Perception Of Smile Esthetics Research Articles

Evaluation of Smile Characteristics of Attractive Smile in Various Growth Patterns

Objective: To investigate the dynamic aspect of attractive smile and smile parameters in different growth patterns. Methods: Participants ranging in age from 17 to 25 years were randomly selected and videographic records of smile were obtained. A panel of two orthodontists, two prosthodontists, and two laypersons were involved in the selection of attractive smile. Inter-examiner variability was also assessed. The final sample of 84 participants with attractive smile were grouped into three categories based on clinical FMA into average, horizontal, and vertical growth pattern. Upper lip length = ULL-R, Lower lip length = LLL-R were measured on rest photographs. Upper lip length = ULL-S, Lower lip length = LLL-S, Upper lip thickness = ULT, Lower lip thickness = LLT, Maxillary incisal display = MID, Interlabial gap = ILG, Outer inter commissural width = ICW, Buccal corridor space = BC were measured on smile photographs. Pearson’s Chi-square test was done for the perception of attractiveness of smile. Differences among the three groups was subjected to one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Highly significant correlation was observed among orthodontists, prosthodontists, and laypersons in assessing attractiveness of smile. Vertical parameters such as upper lip length at rest, upper lip length during smile, lower lip length at rest, lower lip length during smile, and lower lip thickness (LLT) were significantly increased in the vertical pattern when compared with the average and horizontal growth pattern, whereas buccal corridor space was the least in horizontal growth pattern. Conclusion: Growth patterns appear to have an influence on perception of smile esthetics and smile parameters. This suggests that care should be taken while framing treatment goals considering the significant differences among growth patterns. Strong correlation was observed among orthodontists, prosthodontists, and laypersons in assessing attractiveness of smile. ULL-R, ULL-S, LLL-R, LLL-S, and ΔULL show a significantly higher value in vertical growth pattern when compared to average and horizontal growth pattern. The buccal corridor space (BC) among the participants was the least in horizontal growth pattern.

Smile esthetics perception by the general population among different age groups in tiruchengode

To evaluate the smile esthetic perception on varying gingival display and black triangles among individuals aged between 18-35 and 36-50 using a visual analog scale (VAS). To evaluate the two variables (gingival display and Black triangle), a photo album is created that consist of two sets of photos which included six different photographs in each set. The frontal view of young adult female smile was selected for evaluating the esthetic perception. The smile features in the photographs is digitally altered using Adobe Photoshop CS6. Black triangles images are created using 0.5-mm increments. The gingival display by decreasing (−) the distance (2.0 and 4.0 mm) and increasing (+) the distance (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mm). The photographs are printed on photographic paper to create a photo album and coded from 1 to 6 and the scoring was done using a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). The participants are asked to mark the VAS score according to the attractiveness of each smile image separately with individual ratings.The comparisonofsmile esthetic perception among age groups was done using the Mann-Whitney U test. On comparing, the results revealed that laypeople with 18-35 yrs have given more scores for 0 mm Black triangle and for 2 mm gingival display which showed statistically significant results. Comparison of images among different age groups does not show significant results. The impact on the perception of smile esthetics vary among different age groups in terms of gingival display and black triangle.

Does different vertical position of maxillary central incisors in women with different facial vertical height affect smile esthetics perception?

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the esthetic perceptions of orthodontists, prosthodontists and laypersons with regard to different vertical positions of the maxillary central incisors related to lateral incisors for different facial vertical height cases.Subject and methodsFrontal full-face photographs showing social smiles of three adult women aged between 18 and 25 years were used. Vertical position of the maxillary central incisor was changed (intruded or extruded) with 0.5 mm increments according to the reference gingival line resulting five images for each woman in a full-face view yielding a total of 15 images. A visual analog scale was placed below each smile to allow the raters to evaluate the attractiveness of each smile independently. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether there was a difference between more than two independent groups in terms of quantitative variables. Comparisons of more than two dependent groups were examined with repeated measures one-way ANOVA. The significance level was taken as 0.05 for all analyses.ResultsFor increased facial vertical height, the highest scores for orthodontists were given to the 0.5 mm extruded (64.18 ± 26.36), for prosthodontists to the control (57.28 ± 19.80), and for layperson to the 1 mm extruded (61.27 ± 25.98) central incisor position. For decreased facial vertical height, the highest scores were obtained at the 0.5 mm intrusion with an increasing pattern from orthodontists to laypersons (63.95 ± 22.08 for orthodontists, 79.87 ± 21.43 for prosthodontists, and 79.88 ± 19.17 for laypersons). All three rater groups gave the highest scores to the 0 mm (control) smile design for normal facial vertical height. When these scores were compared among the groups, laypersons gave significantly higher scores compared to orthodontists (p < 0.001) and prosthodontists (p = 0.005).ConclusionsThe facial vertical height significantly affected the perception of smile esthetics. Keeping the distance between the central and lateral incisors longer than 1 mm in individuals with increased facial height may be important in terms of increasing patient satisfaction in terms of clinical aesthetics. On the contrary, keeping the distance between the central and lateral incisors shorter than 1 mm may create a more esthetically acceptable result in individuals with short facial height.

Skeletal, Dental and Smile Esthetic Changes in Skeletal Class II patients Treated with Maxillary Premolar Extraction and Non-extraction Mechanotherapy – A Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Introduction This study aimed to compare smile aesthetics in skeletal class II subjects who underwent fixed appliance therapy with maxillary premolar extraction (PME) and non-extraction fixed mechanotherpy (NEF), and to evaluate the perception of esthetic smiles among three panels of raters. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 36 skeletal class II subjects ideally planned for PME. The study subjects were divided into two groups: 18 cases treated with PME and 18 cases treated with NEF at the patient’s request. Seven smile variables were measured on pre- and post-treatment frontal close-up smile photographs of two groups. Ten laypersons, general dentists and orthodontists evaluated those photographs on visual analogue scale. An Independent t-test was applied to compare the post-treatment smile variables and scores between the groups. Results In a comparison of post-treatment photographs between the groups, a statistically significant difference was found in the values of arch form index (AFI) (p = 0.01) and overjet (p = 0.006). A statistically significant difference was observed in the perception of smile aesthetics among the raters (p < 0.001). Conclusions Patients ideally planned for maxillary premolar extraction when treated with non-extraction fixed mechanotherapy using class II elastics did result in dental and soft tissue improvement but were not able to achieve ideal values at the end of treatment. Laypersons and dentists preferred smile aesthetics in maxillary first premolar extraction treatment, whereas all three panels of raters gave higher scores to non-extraction fixed mechanotherapy in terms of improvement in the smile.

Perception of smile esthetics by patients reporting for orthodontic treatment

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate smile esthetics in terms of midline diastema, smile arc and gingival display during smile by patients reporting for orthodontic treatment. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Out Patient Door, Orthodontic Department Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro Sindh. Duration: The study was conducted within 06 months after the approval of synopsis i-e from Dec 2020, to May 2021. Sample size: Out measures were 1) midline diastema, 2) Gingival Display during smile, 3) smile arc. Sample size calculation was done by using “Openepi” software with 5% margin of error and 95 % confident value, Mean 0.95, Sample size was n= 126. Sample technique: Non-Probability consecutive sampling technique. Data collection method: After approval of this study from Ethical Review Committee of LUMHS study was conducted at Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. There were total of 126 participants in this study, Data was collected showing three different front smiling photographs with various degrees of; Gingival Show During Smile i-e A= 0mm B =0.5mm C=1.5mm D=2mm E=2.5mm Smile Arc i-e A. Convex/Curved B. Plan/Straight C. Inverted/Reverse.

Evaluation of the Perception of Smile Aesthetics by Laypersons, Dental Students and Dental Practitioners

Background and Objectives: Various factors make a Smile attractive. Perception of smile esthetics varies among individuals aswell as dental professionals; this can create a barrier of communication between the patient and the dentist. Thus, a database isrequired to gauge this difference among our local population. This study aims to assess the perception of smile estheticsamong laypeople,dental students and dental practitioners.Methodology: After taking informed consent 261 participants (Male, Female), took participation in this study. Theseparticipants were from different groups, Group A (Dental students n=128), Group B (House Officers n=42), Group C (PG’sn=30), Group D (lay persons n=61).The study included both genders, students of clinical years, House officers and Laypersons.Students of non-clinical year as well as dentists ofbasic sciences were excluded.Results: For subject 1 and 6, the most selected options are C and C (60% and 73.3% respectively) in male lay persons. In femalelaypersons the subject 2 and 6,the selected options areA and C (73.9% and 60.8% respectively).Conclusion: The perception of smile esthetics differs hugely for layperson and dental professionals. The dentists must probethetype of esthetic features the patient prefers.

Perception of smile aesthetics between orthodontists and Moroccan patients.

One of the main goals of orthodontic management is to achieve a beautiful smile. However, beauty has both objective and subjective dimensions. This study aims to evaluate the factors that affect the perception of the smile in patients consulting for orthodontic treatment about the vision of their practitioners. Fifty orthodontic patients and 30 orthodontists evaluated the degree of attractiveness of 16 photographs of the smile. Dental, gingival and labial parameters were used. Statistical analyses of the level of perception of each group were performed. The Student t-test and the Chi-square test were used to compare the attractive and unattractive smile parameters. The perception of smile aesthetics between orthodontists and orthodontic patients has shown a significant difference (P < 0.05). Orthodontists were more analytical in judging variables like smile arc, alterations of the gingival display and the palatal inclination of the maxillary incisors.

Factors affecting perception of laypeople and dental professionals toward different smile esthetics

/purpose: Several factors such as identity, income, and age potentially associated with smile perceptions. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the smile esthetic perception in different identities (layperson, general dentist and orthodontist) and to detect the extent of their association with smile perception. Extraoral photographs in frontal, lateral, and three-quarter views were shot and adjusted on Adobe Photoshop into 95 smile photographs with different smile patterns. Based on these photographs, the investigators were asked to fill the online questionnaire. Pearson chi-square test and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. Identity, gender, age, and treatment experience were noted to affect smile esthetic perception. In addition, the perception of smile esthetics was significantly different among frontal, lateral, and three-quarters views regarding the arc ratio, most posterior teeth exposure, upper teeth exposure, and lower teeth exposure. Identity, gender, age, and treatment experience influence the smile esthetics perception, with a significant difference in the results of the esthetic perception based on the 3 smile views. Of all demographic factors, identity had a strong relation to the perception of smile attractiveness. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to realize how the demographic factors influence people's perception of smile esthetics, particularly in the three-quarter and lateral views.

Perception of Smile Aesthetics by Dental Professionals and Laypeople of Different Age and Gender in Canine Substitution

Perception of Smile Aesthetics by Dental Professionals and Laypeople of Different Age and Gender in Canine Substitution

Perception of Smile Aesthetics and Attractiveness among Saudi Females

Smile aesthetic, known as the static and dynamic relationship of the dentition and supporting structures to the facial soft tissues, is one of the most important elements of facial attractiveness. The objective of the study was to assess the perception of smile aesthetics and attractiveness through digital image manipulation of aesthetic variables and to compare those perceptions according to diverse sociodemographic data among female Saudi laypeople attending the dental clinic. A crosssectional study of 193 female Saudi participants were randomly selected and consented to answer the study questionnaire. Nine smile photograph images were created to compare different smile aesthetic perceptions. Two groups were recruited: 120 participants in the first group (under 30 years old) and 73 participants in the second group (30 years old or above). All participants in both groups were asked to choose the attractiveness of each smile image using multiple-choice options. A statistically significant finding showed that normal buccal corridors were chosen as the most attractive smile by 42.5% of the participants in the younger group and by a significantly higher ratio of the participants with a bachelor’s degree or higher level of education at 49% (p &lt; 0.05). Laypeople’s preferences regarding smile attractiveness vary, but a normal appearance was the ideal choice for the majority. Orthodontic treatment should consider the general sociocultural understanding of smile perception.

The influence of nasal deviation on the perception of maxillary dental centreline and smile aesthetics.

To assess the impact of nasal deviation on the perception of the maxillary dental centreline position as judged by orthodontists, dentists and laypersons. Cross-sectional study. Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK. Three groups of raters comprising 30 orthodontists, 30 dentists and 30 laypersons. A frontal photograph of a smiling white woman was captured and digitally manipulated with varying degrees of nasal deviation and dental centreline (DC) position in increments of 1.5 mm and 3 mm to the right and left. Three rater groups assessed the attractiveness of images using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Multiple regression analysis was undertaken, and images were compared using the Tukey HSD method. Using a mixed linear model, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was estimated in the range of 69%-86%, indicating good inter-rater reliability. The interaction between image rating and nasal position (P < 0.001), DC position (P < 0.001) and the relationship between nose and DC position (P < 0.001) were found to be statistically significant with symmetrical upper midline and nasal tip position, both considered to be most aesthetically pleasing. Image rating was not influenced by rater group type (P = 0.995), age (P = 0.983) or sex (P = 0.476). There was a preference for a central and coincident nose and maxillary DC position uniformly across the rater groups. Deviations of the nose, DC and their interactions negatively impacted on perceived smile aesthetics with increasing extent and opposing direction of deviations rated progressively more unaesthetic. No differences were observed between orthodontists, general dental practitioners and lay people with respect to perceived impact on smile aesthetics.

Smile Arc Esthetics in Middle-Aged Man from the Layperson’s Perspective Via Eye-Tracking

Objective: To evaluate the perceptions of smile esthetics associated with variations in the vertical plane of the maxillary incisors in the smile arc using eye-tracking software. Material and Methods: An image of a 59-year-old Caucasian male model was adapted and edited to make three changes in the vertical plane, simulating a convex, straight, and reverse smile arc. Four areas of interest were inserted at the right and left eyes, nose, and mouth. Forty laypeople raters between 18 and 45 years of age participated of the study. Eye-tribe hardware and Ogama software were used to perform eye-tracking. Attractiveness and age-perception questions were also incorporated into the study. ANOVA test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, at p < 0.05. Results: The most observed AOI in images with convex, straight, and reverse smiles, as assessed using heatmaps and point maps, was the mouth, followed by the right eye. A significant difference for the eye (p=0.02) was found when comparing convex and reverse smiles, whereas a significant difference for the mouth was observed between the straight and reverse smiles (p=0.03). Conclusion: Convex and straight smile arcs were associated with equal levels of attractiveness; the reverse smile was less attractive. No significant difference was noticed regarding age perception and the smile arcs. However, the reverse smile recorded a more complete fixation time.

Smile Aesthetics Acuity of Lay-persons verses Dental Professionals

Objective: To compare and evaluate the perception of smile aesthetics by lay-persons and dental specialists. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontics, Bacha Khan College of Dentistry/Medical Teaching Institute, Mardan from 1st April 2020 to 31st July 2021. Methodology: Eighty participants were assessed for their smiles through photographical imaging to assess each photographic image of smile (frontal view) and categorized them as very good, good, average or bad. Results: The mean age was 20.59±3.1 years with 59 females and 21 males. The laypeople assessed smile under categories of very good (60%) or good with a least number of people categorizing it average or bad. Contrary to this the dentist perception about smile aesthetic was completely reveres. Conclusion: There is an obvious variance between perception of laypeople and dentists with dentist being more analytical and judgmental. Key words: Incisors, Smile, Aesthetic, Smile arc

Effect of variations in facial flow curves on the perceptions of smile esthetics by laypeople

Statement of problemInformation about the effect of the facial flow concept on the smile esthetic perception of laypeople is lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the facial flow concept on laypeople’s perception of smile esthetics. Material and methodsFrontal full-face images of a female volunteer were digitally altered to create commissural line and transverse occlusal plane inclinations, a dental midline shift, and facial asymmetries. A questionnaire was developed, and a single researcher asked 400 evaluators to rate the attractiveness of the different smiles by using a visual analog scale. The subsequent data were analyzed by using 3-factor repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests. ResultsImages with commissural line and transverse occlusal plane inclinations pointing toward the green side of the facial flow curve were found to be more attractive than those with inclinations pointing to the red side (P<.001). Asymmetric facial images with the dental midline coinciding with the facial flow curve had higher esthetic scores than those without (P<.001). Images that showed parallelism between the transverse occlusal plane and commissural line inclinations were perceived as more esthetic (P<.001). ConclusionsIn an asymmetric face model, the degree and direction of commissural line and transverse occlusal plane inclinations and dental midline shift influenced the perceived attractiveness of a smile.

INFLUENCE OF SYMMETRIC & ASYMMETRIC ALTERATIONS OF MAXILLARY CANINE POSITION ON THE PERCEPTION OF SMILE ESTHETICS BY DENTISTS & LAYPERSONS.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the perception of smile esthetics in symmetric &amp; asymmetric alterations of maxillary canine position by dentists and laypersons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Close-up smile photograph of an Indian female was selected. The image was altered digitally &amp; the canine vertical position was modied. A total of 9 images were obtained &amp; were evaluated by 35 dentists and by 35 laypersons who determined the attractiveness of each smile using a Visual Analog Scale. RESULTS: For both dentists and laypersons; the symmetric &amp; asymmetric alterations in canine vertical positions had a statistically signicant correlation (P &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: For both dentists and laypersons the most attractive smile was the standard smile and the smile that was least attractive was with bilateral 1 mm extrusion. Dentists were more critical in their assessment.

Perception of Smile Aesthetics : A Cross-Sectional Comparative Evaluation of Senior Dental and Medical Students

Objectives: Acquiring the ability to identify deviations in dental aesthetic norms has been considered as an essential skill for the development of a dental professional. The timing and quality of this development of aesthetic perception has not been explicitly discussed in the dental education literature. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dental training on the development of smile aesthetic perception, and to compare this perception between dental students and medical students in a similar cohort. Methods: One-hundred dental and medical students were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire, designed to evaluate eight images; using a visual analogue scale (1 least attractive; 100 most attractive). The students rated the smile aesthetics of one ‘model’ smile image, and seven digitally modified smiles representing major variations in smile features. Data were analyzed using the independent student’s t-test. Results: forty-four male and fifty-five female participants were successfully recruited, with a response rate of 99%. Dental students’ ratings of smile aesthetics were significantly lower than medical students for seven of the eight images (p < 0.05). This difference was greatest for the model smile image, and least for the diminutive lateral incisors image. There were no statistically significant gender-related differences. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, the dental curriculum has a significant impact on developing students’ perception of dental aesthetics. Longitudinal studies with larger samples sizes, are needed to examine if progress through the dental curriculum affects students’ perception of dental aesthetics.

Perception of dental midline deviation and smile attractiveness by eye-tracking and aesthetic ratings

Abstract Aim To evaluate the perception of smile aesthetics and midline deviation considered by orthodontists (ORT), dentists (DT), patient’s-relatives (PR), and laypersons (LP) using an eye-tracking device and survey. Methods The study invited the participation of 42 orthodontists, 51 dentists, 50 patient-relatives, and 52 laypersons. A posed smile photograph of a female was chosen as a base image. The dental midline (DML) was digitally moved 1 mm (DML1R, DML1L), 2 mm (DML2R, DML2L), 3 mm (DML3R, DML3L), and 4 mm (DML4R, DML4L) on the base image’s right (DMLR) and left (DMLL) segments. Eight modified images were subsequently obtained. The base, modified, and repeated images were randomly arranged and uploaded into the Tobii Pro Lab software program for assessment by the participants. An eye-tracking dataset included first fixation duration (FFD), total fixation duration (TFD), and visit counts (VC). The participants also evaluated the photographs on the survey forms via a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a Likert scale. The intra-group relations and inter-group correlations were evaluated statistically. Results The TFD for the DML2R photograph was found to be statistically significant between the assessment groups (p = 0.026). While the longest fixation time (0.93 sec) belonged to the orthodontists, it was observed that the patient relatives had the shortest fixation time (0.51 sec). The VAS score for the DML2R image was found to be highest in laypersons (p &lt; 0.001). In general, the survey scores of the patient relatives and laypersons were higher. Conclusion The fixation time between the participant groups increased when there was a 2 mm deviation. A 2 mm shift in the DML was noticed by all participant groups and was considered unaesthetic.

Esthetic Smile Perception Among Dental Students at Different Educational Levels.

PurposeTo evaluate the perception of six esthetic components of the smile among dental students and whether such a perception was influenced by different education levels and gender.Materials and MethodsThis was an analytical cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to all students (n=182) at clinical levels (year four and five) to evaluate a total of 6 ideal images (smile arc [SA], buccal corridor [BC], gingival display [GD], midline diastema [MD], crown length [CL] and width [CW]). In addition, students were asked to evaluate 20 altered images of these ideal images. A 10-point visual analogue scale was used to assess the ideal images, with the right end of the scale labeled “attractive smile” and represented by the number 10 and the left end of the scale labeled “unattractive smile” and represented by the number 0. The opposite scoring was applied for the altered esthetics smile images. Descriptive statistics was run to report sample characteristics, and the Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare clinical levels and gender on aspects of esthetic smile.ResultsThe response rate was 80% (77 females and 68 males). Students at level five scored statistically significantly (p<0.001) higher towered attractive esthetic smile in ideal SA, while students at level four scored statistically significantly (p=0.016 and 0.006, respectively) higher towered attractive esthetic smile in ideal GD and CL. At altered smile esthetics images evaluation, fifth year dental students scored statistically significantly (p=0.030, 0.026 and 0.028, respectively) higher towered unattractive esthetic smile in two altered images of SA and one of BC. In contrast, fourth year dental students scored statistically significantly (p=0.022, 0.048, 0.027, respectively) higher towered unattractive esthetic smile in one altered image of GD, midline diastema and crown width. Males in year four were more likely to score higher than females for ideal images meanwhile females in year five scored higher than males towards attractive smile in ideal images. Males and females differences in scoring ideal images on both levels were generally non-significant (P>0.05) although males were statistically significantly to score higher than females towards unattractive images in both levels (p<0.05).ConclusionDental students at the fifth-year level of study had higher perception of esthetic components of smile than those at the fourth-year level. At each level of study, female dental students apparently had higher perceptions of smile esthetics than males.

Aesthetic evaluation of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors by orthodontists and laypersons

BackgroundThe maxillary anterior teeth play a crucial role in smile aesthetics. Previous studies regarding the importance of maxillary lateral incisors for smile aesthetics concentrated on their size, incisor edge level, and inclination, etc. However, the aesthetic effect of lateral incisor movement in the spatial position has not been studied yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors on the aesthetic perception of smiles by orthodontists and laypersons, as well as analyze differences in this perception between male and female raters.MethodsA three-dimensional (3D) dental model was generated from the photograph of a man’s smile using iOrtho7.0 software (Time Angel, Wuxi, China). Based on this model, seven images were generated with different labiolingual positions of the maxillary lateral incisors in 0.5 mm increments (+ indicating labial translation, and—indicating lingual translation). The images were evaluated by 86 orthodontists and 161 laypersons using a visual analog scale, with lower scores indicating less attractiveness. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc test.ResultsThere was no significant difference in smile ratings by males and females. Orthodontists assigned lower scores to all images than laypersons. The smile at + 1.5 mm was considered the least attractive by orthodontists, while smiles at + 1.5 mm and − 1.5 mm were regarded as the least attractive by laypersons. The smile at 0 mm was evaluated as the most attractive by all raters. Laypersons gave different scores to smiles at 0 or − 0.5 mm, but orthodontists did not.ConclusionsThe labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors does affect the perception of smile aesthetics. Orthodontists may rate smile aesthetics more critically than laypersons. Therefore, communication and discussion between orthodontists and patients is needed to achieve better therapeutic and aesthetic outcomes.

Perception Of Smile Aesthetics As Influenced By Gingival Margin Asymmetries Of Maxillary Canine Among Different Specialities

Perception Of Smile Aesthetics As Influenced By Gingival Margin Asymmetries Of Maxillary Canine Among Different Specialities