Perceptions Of Interdependence Research Articles

Inferences about interdependence shape cooperation.

During social interactions in daily life, people possess imperfect knowledge of their interdependence (i.e., how behaviors affect each person's outcomes), and what people infer about their interdependence can shape their behaviors. We review theory and research that suggests people can infer their interdependence with others along several dimensions, including mutual dependence, power, and corresponding-versus-conflicting interests. We discuss how perceptions of interdependence affect how people cooperate and punish others' defection in everyday life. We propose that people understand their interdependence with others through knowledge of the action space, cues during social interactions (e.g., partner behaviors), and priors based on experience. Finally, we describe how learning interdependence could occur through domain-specific and domain-general mechanisms.

Economic Statecraft in Polish Strategic Security Documents

The aim of this article is to examine how interdependence of economic policy and social security is perceived in the strategic documents of the Polish government in the area of security and international politics. For the analyses, the author has employed the concepts of economic statecraft and geoeconomics. It has been found that the strategic documents in the area of security do perceive interdependence between politics and economics. Polish strategic documents treat economic factors as merely one of many aspects of security rather than being absolutely dominant. Therefore, those factors cannot be recognised as based on the geoeconomic paradigm. It is worth noting that the economic statecraft tool is not discussed in an in-depth manner – as a separate category of state instruments. Polish strategic documents suggest the awareness that such instruments are used by other states, e.g. Russia with respect to the area of energy. Polish strategic documents are primarily focused on the need to introduce safeguards against such threats – among other things by the application of defensive economic statecraft. The analyses carried out for this article failed to identify any proposals for the development of proprietary Polish economic leverages as an instrument of building up state power – offensive economic statecraft. The author recommends further in-depth research on the perception of interdependence between security and economic policy in other countries as well as popularisation of the concept of economic statecraft in Poland.

Extracurricular Participation, Collective Self-Esteem, and Academic Outcomes Among College Students

Participating in extracurricular activities during college has been linked with positive peer relations and academic success (e.g., Astin, 1984; Stuart et al., 2011). Yet, less research has focused on identity development and collective self-esteem within extracurricular activities, or whether such positive attitudes about one’s activity membership are associated with academic outcomes. In the current study, analyses focused primarily on those who were in at least one activity (n = 109), who reported on friendships within their activity, perceptions of interdependence among members, and collective self-esteem within their activity, as well as their feelings of belonging on campus and grade point average. Regression analyses suggested that having friends in one’s activity (β = .33, p = .001) and higher interdependence (β = .51, p < .001) predicted higher collective self-esteem, with a total adjusted R2 = .44. In turn, greater collective self-esteem was associated marginally with higher feelings of belonging (β = .20, p = .07, adjusted R2 = .07) and grade point average for those in fraternities or sororities (interaction β = .34, p = .006; adjusted R2 = .17; simple slope for Greek organizations: β = .42, p = .07). These findings underscore the importance of considering different dimensions of extracurricular involvement (i.e., both whether one is involved, as well as positive feelings about one’s activity), and provide recommendations to student affairs professionals as to how activities may be structured to promote optimal outcomes during college.

Situational Affordances for Prosocial Behaviour: On the Interaction between Honesty–Humility and (Perceived) Interdependence

Individual differences in prosocial behaviour are well–documented. Increasingly, there has been a focus on the specific situations in which particular personality traits predict prosocial behaviour. HEXACO Honesty–Humility—the basic trait most consistently linked to prosocial behaviour in prior studies—has been found to predict prosociality most strongly in situations that afford the exploitation of others. Importantly, though, it may be the subjectively perceived situation that affords the behavioural expression of a trait. Following this reasoning, we tested the proposition that Honesty–Humility would predict prosocial behaviour more strongly in situations characterised by, and perceived to contain, two dimensions of interdependence that can afford exploitation: high conflict and high power. However, across a series of incentivised economic games and two large experience sampling studies, we only found inconsistent evidence for the association between Honesty–Humility and prosocial behaviour. Furthermore, the link between Honesty–Humility and prosociality was neither conditional on objective interdependence nor on subjective perceptions of interdependence. Nonetheless, perceptions of conflict and power tracked objective properties of economic games and were related to prosocial behaviour in the lab and field. Future research should take individuals’ subjective understanding of situations into account, which may also help understand the (generalisability of the) effect of Honesty–Humility on prosocial behaviour. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

How do people think about interdependence? A multidimensional model of subjective outcome interdependence.

Interdependence is a fundamental characteristic of social interactions. Interdependence Theory states that 6 dimensions describe differences between social situations. Here we examine if these 6 dimensions describe how people think about their interdependence with others in a situation. We find that people (in situ and ex situ) can reliably differentiate situations according to 5, but not 6, dimensions of interdependence: (a) mutual dependence, (b) power, (c) conflict, (d) future interdependence, and (e) information certainty. This model offers a unique framework for understanding how people think about social situations compared to another recent model of situation construal (DIAMONDS). Furthermore, we examine factors that are theorized to shape perceptions of interdependence, such as situational cues (e.g., nonverbal behavior) and personality (e.g., HEXACO and Social Value Orientation). We also study the implications of subjective interdependence for emotions and cooperative behavior during social interactions. This model of subjective interdependence explains substantial variation in the emotions people experience in situations (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust), and explains 24% of the variance in cooperation, above and beyond the DIAMONDS model. Throughout these studies, we develop and validate a multidimensional measure of subjective outcome interdependence that can be used in diverse situations and relationships-the Situational Interdependence Scale (SIS). We discuss how this model of interdependence can be used to better understand how people think about social situations encountered in close relationships, organizations, and society. (PsycINFO Database Record

To buy for whom? The effects of money’s pride and surprise tag on spending behaviors

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the interesting but largely unexamined effects of pride-tagged money and surprise-tagged money on consumers’ spending and product-choosing behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThe present research utilizes experimental design and survey methods to collect data and the ANOVA and bootstrap analysis methods to verify the assumed hypotheses.FindingsStudy 1 shows that people with pride-tagged (vs surprise-tagged) money are more likely to spend the money for themselves (vs others) and the personal achievement-expression motive plays a mediating role between the pride-tagged money and self-spending behavior. Study 2 replicates the findings of Study 1 and suggests that people with pride-tagged money are less likely to spend the money for others (e.g. donating). Study 3 shows that people with pride-tagged (surprise-tagged) money are more likely to purchase a self-relevant (other-relevant) product than those with surprise-tagged (pride-tagged) money.Practical implicationsThe current research has classified products into self-relevant products (e.g. fitness card, supermarket gift card and mobile game equipment) and other-relevant products (e.g. restaurant set meal, pizza, movie ticket and hot pot) on the basis of perceived self-relevance on the products. Therefore, marketers could frame certain conditions that elicit self-relevant versus other-relevant choices and manipulate self-relevant versus other-relevant primes to shift preferences in favor of certain options. For example, around graduation time, graduates often feel proud of their accomplishments. In this case, marketers could take advantage of that feeling with a message like “treat yourself”, which could prompt them to spend more money for themselves. In addition, the marketers selling other-relevant products (e.g. pizza and hot pot) might develop and promote advertisements that deliver information about “sharing with your friends”. For example, in 2016, Pizza Hut began to use its new slogan of “love to share” to convey the idea of “double happiness as a result of sharing”.Originality/valueFrom a theoretical standpoint, first, this research contributes to the emotional accounting research by advancing the notion that money associated with different positive feelings could influence consumers’ spending behaviors in different ways. Second, the research distinguishes self-relevant products from other-relevant products. Third, it shows that people with pride-tagged money and those with surprise-tagged money have different preferences for products. Self-relevant products, such as fitness card, supermarket gift card and mobile game equipment, that represent a certain degree of independence are more used and/or consumed by consumers with pride-tagged money, whereas other-relevant products, such as restaurant set meal, pizza, movie ticket and hot pot, that involve the perceptions of interdependence are more bought by consumers with surprise-tagged money to share with others.

Pursuing Justice for All: Collaborative Problem-Solving in the Environmental Justice Context

Abstract Although collaborative processes are being promoted as a strategy for managing environmental justice conflicts, the factors that promote and hinder effective collaboration in cases of environmental justice have not been investigated. This study uses a case study approach to provide a nuanced insight into how two attributes of environmental justice conflicts, issue framing and traumatic histories, influence collaborative problem-solving. These attributes challenge common assumptions about the nature of collaboration in environmental justice situations by limiting participants' perceptions of interdependence and inciting the need to build the capacities of all parties engaged in the collaboration. Collaborative processes in New York City's West Harlem, Washington, D.C., and Richmond, California are studied.

Collective goals and shared tasks: interdependence structure and perceptions of individual sport team environments.

Across two studies, we tested the proposition that interdependence structures (i.e., task interaction among teammates during competition, competition against teammates, presence of a collective outcome) influence interdependence perceptions among teammates as well as perceptions of group cohesion, competitiveness, and satisfaction. Study 1 was a paper-and-pencil survey completed by 210 individual sport athletes from 12 university- and college-level teams. Multiple mediation analyses demonstrated that participants who had to work alongside teammates during competition reported increased interdependence perceptions that were, in turn, associated with increased cohesion and satisfaction as well as decreased competitiveness. There were no differences according to whether participants competed in the same event as all of their teammates or not. Study 2 involved a weekly e-mail survey with 17 university-level individual sport athletes who reported interdependence perceptions on a continual basis over the course of their competitive season. Interdependence perceptions were higher during weeks that were close in time to competitions with a collective group outcome. These studies reveal how interdependence structures shape the group environment and support applied efforts that consider ways to structure teammate interdependencies in ways to optimize group functioning and promote member satisfaction.

Task Interdependence by Design or by Perception? Lessons from Innovation Management Teams

We examine how teams shape task interdependence over time through an inductive, longitudinal study of four high-technology firms. We investigated their organizational designs for managing innovation which enabled us to look at the development of task interdependence between multiple innovation teams. Our central contribution is a framework of how teams contribute to the development of task interdependence. We argue that initial task design decisions are interpreted differently by affected teams. Their differentiated perceptions lead to distinct patterns of interaction, which subsequently change the initial task interdependence configuration. Overall, we present the conjunction of task and perceived interdependence as a dynamic, cyclical, multi-level process, and as an inter-team level phenomenon. At a more fundamental level, we identify team social identity as an important driver of inter-team perceptions of interdependence.

Task Interdependence by Design or by Perception? Lessons from Innovation Management Teams

We examine how teams shape task interdependence over time through an inductive, longitudinal study of four high-technology firms. We investigated their organizational designs for managing innovation which enabled us to look at the development of task interdependence between multiple innovation teams. Our central contribution is a framework of how teams contribute to the development of task interdependence. We argue that initial task design decisions are interpreted differently by affected teams. Their differentiated perceptions lead to distinct patterns of interaction, which subsequently change the initial task interdependence configuration. Overall, we present the conjunction of task and perceived interdependence as a dynamic, cyclical, multi-level process, and as an inter-team level phenomenon. At a more fundamental level, we identify team social identity as an important driver of inter-team perceptions of interdependence

Seeing the “we” in “me” sports: The need to consider individual sport team environments.

Most settings involve groups, as athletes often train in a environment even though they compete individually and often in opposition to their teammates. Despite the pervasiveness of sport, group dynamics research has almost exclusively investigated sports because members rely on one another during the competitive group task. However, the reliance on task interdependence to dichotomize environments into one of two categories (i.e., or individual) overlooks further differences in how members rely on each other (e.g., interdependence and group-level outcomes or resources). The purpose of this article is to promote the investigation of group dynamics and social influence in by proposing a typology that distinguishes types of group environments according to levels of structural interdependence. This typology identifies six distinct types and leads to a number of relevant theoretical and practice-based propositions. This work is a call increased group dynamics research involving environments that acknowledges the multiple forms of interdependence that are present both in the group structure and the perceptions held by athletes.Keywords: group dynamics, interdependence, typology, sport, exercise, psychology, psychologyIndividual performances are rarely efforts. athletes (e.g., running, wrestling, and golf) often spend hundreds or even thousands of hours with teammates in training and competition, and build important interpersonal relationships. For example, after calculating the number of hours spent competing with the amount of time spent training and travelling with teammates, Canadian cross country skier Mariis Kromm claimed, for every minute I'm on the race course I've spent almost 7 hours with my team (Kromm, 2009, para. 1). Group dynamics research has largely overlooked environments in favour of sports (e.g., soccer) under the expectation that group influence will only exist to the extent that members interact during competition (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981). Correspondingly, it is unclear whether environments involve comparable group dynamics processes to those in settings (e.g., Carron, Colman, Wheeler. & Stevens, 2002) or whether group processes are relatively unimportant (e.g., Landers & Lueschen, 1974).This understanding is particularly hampered by the typical dichotomous categorisation of sports as either or in nature. Individual sport is an umbrella term encompassing a number of activities in which athletes are not required to integrate with others on a collective competitive group task. However, sports identified as individual based on task type may also differ according to a number of higher-order characteristics including (but not limited to) the following: (a) the use of scores, (b) training that requires the presence of teammates, and (c) identification of distinct leaders and roles. Thus, although athletes are not interdependent with others on the competitive task, there are a number of additional ways that they may rely on other athletes in a group or setting (Widmeyer & Williams, 1991). As all sources of interdependence are essential in understanding group interactions and collaboration (Saavedra, Earley, & Van Dyne, 1993), they may be valuable distinguishing group types.The purpose of this article is to promote the investigation of group dynamics and social influence in settings by proposing a typology that distinguishes types of group environments according to levels of structural interdependence and encouraging research involving interdependence perceptions and structures that determine how group members are likely to impact one another's experiences. This review makes a distinct call greater consideration of group dynamics issues within and provides a framework to guide such research efforts. …

The intentional mind and the hot hand: Perceiving intentions makes streaks seem likely to continue

People can appear inconsistent in their intuitions about sequences of repeated events. Sometimes people believe such sequences will continue (the “hot hand”), and sometimes people believe they will reverse (the “gambler’s fallacy”). These contradictory intuitions can be partly explained by considering the perceived intentionality of the agent generating the streak. The intuition that streaks will continue (reverse) should emerge in contexts involving agents that are perceived to be intentional (unintentional), and should be most common among those who are most inclined to attribute intentions to other agents. Four studies support these predictions, identifying both situational and dispositional determinants of the perceived continuity of streaks. Discussion focuses on the foundational nature of intentionality for perceptions of interdependence between events, the relationship between these findings and existing theoretical accounts, and the inverse possibility that people use perceptions of streakiness as a cue for an agent’s intentionality.

Interdisciplinary collaboration in hospice team meetings

Hospice and palliative care teams provide interdisciplinary care to seriously-ill and terminally-ill patients and their families. Care teams are comprised of medical and non-medical disciplines and include volunteers and lay workers in healthcare. The authors explored the perception of collaboration among hospice team members and actual collaborative communication practices in team meetings. The data set consisted of videotaped team meetings, some of which included caregiver participation, and team member completion of a survey. Findings revealed that the team's reflection on process was most likely to occur in team meetings, however least likely to occur when caregivers were present. Although team members had a high perception of interdependence and flexibility of roles, this was less likely to be enacted in team meetings with and without the presence of caregivers. Caregiver participation in team meetings had a positive impact on collaborative communication and the potential benefit of caregiver inclusion in team meetings is explored.

Racial differences in medical mistrust among men diagnosed with prostate cancer

Mistrust of healthcare providers and systems is a significant barrier to quality healthcare. However, limited empirical data are available on perceptions of medical mistrust among individuals who are diagnosed with cancer. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and cultural determinants of mistrust among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. The authors conducted an observational study among 196 African-American men (n = 71) and white men (n = 125) who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2003 through 2007. Race, education, healthcare experiences, and cultural factors had significant effects on mistrust. African-American men (P = .01) and men who had fewer years of formal education (P = .001) reported significantly greater levels of mistrust compared with white men and men who had more education. Mistrust also was greater among men who had been seeing their healthcare provider for a longer period (P = .01) and among men with lower perceptions of interdependence (P = .01). The current findings suggested that efforts to enhance trust among men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer should target African-American men, men with fewer socioeconomic resources, and men with lower perceptions of interdependence. Reasons for deterioration in trust associated with greater experience with specialty providers should be explored along with the effects of interventions that are designed to address the concerns of individuals who have greater mistrust.

지역사회 보건복지서비스의 통합적 제공을 위한 간호사와 사회복지사간 협력에 영향을 미치는 요인

The purpose of this study is to propose the factors affecting collaboration between community nurses and social workers in Korea. Data that is used in this study, were collected from 295 provider respondents by questionnaire, additionally from telephone survey and secondary data review. This study focuses on the working relationship between professionals in the field of health and social care. Based on the literature review, this study proposes a conceptual framework for collaboration between nurses and social workers in community health and social care. The dependent variable in this study is collaboration. It reveals whether or not the inter-professional works and shows the level of collaboration. The independent variables are categorized in: the client characteristics (frailty of client, client-provider relationship); the provider characteristics (specialization, perception of interdependence, perception of the other professional); the organization characteristics (closeness of the other professional, autonomy, on-the-job training, evaluation-reward); and the community characteristics (urbanization, capacity of resources). Major findings are as follows: First, the factors that appear to have the strongest impact on whether or not inter-professional working of respondent sampled are: the perception of other professional; the perception of interdependence; closeness of, the, other professional; and the frailty of client. Secondly, the factors that found to have the most significant effect on level of cooperation are: the perception of, the other professional; on-the-job training; evaluation-reward; and the closeness of the other professional.

Comparing Productive Online Dialogue in Two Group Styles: Cooperative and Collaborative

This study examined the influence of group structures upon six groups of distributed graduate students as they pursued a six-week problem-based learning activity by communicating in an asynchronous computer conference. Henri and Rigault's (1996) content analysis framework and Howell-Richardson and Mellar's (1996) guidelines for interconnectedness of messages were used to analyze the messages. In addition, learners' perceptions of interdependence and intersubjectivity were gauged from a self-reported survey developed by the researcher. Overall comparisons revealed that group conferences with role assignment had higher levels of interconnected messages. Weekly comparisons also indicated higher perceptions of intersubjectivity and deep processing for the role assignment group during the initial weeks of the activity. Over time, however, these levels equalized across group structures.

Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships

This investigation was designed to describe characteristics of closeness in the romantic relationships of early, mid and late adolescents, and to determine whether adolescent reports of relationship authority and reciprocity are linked to perceptions of interdependence, interaction frequency, activity diversity, influence, and relationship duration. Age was positively associated with interdependence, daily social interaction, weekly activity diversity, and reciprocity but not with influence, authority, or relationship duration; gender was unrelated to all characteristics of closeness. Authority and reciprocity were each positively associated with relationship influence. Authority moderated associations between reciprocity and several characteristics of closeness such that reciprocity was positively linked to interdependence, daily social interaction, and weekly activity diversity, but only in relationships characterized by low levels of authority. Neither reciprocity nor authority was associated with relationship duration.

Perceptions of interdependence and closeness in family and peer relationships among adolescents with and without romantic partners.

Adolescents' relationships with mothers, fathers, siblings, friends, and romantic partners are examined. Across the adolescent years, interdependence (operationalized in terms of social interaction, activities, and influence) and perceived closeness shift from parents to peers, with patterns that differ somewhat for adolescents with and without a romantic partner. The findings are discussed in the context of sodal exchange theory, which offers a descriptive account of developmental variations in adolescent close relationships.

On Interdependence

This essay explores the crisis of global interdependence that has arisen from competing North-South perceptions of interdependence and from inequitable relations among Third World and industrialized states of the North. Illustrating the general features of the crisis through a case study of the Middle East, the author argues that techniques of economic, political and cultural cooptation have been used by the West to foster a form of interdependence that is of primary benefit to wealthier segments of the global community. To the degree that some Third World states (notably Egypt) now identify with the West, this strategy has been successful. However, the costs to world order are considerable. As they become more integrated into Western-dominated networks of “interdependence,” Third World states face intensifying social contradictions that cannot be resolved through socialist or other noncapitalist strategies. Redress of these problems requires a new legal category of ownership – internationalized property – under which corporate capital, power, and productive capacity would be transferred from the predominant domain of the North to a commonwealth of world states. This basis for world authority would avoid the side– and counter-effects associated with world government and would provide the foundation for a more just world order.

An Approach for Assessing and Managing Inter-Unit Interdependence

The article discusses a conceptual framework for evaluating interdependence in inter-organizational and intra-organizational relations. The method includes: a referent system common to both relational contexts; six dimensions that define interdependence; and five variables that influence the perception of interdependence. Interdependence occurs when the action of one unit affects the action or work outcome of another unit. Six dimensions in a transactional approach to interdependence include the number of different resources involved, the frequency of transactions per unit of time, and the composite value of the resource.