Perceptions Of Ethical Problems Research Articles

Perceptions of ethical problems by nursing students and related factors

Perceptions of ethical problems by nursing students and related factors

Self-efficacy and ethical decision-making

ABSTRACT Self-efficacy is the assessment of one’s capacity to perform tasks. Previous research has demonstrated that self-efficacy impacts ethical behavior and attitudes but its effect on ethical cognition and perceptions has not been studied. For the present study, participants analyzed an ethical dilemma after either high or low self-efficacy was induced. Participants analyzed the dilemma using one of two cognitive problem-solving techniques (a structured cognitive tool or an unstructured cognitive technique) versus a third, control group, and what participants wrote about the problem was content-analyzed to determine how ethical cognition is impacted by self-efficacy. Additionally, perceptions of the ethical problem were examined. Results revealed that differences in self-efficacy did not lead to changes in ethical cognition, but they did lead to changes in perceptions of ethical problems. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Ethics: Perceptions of undergraduates in Singapore

This study focused on the ethical intentions and perceptions of ethical problems among undergraduates in Singapore. An online survey was conducted to a sample of 100 undergraduates studying in local and foreign universities based in Singapore. The study found influences on ethical perceptions and intentions by factors such as gender, religious commitment, and academic majors. Finance & Accounting and Business Management students were more able to perceive an ethical problem and proved more ethical in their intentions than students in other disciplines.

職場の倫理問題に関する管理者の認識 : 倫理的組織環境の構築に向けて(自由論題)

職場の倫理問題に関する管理者の認識 : 倫理的組織環境の構築に向けて(自由論題)

‘I Don't Even Have Time to be Their Friend!’ Ethical Dilemmas in Ph.D. Supervision in the Hard Sciences

This study focused on exploring students’ and supervisors’ perceptions of ethical problems in doctoral supervision in the natural sciences. Fifteen supervisors and doctoral students in one research community in the natural sciences were interviewed about their practices and experiences in the doctoral process and supervision. We explored to what extent doctoral students and supervisors experienced similar or different ethical challenges in the supervisory relationship and analyzed how the experiences of ethical dilemmas in supervision could be understood in light of the structure and practices of natural science research groups. The data were analyzed by theory-driven content analysis. Five ethical principles, namely non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, fidelity and justice, were used as a framework for identifying ethical issues. The results show that one major question that appears to underpin many of the emerging ethical issues is that the supervisors and students have different expectations of the supervisory role. The second important observation is that doctoral students primarily described their own experiences, whereas the supervisors described their activities as embedded in a system and elaborated on the causes and consequences at a system level.

Ethical concerns in the student/preceptor relationship: A need for change

Nursing schools are required to ensure that the clinical and academic milieu prepares nurses not only to recognize but also to act on various ethical issues. As a result of our years teaching nursing ethics to undergraduate nursing students we have come to believe there is a disconnect between classroom teaching and students' experiences in practice. How then can nurse educators help nursing students not only to see the ethical components of their work but also to take the necessary steps to solve ethical dilemmas and challenge unethical practice? One such strategy is the use of preceptorship. In this paper, we set out to learn about nursing students' ethical encounters in the clinical area, specifically those within the preceptor/student relationship. To this end we conducted an integrative review and are weaving in Gesler's (1992) concepts who argued that ethical issues play out in our physical and social environments. We identified nine articles that describe students' perceptions of ethical problems in their relationships with preceptors. However, it was rare for the authors of these articles to label these as 'ethical' issues. The integrative review revealed first, that students describe ethical issues in their narratives, and second, their most common response to these issues is silence. We continue to be concerned that nursing students' classroom learning of ethics is disconnected from their everyday nursing practice. Further research and education implications are discussed and explored in this paper.

Perceptions of ethical problems with scientific journal peer review: an exploratory study.

This article reports the results of an anonymous survey of researchers at a government research institution concerning their perceptions about ethical problems with journal peer review. Incompetent review was the most common ethical problem reported by the respondents, with 61.8% (SE = 3.3%) claiming to have experienced this at some point during peer review. Bias (50.5%, SE = 3.4%) was the next most common problem. About 22.7% (SE = 2.8%) of respondents said that a reviewer had required them to include unnecessary references to his/her publication(s), 17.7% (SE = 2.6%) said that comments from reviewers had included personal attacks, and 9.6% (SE = 2.0%) stated that reviewers had delayed publication to publish a paper on the same topic. Two of the most serious violations of peer review ethics, breach of confidentiality (6.8%, SE = 1.7%) and using ideas, data, or methods without permission (5%, SE = 1.5%) were perceived less often than the other problems. We recommend that other investigators follow up on our exploratory research with additional studies on the ethics of peer review.

Comparative Perspectives on the Ethical Orientations of Human Resources, Marketing and Finance Functional Managers

The human resources profession emphasizes the personal and interpersonal aspects of work, that make it conscious of complex ethical issues in relationships in the workplace, while finance specialists are conversant with routine compliance with regulations. Marketing professionals are under pressure to produce revenue results. Thus, this research hypothesized that human resources managers would be more disapproving of unethical conduct than both finance and marketing functional managers, and that finance managers would be more disapproving than marketing managers. When asked to evaluate instances of unethical behavior in vignettes, human resources and finance managers were both significantly more disapproving than marketing managers. However, human resources managers were not significantly more disapproving than finance managers. Explanations for the results lie in the divergent antecedent conditions, objectives, perceptions of ethical problems and demands of the various functions. Alternative behavior patterns to resolve ethical dilemmas and expected consequences by the different functions also define their ethical orientations. Average responses on the disapproving side from all three functional groups are explained by two complementary trends that promote ethical awareness among all functional managers. One is the adoption of homogeneous conventions in ethical business practice. The other trend is the increase in ethical awareness specific to each of the functional professions.

Korean nurses' perceptions of ethical problems: Toward a new code of ethics for nursing

Abstract The Nursing Philosophy, Theory, History and Ethics Interest Group of the Alpha Lambda Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau in Seoul undertook a study of Korean nurses' perceptions of ethical problems in nursing practice, administration, education and research in 1993. The purposes of the study were to develop the ethical concerns of Korean nurses and to make suggestions for contents and guidelines for a new code. The data consisted of 329 descriptive items of ethical problems summarized into 221 descriptions and 57 nurses responded. To meet the study objectives, we analyzed the data according to content themes, comparing these data with the code of the Korean Nurses' Association (KNA), to the codes of the Canadian Nurses' Association and the College of Nurses of Ontario. In conclusion, the result showed that a new KNA code needs to include guidelines at different levels of abstractness, including standards at a concrete level reflecting the ethical problems faced by nurses in practice, administration, education, and research.

Selected antecedents and components of ethical decision‐making processes of American and South African marketers – A cross‐cultural analysis

Compares the personal ethical ideologies of idealism and relativism of American marketers with their South African counterparts. The perceptions of ethical problems, ethical intentions, and coporate ethical values of the parties are also contrasted. The findings indicate that South Africans were more idealistic and less relativistic than their American counterparts. The hypotheses that there will be no differences between South African and American marketers in terms of their ethical perceptions and intentions were not supported. The results generally indicate that South African marketers are more likely to perceive ethical problems than American marketers. However, the survey results revealed that South African marketers tend to be less ethical in their intentions to resolve an ethical problem than their American counterparts. Corporate citizens of South African firms were found to have slightly higher corporate ethical values than their American counterparts, as hypothesized.

A Study of the Cultural Effects of Industry and Career Systems on Top Executive Perceptions of Ethical Problems

While practitioner workshops and academic courses on ethics and values have traditionally focused on individual frameworks, discussion of business ethics and values as a field of study within social deviance and management often stresses the important interaction between organizational culture and ethical practices, or context rather than character. However, research on this interaction is limited. This paper reports on a study examining the effect that two antecedents of organizational culture, industry and career systems, have on top executive perceptions of various ethical issues. Two of the top officers in each of fifty-two leading firms covering four service industry sectors were surveyed concerning their firm's career systems and their perceptions of the severity of several ethical problems. Results of the study provide descriptive information on the severity of ethical problems across industry sectors, and suggest that both industry and career systems affect the severity of ethical problems. Implications of this study can be applied to continued research on corporate deviance and managerial efforts to reinforce ethical conduct.

Ethical decision making: An investigation of services marketing professionals

This study investigates the relative influences of professional values and selected demographic variables on the ethical perceptions of services marketing professionals. The relationship between ethical perceptions and ethical judgments of service marketers is also examined. The data were obtained from a mail survey of the American Marketing Association's professional members of service industries. The survey results indicate a positive relationship between a service professional's professional values and his/her perceptions of ethical problems. The results also suggest that ethical judgments of a service professional can be partially explained by his/her perceptions of ethical problems. Implications of the research findings were discussed.

Perceptions of Ethical Problems among Senior Educational Leaders

This article describes the ethical problems characterizing the moral wrestlings of senior educational executives. The leaders’ perceived ethical problems are categorized, described and elaborated as ethical misdeeds and quandaries. Ethical misdeeds are described as transgressions against the core ethical values (caring/respect, fairness, professional conduct, resource stewardship, integrity, loyalty, honesty and citizenship) held by these educational administrators. Ethical quandaries are delineated as “grey area” type problems confronting educational administrators in both particular situations (divided interest, value conflicts, means and ends conflicts and “willing but constrained conflicts”) and more systemic problems (scarcity of resources, inequities, employment concerns, student welfare and general leadership challenges).

A Cross‐cultural Study of Moral Philosophies, Ethical Perceptions and Judgements

Moral philosophers and marketing ethicists generally agree that variations in moral judgements exist between different cultures. Compares American marketers with Thai marketers with respect to their moral philoso‐phies, ethical perceptions, and ethical judgements. The results based on a survey of members of the American Marketing Association and the Thai Marketing Association indicate that American marketers are both less idealistic and less relativistic than Thai marketers. In addition, the survey results reveal that American marketers differ from Thai marketers with respect to their perceptions of ethical problems, and ethical judgements.

Professional Values and the Ethical Perceptions of Internal Auditors

Examines the influence which the Institute of Internal Auditors′ Code of Ethics has on its members′ ethical perceptions. Also determines whether this influence is greater than members′ personal moral philosophies (i.e. idealism and relativism), and corporate ethical values. Data for the study were obtained by questionnaires sent to 1,000 members of the Institute of Internal Auditors, located in the Southeastern United States. The results generally indicate that professional values, as operationalized by the members′ use of the code of ethics, influence their perceptions of ethical problems in a positive way. However, no significant linkages were found to exist between the internal auditors′ personal moral philosophies or corporate ethical values and their perceptions of ethical problems.

Marketing Ethics: Sales Professionals Versus Other Marketing Professionals

Both the sales profession and other marketing professions encounter situations that may be ethically troublesome. Are those in diverse marketing professions different regarding their ethical beliefs and opinions? This study compares sales professionals with other marketing practitioners with respect to various measures of ethics. The results suggest that members of the sales profession do not differ from members of other marketing professions with respect to their Machiavellianism, deontological norms, perceptions of ethical problems, and perceptions of feasible alternatives. However, the results indicate that sales professionals tend to place more importance on their personal interests than other marketing professionals.

Perceptions of Ethical Problems in International Marketing

U.S. international marketing practitioners identified the most difficult ethical problems they have encountered in foreign trade. These ethical problems were rated as occurring infrequently and having a moderate impact on a firm′s overseas competitiveness. Conversely, the respondents saw ethical problems as likely to tarnish the firm′s domestic image and to generate much concern for top management. This suggests such problems may have a stronger negative impact upon a firm′s domestic public image but may not be a major factor inhibiting its international trade. The strategic alternatives to, and management implications of, avoiding markets which may pose ethical problems are discussed.

Media ethics and agriculture: Advertiser demands challenge farm press's ethical practices

The agricultural communicator is a key link in transmitting information to farmers. If agricultural communicators' ethics are compromised, the resulting biases in news production could have serious detrimental effects on the quality of information conveyed to farmers. But, to date, agricultural communicators' perceptions of ethical problems they encounter at work has not been examined. This study looks at the dimensions of ethical concerns for topics area (agricultural) journalists as defined by practitioners. To determine these dimensions, we sent open ended questionnaires (50 percent response rate) to members of two professional agricultural journalist associations: the Newspaper Farm Editors of America and the American Agricultural Editors' Association. Agricultural communicators overwhelmingly focus on one specific threat to objectivity—advertising pressure. Both NFEA and AAEA respondents indicated that agricultural journalists' responses to advertising pressure adversely affected the entire profession. The responses indicated that agricultural writers were concerned with the different types of pressures and the effects of advertising pressure on the industry as a whole. NFEA and AAEA respondents mentioned both indirect pressure, “freebies,” conferences, trips and press releases from advertising or public relations sections of agri-business firms, and direct pressures from advertisers, salesmen and publishers. The respondents were clearly more comfortable when newspaper policy protected them from advertising pressure and when they had techniques to reduce this pressure. The editors' and reporters' perceptions of advertising pressure clearly indicates that advertising abuses are a clear and present danger and one worthy of far more attention than it has previously received.

Perceptions of Ethical Problems by Nurses and Doctors

To identify how nurses and physicians perceive ethical problems in clinical medicine, we conducted structured interviews with 26 nurses and 24 physicians who work in acute-care units. Both groups thought that they frequently encounter ethical problems, although there was significant variation within each group about how often members of each group perceived such problems. Members of the health-care team often disagreed about ethical decisions. Nurses often described conflicts with physicians, but physicians rarely recognized disagreements with nurses. Clinical ethicists need to be aware of this heterogeneous perception in order to communicate effectively about ethical problems.

Perceptions of ethical problems by nurses and doctors

Perceptions of ethical problems by nurses and doctors