute (MHI). Perception of parental practices during childhood was retrospectively assessed with the use of validated self-report questionnaires, and anxiety in adulthood was assessed with the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Sociodemographic and medical information were collected from a questionnaire and medical records. Hierarchic multiple linear regression was conducted. ResultsOf the 223 participants, the mean age was 46 ± 14 years and 59% were female. Perceived parenting practices explained more variance (11%) in the anxiety score than paediatric medical-surgical history (2%). In our final model, anxiety was significantly associated with age, parental history of anxiety, and positive parenting practices, but not with overprotection. ConclusionsParenting practices are associated with anxiety in adults with CHD beyond paediatric medical-surgical history and sociodemographic. Positive parenting practices may be protective against anxiety in adulthood. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine causality.

Explaining the "parenting - callous-unemotional traits - antisocial behavior" axis in early adolescence: The role of affiliative reward.

In explaining the "parenting - callous-unemotional traits - antisocial behavior" axis, recent theoretical advances postulate a critical role for affiliative reward. Existing empirical studies focus on early childhood and the appetitive phase of the reward process (i.e. affiliation-seeking behavior) rather than the consummatory phase (i.e. affective rewards). This study focuses on experienced affiliative reward (i.e. companionship, intimacy, affection, and worth) in relation to parents and best friends in early adolescence. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, Network of Relationships Inventory, Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits, and Youth Self Report were completed by 1132 12-year-olds and analyzed via structural equation models. In this cross-sectional sample, parent-related affiliative reward mediated the path from perceived parenting practices to callousness and further to aggression and rule-breaking. Parent-related affiliative reward was also related to uncaring traits and further to aggression and rule-breaking. In contrast, friend-related affiliative reward was not a mediator in this theoretical causal chain and largely not related to perceived parenting practices or CU traits. Low parent-related experienced affiliative reward is a mechanism through which corporal punishment, poor monitoring, and low involvement translate into callousness, and therefore to aggression and rule-breaking. Friend-related affiliative reward does not yet play a role in early adolescence.

Parental practices and their association with alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in Chile.

Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use are common in Chile. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between perceived parenting practices and alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in a Latin American context. We adapted and implemented a substance use prevention strategy in Chile, which included surveys of tenth-grade students from six municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Santiago. We assessed the reliability and factorial structure of the parenting scale with 16 items, which formed part of the survey. We dichotomized parenting scores into high (above the median) and low. The association of parenting practices with alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents was assessed using multivariate multilevel regression models. A total of 7,538 tenth-grade students from 118 schools were included in the study. The 16-item scale of parenting practices showed good internal consistency (Omega total = 0.84), and three factors representing Relationship between parents and adolescents, Norms and monitoring, and Parents knowing their children's friends and the parents of their children's friends. High total scores of parenting were associated with lower odds of lifetime alcohol use (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.49-0.65), past-month alcohol use (OR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.57-0.70), lifetime drunkenness (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.58-0.72), and lifetime cannabis use (OR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.47-0.61). Above median scores on each parenting subscale were associated with significantly lower odds of substance use. The strongest associations were observed for the subscale Norms and monitoring. Interactions between parenting and gender showed a significantly stronger effect of parenting practices on alcohol and cannabis use among girls. Different types of parenting practices were associated with a lower prevalence of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use. Improving parenting practices has the potential to prevent adolescent substance use in Chile, especially among girls.

Parenting and Chinese Adolescents’ Multidimensional Prosocial Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Sympathy

In this study, the prediction of maternal and paternal parenting behaviors to 1527 (59.27% female, age ranged between 11 and 18 years old) Chinese adolescents’ multidimensional prosocial behaviors, and the moderating role of adolescents’ sympathy were examined. Data were collected in 2019. Adolescents reported their perceived parenting practices, their own sympathy and prosocial tendencies using online questionnaires. Results from path models in Mplus indicated care and autonomy granting of both parents were uniquely and positively associated with adolescents’ various prosocial behaviors. Paternal control was also positively associated with adolescents’ public prosocial behaviors. Further, adolescents’ sympathy moderated the association between paternal autonomy granting to adolescents’ altruistic prosocial behaviors, as well as between paternal control and adolescents’ compliant and emotional prosocial behaviors. Our study contributed novel information regarding the roles of maternal and paternal parenting and sympathy in Chinese adolescents’ diverse prosocial behaviors. Replications with longitudinal design are needed.

Factor structure of the parental bonding instrument for pregnant Japanese women

The parental bonding instrument (PBI) is often used to examine the perceptions of children and adolescents regarding parenting practices. Previous studies have investigated the factor structure of the PBI. However, although it is important to examine the relationships between the perceived parenting practices and perinatal mental health, few studies have included perinatal women. We aimed to accurately clarify which PBI factor structure was useful in assessing perinatal women (n = 4633). Furthermore, we evaluated the measurement invariance between primipara and multipara groups, and between the paternal and maternal PBI forms. Our exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a three-factor PBI structure was most plausible for perinatal women. Moreover, we found complete invariance (residual invariance) of the PBI ratings across primipara and multipara women for the paternal and maternal forms. In contrast, we found weak invariance (metric invariance) of the PBI ratings across the paternal and maternal forms. Our participants tended to rate fathers as less caring and less overprotective than mothers. This three-factor structure shows measurement invariance in perinatal women and can be used to accurately determine how the perceived parenting style before adolescence influences women’s mental health in the perinatal period.

Adolescent self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived parenting practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in the FLASHE study

Objective: In the USA, few adolescents meet the national recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC). This study examined the associations between two perceived food parenting practice scales (Promote and Ensure FVC Intake) and adolescent FVC, and assessed whether these associations were mediated by adolescent self-efficacy. Design: The study took the form of a secondary data analysis of publicly available data from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study (FLASHE), a cross-sectional, Internet-based study administered by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) between April and October 2014. Methods: Data from 1,354 parent–adolescent dyads were analysed. The PROCESS macro was used to conduct mediation analyses to estimate the indirect effect (IE) of each parenting practice on FVC through adolescent self-efficacy, adjusted for parental and adolescent characteristics. In addition, we examined whether adolescent age, gender, race/ethnicity or weight status moderated the mediation model. Results: The IEs were each statistically significant (Promote FV Intake: IE = 0.063, 95% bootstrap confidence interval [CI] = 0.046, 0.080; Ensure FV Intake: IE = 0.014, 95% bootstrap CI = 0.004, 0.024; p < .05 each), indicating significant mediation by adolescent self-efficacy. However, no adolescent characteristics moderated the effects of parenting practices on FVC through self-efficacy. Conclusions: Interventions should continue to promote parenting skills to improve adolescent self-efficacy and FVC. Insufficient evidence for moderation of the mediation effect by adolescent age, sex, race/ethnicity or weight status implies that the significant relationship between food parenting practices and FVC, mediated by self-efficacy, may operate similarly for adolescents that differ in each of these characteristics.

The gap between athletes’ and parents’ perceptions of parental practices: The role of gender

ObjectivesThe present study explored the differences between athletes’ and parents’ perceptions of parental practices (i.e., active involvement, directive, pressure, praise, and understanding behaviours implemented by parents in the context of their child’s sport) by considering athletes’ and parents’ gender. Designcross-sectional study. MethodParents (N = 352) and athletes (N = 256, M = 14.72 years) completed a questionnaire to measure their perceptions of parental practices in sport. Zero-order correlations were computed for the entire sample and each sub-group (i.e., father-daughter, father-son, mother-daughter, and mother-son). One-level multilevel model (level 1: respondent) was computed to measure the influence of the respondent on the perceptions of parental practices. Two-level multilevel model (level 1: respondent, level 2: dyad) estimated the impact of the athletes’ gender, parents’ gender, and their interaction on the differences in perceptions. ResultsCorrelations highlighted relatively modest concordance between perceptions of parents and adolescents. Multilevel models showed that compared to athletes, parents reported significantly less frequent use for directive behaviours (β = −0.29) and more frequent use for active involvement (β = −0.18) and praise and understanding (β = 0.27). Correlations and multilevel models showed that the differences between athletes’ and parents’ perceptions of parental practices differed according to gender. The differences in perceptions of the directive behaviours (β = −0.22) and active involvement (β = 0.22) were higher when the father was involved in the dyad compared to the mother.

Differences in perceived parental practices across attachment styles in adult children of alcoholic fathers

BackgroundAlcoholism is a growing problem in Pakistan. Problems related to alcoholism affects the family members especially children of alcoholics who are likely to have biased perceptions of parental practices which in turn affects their attachment patterns. ObjectiveTo analyze the differences in perceptions of parental practices across three attachment styles namely avoidant, anxious/ambivalent, and secure attachments of the adults who are children of alcoholic parents. MethodThe study is a correlational research design with a sample of 330 participants selected through purposive sampling technique. The participants were adults who are children of alcoholics from nuclear family systems, whose fathers were admitted in a rehabilitation center for the treatment of alcoholism for the second time. ResultsMANOVA computed to examine differences in perception of parental practices across attachment styles was significant [F(12, 632) = 53.130, p < .001, Pillai's Trace = 1.003, partial eta squared = .501], indicating that those with different attachment styles perceive parental overprotectiveness, emotional warmth, and rejection differently. ConclusionPerceptions about parental practices for father can be linked with alcoholism, while for mother the perceptions about parental practices are a product of attachment mainly. ImplicationsThe findings can be used to devise counseling and therapeutic plans for adults who are children of alcoholics and help in educating them about the condition of alcoholism.

Perceptions of positive parenting predict increases in resilience for low neurotic and high agreeable adolescents

This study examines whether adolescent personality moderates longitudinal associations between perceived parenting practices and changes in adolescent resilience. A community sample of 442 (224 boys, 218 girls) Lithuanian adolescents completed surveys twice, 1 year apart, beginning in Grade 11 (M = 17.1 years old). Adolescent self-reports described resilience, personality (neuroticism and agreeableness), and perceptions of positive parenting (support and monitoring). Adolescent personality moderated associations between initial perceptions of parenting and changes in resilience. Monitoring and support anticipated greater resilience for adolescents low but not high on neuroticism. Monitoring also anticipated greater resilience for adolescents high but not low on agreeableness. Consistent with the vantage-resistance hypothesis, the results suggest that neuroticism and disagreeableness interfere with the child's ability to profit from positive environmental experiences.

Perceived Parenting Practices as Predictors of Harmonious and Obsessive Passion Among High Schoolers and Adults

Passion has been proposed as one of the potential constructs that could contribute to a more fulfilling life as well as to subjective well-being. The importance of the social environment has been underscored in relation to passion; however, less emphasis has been put on the role of perceived parenting practices. The present two-sample investigation posited that the perceived parenting practices of care, autonomy granting, and overprotection experienced in adolescence are predictive of harmonious (HP) and obsessive (OP) passion which are, in turn, differentially related to subjective well-being. A sample of Hungarian high schoolers (N = 474) and a comprehensive sample of Hungarian adults (N = 471) were recruited for this research to test the proposed model and the generalizability of the findings. The measurement models and the regressive paths were invariant across the two samples, showing that care positively predicted HP, while autonomy granting and overprotection positively predicted OP. Subjective well-being was positively related to HP and care, but not the other variables. The present findings highlight that perceived parenting experiences are related to different indicators of functioning among high schoolers and adults.

The interplay of perceived parenting practices and bullying victimization among Hong Kong adolescents

This study explored the interplay of adolescents’ perceived maternal and paternal practices and their associations with traditional and cyberbullying victimization experiences among adolescents. Participants included 439 Grades 7–11 adolescents (242 girls) from five secondary schools in Hong Kong. Moderation analyses were conducted controlling for adolescents sex. No strengthening effects were found between maternal × paternal control and maternal × paternal autonomy-support in relation to bullying victimization experiences. No buffering effect of parental autonomy-support was evident in the association between parental control and traditional bullying victimization. However, high levels of paternal autonomy-support were associated with more frequent reports of cyberbullying victimization at high levels of maternal control but not low levels. A similar pattern emerged for maternal autonomy-support and paternal control. These findings imply that inconsistent parenting might increase adolescents’ likelihood for cyberbullying victimization.

Perceptions of Parenting Practices and Psychological Variables of Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Athletes

Drawing from the model of parental involvement in sport, the overall purpose was to examine the associations of perceptions of parenting practices (encouragement, reinforcement, instruction, and role modeling) and athletes’ psychological variables (self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, self-regulation, and intrinsic motivation) of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Participants were elite (n = 210) and sub-elite (n = 635) athletes aged between 14 and 18 years (Mage = 16.58, SD = 1.33). Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that young elite athletes’ perceptions of sport-related parenting practices are associated with their psychological skills and performance level in sport. Specifically, in comparison with their sub-elite peers, perceptions of parental encouragement had a significantly different strong effect on intrinsic motivation. Moreover, perceptions of parental modeling revealed different effects on performance level, as well as on intrinsic motivation, and self-regulation. These perceptions of parenting practices may promote a positive learning environment, resulting in an increased likelihood of achieving a high level of sport performance in comparison with their sub-elite peers.

Formation of the Causal Pattern of the Return of Addiction Based on the Components of Perceived Child-rearing Practices, Coping styles and Hidden Propensities in the Recovered Without Return and Reborn

Background: Drug dependence is one of the most important public health problems in societies. The purpose of the research was to develop a model for the return of addiction based on the components of perceived parenting practices, coping styles and hidden propensities in recovered without return and recovered returns.Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study consisted of all recovered clinics and drug addiction treatment centers in Gilan province (North of Iran) in the 2016-17. After passing the treatment period from the discharge center and obtaining a treatment period certificate, the health card they received at least one year of recovery when they performed this research. The sample group, which consisted of 300 patients aged 18 to 35 years with substance abuse history, were selected through available sampling method in two groups. In this research, in addition to obtaining personal information and obtaining a return status report, 5 tools were used as follows: perceived parenting skills questionnaire, coping skills scale, Adlerian basic scale for interpersonal success of adult version, opinion questionnaire Tempting, and perceived stress questionnaires. Data analyzed with LISREL software.Results: The path and probabilistic relationships between the phenomena were studied. Based on matrix analysis, variance, covariance and correlation matrix, we investigated the possible relationships between the phenomena studied paid. The path analysis was used to determine the model. There was a positive and significant relationship between perceived parenting style, lifestyle, coping styles, tempting beliefs and general stress with returning to addiction.Conclusion: To return of addiction we proposed use of perceived parenting style, lifestyle, coping styles, tempting beliefs and general stress.

Frequency of eating alone is associated with adolescent dietary intake, perceived food-related parenting practices and weight status: cross-sectional Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study results.

To examine relationships between frequency of adolescents eating alone (dependent variable) and diet, weight status and perceived food-related parenting practices (independent variables). Analyses of publicly available, cross-sectional, web-based survey data from adolescents. Online consumer opinion panel. A US nationwide sample of adolescents (12-17 years) completed Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study surveys to report demographic and family meal characteristics, weight, dietary intake, home food availability and perceptions of parenting practices. Parents provided information about demographic characteristics. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between variables. About 20 % of adolescents reported often eating alone (n 343) v. not often eating alone (n 1309). Adjusted odds of adolescents often eating alone were significantly higher for non-Hispanic Black compared with non-Hispanic White adolescents (OR=1·7) and for overweight or obese compared with normal- or underweight adolescents (OR=1·6). Adjusted odds of adolescents eating alone were significantly lower for those who reported that fruits and vegetables were often/always available in the home (OR=0·65), for those who perceived that parents had expectations about fruit and vegetable intake (OR=0·71) and for those who agreed with parental authority to make rules about intake of junk food/sugary drinks (OR=0·71). Junk food and sugary drink daily intake frequency was positively associated with often eating alone. Often eating alone was related to being overweight/obese, having less healthy dietary intake and perceptions of less supportive food-related parenting practices.

Coming Closer in Adolescence: Convergence in Mother, Father, and Adolescent Reports of Parenting.

Parent–child relationships change during adolescence. Furthermore, parents and adolescents perceive parenting differently. We examined the changes in perceptions of parental practices in fathers, mothers, and adolescents during adolescence. Furthermore, we investigated if fathers', mothers', and adolescents' perceptions converge during adolescence. Following 497 families across six waves (ages 13–18), we investigated the development of parental support and behavioral control using mother and father self‐reports, and adolescent reports for mothers and fathers. We found curvilinear decrease for support and control. Parent–adolescent convergence emerged over the 6 years: those with higher intercepts had a steeper decrease, whereas correlations among parent and adolescent reports increased. This multi‐informant study sheds light on the development of parent–adolescent convergence on perceptions of parenting.

Práticas parentais percebidas, autoestima, otimismo e resiliência em futuros professores

As primeiras expectativas criadas pelos adolescentes acerca do seu futuro profissional são tomadas com base no contexto familiar. Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar relações entre as práticas educativas parentais percebidas e a escolha profissional, a autoestima, o otimismo e a resiliência em adolescentes que frequentam um curso técnico de formação de professores. Participaram 200 adolescentes, maioria do sexo feminino e idade média de 15,8 anos. Os instrumentos foram: questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg, Life Orientation Test, Escala de Resiliência, Escalas de Qualidade na Interação Familiar. Os dados mostram que os jovens têm interesse em cursos universitários de licenciaturas e revelam identificação com a área do magistério.Sobre características boas de um professor, a maioria indicou comportamentos ligados à interação, seguido de cuidado com a profissão, e comportamentos relacionados ao domínio do conteúdo e didática. No caso dos comportamentos do professor a serem evitados, os mais citados foram o controle aversivo, a seguir foram comportamentos do professor que pudessem comprometer a aprendizagem, como a falta de planejamento e desorganização. Foram encontradas correlações significativas e positivas entre as práticas parentais percebidas pelos adolescentes e os escores de otimismo, resiliência e autoestima, revelando a importância do envolvimento dos pais para o desenvolvimento de forças pessoais desses jovens que, desde cedo, definiram um objetivo de vida e estão no caminho para realizá-lo.

Rejection Sensitivity and Responses to Rejection: Serial Mediators Linking Parenting to Adolescents and Young Adults’ Depression and Trait-Anxiety

Drawing from and extending rejection sensitivity (RS) theory, we tested a serial mediation pathway model, whereby perceived parenting practices were expected to be indirectly related to participants’ depressive and trait-anxious symptoms through RS, as well as emotional and behavioural responses to rejection. Participants were 628 adolescents and young adults (M= 19.8 years,SD= 2.6, 65.3% female) completing self-report measures assessing current perceived parenting practices, RS, emotion dysregulation, emotion suppression, social withdrawal, and depressive and trait-anxious symptoms. In latent-variable structural equation modelling, a latent construct of more positive (and fewer negative) perceived parenting practices was directly associated with offsprings’ lower level of depression and trait-anxiety symptoms. Also, there were indirect associations of parenting via RS, emotion dysregulation, suppression, and social withdrawal, regardless of whether the model focused on depressive or trait-anxious symptoms. The findings provide further support of the importance for adolescents and young adults to perceive that they experience warm and autonomy-supportive relationships with their parents (instead of rejecting, coercive, or psychologically controlling relationships); along with providing an extended model whereby anxious expectations of rejection associates with greater emotional difficulties through negative responses to difficult emotions and the tendency to withdraw from such experiences. Together, perceived parenting practices and rejection-related beliefs and responses seem to activate a pathway to elevated depressive and trait-anxiety symptoms.

Perceived Parenting Practices and Adjustment

Filial piety is an important cultural construct in the lives and behaviors of Chinese emerging adults and may act as a moderating factor for the relationship between perceived parenting practices and indices of adjustment. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not filial piety moderates the influence of psychologically controlling and warm parenting behaviors on internalizing problems, self-esteem, and risk behaviors. Using a sample of Chinese college students ( N = 612), results from regression analyses indicated that filial piety moderated the relationship between psychological control and self-esteem, in that psychological control predicted lower self-esteem at high and moderate levels of filial piety values but was not related at low filial piety values. The discussion focuses on the possibility that filial piety may exacerbate the conflict between psychologically controlling tactics and autonomy.

Fostering the Cultural Experiences and School Engagement of Samoan American Students in Urban Schools

We explored the associations of collective self-esteem and parent educational practices with school engagement in a sample of 128 Samoan middle and high school students in an urban school district. Simultaneous regression analysis revealed that each of these independent variables contributed to significant variance in school engagement. Specifically, the overall regression model accounted for 22% of the variance in school engagement. Collective self-esteem was the most significant association, followed by parent educational practices. Implications discuss how we must consider Samoan and other marginalized youths’ cultural worth and perceptions of parental practices as critical factors influencing their school connections.

Perceived Parental Behaviour of Juvenile Delinquent Boys in Prison

In order to investigate associations between parenting and delinquent behaviour in an Ethiopian context, we studied both a target group of adolescent boys (aged 13–19 years) in prison (n = 86) and a control group (n = 93). The boys completed questionnaires on perceived parenting practices and their own prosocial and problem behaviours. The results showed that boys in the prison group reported significantly less positive parenting, monitoring, rules, material rewarding and autonomy than the boys in the control group, but more harsh punishment, ignoring of unwanted behaviour and psychological control. Boys in prison also reported significantly more emotional and conduct problems. Further, results indicated that parenting dimensions (less support and more negative control) increased the odds of being in prison above family characteristics (lower educational status of the adolescent and mother, living in a family with divorced parents or in a single parent family).