Perception Of Self-competence Research Articles

The influence of gender stereotypes on Chinese international high school students’ perception of self-competence in STEM subjects: A qualitative study

Although gender stereotypes in the STEM fields have been robustly studied, the research targets have rarely included international high school students in China. This study aims to explore how gender stereotypes influence Chinese international high school students' perception of self-competence in STEM majors. Six students of grade 11 in an international school in Hangzhou, China, were interviewed to collect detailed knowledge of their perception of self-competence in STEM fields and the influence their parents, teachers, textbooks and social media have on their ability perception in these fields and career aspirations. The change of which factors may ameliorate the self-competence of high school students will also be analyzed. This study discovered that girls' parents more frequently hold gender-stereotypical opinions regarding girls' abilities in STEM subjects. This stereotype will significantly undermine a girl's self-competence and prevent her from delving deeper into STEM fields. For girls, same-gender teachers typically hold fewer gender stereotypes regarding their STEM capacities and can serve as great STEM role models that inspire and boost girls' confidence. The international students perceived almost no gender stereotypes in their teachers. The learner profiles emphasized by the IB diploma programme in school have helped students develop prominent critical thinking abilities and allowed them to rationally evaluate gender stereotypes related to female STEM competence in social media and textbooks. Based on the results, several suggestions to help eliminate the influence of gender stereotypes regarding STEM competence on students and create an equal development environment for them are also provided.

Development and initial validation of a measure of cross-lingual practice among mental health practitioners

Objective Despite the importance of spoken language in psychotherapy processes with clients whose native language is distinct from the language of therapy, there is a dearth of research on mental health practitioners (MHPs) language competence. This research aimed to develop the Perceptions of Cross-lingual Practice (PCLP) scale designed to aid MHPs’ cross-lingual practice. Method Study 1 developed items and collected data from Australian MHPs (n = 155) to test the scale’s factor structure through exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 (n = 257) confirmed the emergent factor structure of the scale through confirmatory factor analysis and further assessed its reliability and convergent validity. Results The final 23-item measure had good reliability and validity. Three factors emerged; MHPs’ perceptions of self-competence, MHPs’ perceptions of difficulties faced by clients, and MHPs’ perceptions of barriers for themselves imposed by language. The perceptions of self-competence subscale was weakly related to the other subscales highlighting a disconnect between MHPs’ self-perceptions and perceptions of contextual factors. Conclusion The PCLP is a reliable and valid measure of MHPs’ perceptions of cross-lingual practice composed of three subscales each with good psychometric properties that can be used for various purposes in the evaluation and development of MHPs in post-graduate and professional settings.

Children’s and Fathers’ Perceptions of Children’s Competence and Occupational Interests

The study attempts to understand how self evaluation in the child changes across differing periods of childhood and the interrelation between children’s perceived competence and the perception of the father in the four selected domains of competence. The study tested children’s perceptions of self competence, the father’s perception of the child’s competence and vocational aspirations. Ninety children from three occupational groups (thirty in each) rated themselves in four domains of competence- cognitive, social, physical and general self worth. The father of each child was also required to rate his child in the four domains of competence. Children’s ratings of self competence increased with age in the cognitive, social and general self worth domains of competence indicating better perceptions of self efficacy with development. Children in the business sector had higher ratings of self competence as compared to children in the service or skilled occupations. Father’s perception of their children did not differ with age or occupation in all domains of competence, except for self worth ratings of the child, which increased with age. The results indicated that with increasing age children’s perceptions of themselves become more veridical with the views of their father as indicated by the more number of significant correlations amongst children at the beginning of late childhood.

Learning Motivation for Subject Instruction and Novice Teachers’ Perception of Self-Competence, and Health

Learning Motivation for Subject Instruction and Novice Teachers’ Perception of Self-Competence, and Health

Developmentally appropriate practices and children's perception of self-competence in Head Start classrooms

The present project studied the relationship between the use of developmentally appropriate practices and children's perception of self-competence in Head Start classrooms. Self-competence is defined as children's confidence in succeeding in certain tasks. Developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) as proposed by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) are teaching practices that are age appropriate, individually appropriate and culturally appropriate. Seventy-two children attending six Head Start centres participated in the study. Trained researchers filled out the Rating Scale to assess the use Developmentally Appropriate Practices in Early Childhood Classrooms. The participating children's perceived self-competence was measured using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance. Correlational analysis showed that some of the subscales assessing the use of developmentally appropriate practices were correlated with two of the subscales of the children's perception of self-competence. The above results provide some insight into the importance of the use of developmentally appropriate practices and their effects on children.

Vivências acadêmicas em estudantes universitários do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Esta pesquisa buscou identificar e comparar as características da adaptação à universidade dos estudantes do ensino superior, nas seis mesorregiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O instrumento, Questionário de Vivências Acadêmicas, foi aplicado em 500 estudantes. Encontrou-se, como principais resultados, que os estudantes da Região Metropolitana têm melhores escores no item “base para o curso”, que os alunos da Região Sul Fluminense apresentam maiores escores para os itens “relação com a família”, “autonomia pessoal”, “métodos de estudo”, “adaptação à instituição”, “gestão de recursos”, “autoconfiança”, “percepção de competência pessoal” e “ansiedade na realização de exames” e que os estudantes da Região Norte Fluminense tiveram melhor desempenho nos itens “bem estar físico”, “bem estar psicológico” e “relacionamento com os professores”. Palavras-chave: experiências acadêmicas; mesorregiões do Rio de Janeiro; ensino superior; integração acadêmica.

Intention to leave the hospital among nurses with ≤ 3 years of work experience: an exploratory study

The retention of nursing workforce is one of the challenges of nursing managers. Since the turnover intention is associated to the real turnover, a deeper understanding of reasons why young nurses would leave the hospital could give some hints to help to retain them. To explore the factors that affect the turnover intention in nurses with a work experience <3 years. Nurses with <3 years of experience, working in 3 large Italian hospitals completed a questionnaire aimed at exploring the turnover intention, job satisfaction, perception of self-competence, organizational commitment, perception of organizational support and of the quality of delivered care, asking to express their agreement on a likert scale from 1 to 5. The results showed that 34.4% of the nurses intended to leave the hospital within 1 year, 43.8% of them had already asked to be transferred a to another hospital. The majority of nurses who intended to leave were male, with a full time employment and living farther than 30 kilometers from the hospital. Moreover they were less satisfied with their current job, for the relationship with the colleagues, the Nurse Manager and the physicians, perceived themselves less competent, less committed to their unit and less supported by the organization compared with than nurses who intended to stay. This study supports the importance of increasing job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses'retention.

Experience of Bedside Teaching during Clerkship in Pulmonary Medicine for Improving Clinical Performance.

Although the importance of bedside teaching is generally recognized, there is no published report on the actual experience or effects of bedside teaching in Korea. We aimed to study the effects and share the experience of bedside teaching during a clerkship in pulmonary medicine. Bedside teaching was administered to 120 students through Year 3. To evaluate the improvement in clinical performance as a result of bedside teaching, students took the clinical performance examination (CPX) pre- and post-clerkship. They also completed a questionnaire about their perception of self-competence with regard to clinical performance. We analyzed the CPX scores and questionnaires. After introducing bedside teaching, CPX score on the pulmonary case increased from 48.9 to 60.1 between pre- and post-clerkship, respectively (p<0.001). Students had higher self-assessments of competency on the CPX, and their satisfaction with the clerkship increased. This study demonstrates that bedside teaching is effective in improving the clinical performance of medical students.

Weight Status, Self-Competence, and Coping Strategies in Chinese Children

This study aimed to investigate Chinese children's perceptions of self-competence and the coping strategies based on gender and weight status using the Terror Management Theory. A total of 331 Chinese children completed body mass index (BMI), Self-Perception Profile for Children, and Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory. Mothers completed demographic information and the Family Assessment Device. Results indicated that better behavioral conduct competence contributed to better global self-worth in boys; in girls, better behavioral conduct competence and physical appearance competence contributed to better global self-worth. Higher BMI was related to lower athletic competency in boys and lower social competence in girls. Eating and drinking were reported as one of the most frequently used coping strategies by children, but the children felt that this strategy was not effective. Results of this study suggest that culture plays an important role in children's perceived self-competence and coping strategies. Health care providers and educators should incorporate assessment of self-competence and coping strategies into patient care and education.

Contribution de l'activité physique et sportive au bien-être des personnes déficientes visuelles

Aims Contribution of the physical activity on the improvement of the quality of life of visually impaired people. Current knowledge Physical activities and sports accessible to visually impaired people are numerous; motivations and aptitudes of individuals are also numerous. This heterogeneity has gendered classification scales as varied as the objectives: classification of the disability according to the laws, aptitudes in using the spare vision, pedagogical adaptations needed for learning, categories based on acuity or visual angle in sport in order to ensure the equal footing in games and competitions. Major difficulties in practicing a physical activity are the environment and motor perception of the most efficient movement. These elements determine the autonomy of the visually impaired persons and are based on the sensorial compensations and the mental integration of perceptions. The major supplying perceptions used in physical activity are: hearing: gives information on distance, direction, field and depth of perception ; touch: gives a perception of the objects close at hand by making a synthesis of fragmentary feelings and therefore a slowly making acquainted ; kinesthesis and proprioceptive memory: body segments perception in space plays in important role in motor programming. Learning of a sport movement needs an internal perception of body segments and a proprioceptive feedback. Several investigations have stressed the positive influence of sport practice in proprioceptive memory. On the other hand, research on plasticity of sensorial areas in the brain suggests a functional reorganisation in the brain of born blind subjects. The visual cortex which has been considered as “dead” in early blindness, should be used for processing the hearing, tactile and muscular information. This field of research genders investigations on pedagogical adaptations in order to use sensorial ways sometimes neglected in the psychomotor development of visually impaired children; many physical aptitudes are missing: fitness, malformations… Conclusion Adapted physical activities and sports work towards several ends: psychomotor education, development or improvement of motor aptitudes, fitness, performance, victory over blindness. But first of all, adaptations will increase the use of sensorial supplies in order to build and create the images and ideas of the world. Sport practice has to improve the well-being, the perception of self-competence and self esteem and preserve from handicap.

“We Cooperate with Husbands!” Patriarchy and Bargaining among Farm Women in Taiwan

This paper incorporates economic conceptualisation of intra-household resource allocation while viewing interpersonal processes from social-psychological and anthropological perspectives to explore the process of marital bargaining in farm-related decision-making. The data—collected through a survey of 303 married Taiwanese women who grew vegetables—revealed that more than half of the women disagreed and tried to bargain with their husbands about farm resources and operations. Gender-role attitudes, the presence of other family labor, perceptions of self-competence, and the survival of the family are important elements that influence the working of marital power. These women, however, tended to play a passive role in initiating and conducting communication, as well as in finding solutions through compromise. The findings suggest that the home economics model is insufficient to explain Taiwanese women's subordination in on-farm negotiation and that it is necessary to recognize internal conflicts and diverse negotiation processes is necessary.

Gender Comparisons in the Perception of Self-Competence Among Four-Year-Old Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of gender differences in the perception of self-competence among 4-year-old children. Sixty-one 4-year-olds (27 girls and 34 boys) from predominantly European American backgrounds participated in the study. The children's self-competence was measured using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (Preschool version; S. Harter & R. Pike, 1984), which has 4 separate subscales: (a) cognitive competence, (b) physical competence, (c) peer acceptance, and (d) maternal acceptance. A within-subject 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures of 4 (subscales of perception of self-competence) × 2 (gender) was performed to determine if gender differences existed in the children's perception of self-competence. Analyses of the data showed no significant gender differences in the scores on the 4 subscales for the perception of self-competence among the children. These results could be interpreted as being due to a less gender-stereotyped society and androgynous environment for these preschoolers.

Developmentally Appropriate Practices As Predictors of Self-competence Among Preschoolers

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the use of developmentally appropriate practices in the classrooms is related to the perception of self-competence among preschoolers. Ninety-one children (females = 46, males = 45) of several ethnic origins, attending seven different preschool programs, participated in the study. Self-competence was measured using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance; developmentally appropriate and inappropriate practices were measured using the Checklist for Rating Developmentally Appropriate Practices in Early Childhood Classrooms. Regression analysis to determine whether the use of developmentally appropriate practices in early childhood influenced the perception of self-competence among preschoolers indicated that teaching strategies, curriculum goals, motivation, and guidance of social-emotional development were found to be significant predictors of the peer acceptance component of self-competence, but not to other components. The results suggest that developmentally appropriate curricula promotes opportunities for social development of children.

An Analysis of Perceived Competence Among Managers in Human Service Organizations

The purpose of the research was to survey managers in social service organizations to study the extent and nature of thier perceived competence, with emphasis given to determining the degree to which several demographic variables serve as antecedents in explaining perceptions of self-competence. Based on responses from 299 managers, the results reveal that the managers see themselves as competent individuals in the work setting. Further, no significant differences were found on any of the four competence subscales for the demographic variables of sex, position in agency, organizational level, education, and education major. However, for three of the subscales significant perceptual differences were noted for the demographic variables of age and length of service in present position.

Perceived Competence Of Women Managers In Public Human Service Organizations: A Comparative View

Responses of male and female managers in public human service organizations are analyzed to determine w;hether differences exist in perceptions ofself-competence and ws'hether differences exist in their evaluations of the competence of women managers in general in these organizations. The findings suggest that female managers perceive themselves to be as competent as male managers, but theY see female managers in general as being less competent than male managers.

Measuring Political Attitudes in New Democracies: The Case of Chile

The aim of this work is to analyze three political attitudes: internal efficacy, external efficacy, and political interest, as variables that can explain people’s disaffection. We aim to determine the impact of short-term and sociodemographic variables on these three political attitudes in the context of Chile. A survey, carried out by GFK-Adimark between March 3, 2016 and April 6, 2016, was used to answer our main research questions. In the survey, 1,651 inhabitants participated from the Chilean region of Valparaiso. Using this data, a hierarchical multivariate analysis was used for each attitude studied. In these terms, our results suggest that education and previous participation explain internal efficacy and political interest, but not external efficacy. Additionally, gender explains the perception of self-competence but not political interest. On the other hand, the perception of corruption is not related to any of the three political attitudes analyzed. These results are in line with the idea that political attitudes are stable variables not related to short-term variables. Although political malaise is usually studied by scholars, their work is normally considered under the conditions of a consolidated systems. In this framework, the Chilean data presented is going to help us understand the behavior of political attitudes in new democracies.